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Psychology 101 Chapter 9 Motivation and Emotion
- 2. 9.1 Introduction L01 Define motivation 9.2 Motivation and Needs 9.3 Hunger 9.4 Sexual Behavior 9.5 Achievement 9.6 Theories of Emotion 9.7 Neuroscience of Emotions 9.8 Facial Expressions 9.9 Positive Psychology and Positive Emotions
- 3. Motivation 9.1 Introduction Erik Weihenmayer is the only blind person in history to reach the summit of the world’s highest peak.
- 4. 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Motivation and Needs L02 Describe and differentiate the different theories of motivation L03 Describe biological and social needs, as well as Maslow’s hierarchy of needs 9.3 Hunger 9.4 Sexual Behavior 9.5 Achievement 9.6 Theories of Emotion 9.7 Neuroscience of Emotions 9.8 Facial Expressions 9.9 Positive Psychology and Positive Emotions
- 5. Theories of Motivation 9.2 Motivation and Needs INSTINCTS BRAIN’S REWARD & PLEASURE CENTERS INCENTIVE THEORY COGNITIVE FACTORS © Suzanne Tucker/Shutterstock.com© Anneka/Shutterstock.com © Myotis/Shutterstock.com
- 6. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs 9.2 Motivation and Needs Level 1 Physiological Needs Food, water, sex, and sleep Level 2 Safety Needs Protection from harm Level 3 Love and Belonging Needs Affiliation with others and acceptance by others Level 4 Esteem Needs Achievement, competency, approval, and recognition Level 5 Self-Actualization Fulfillment of one’s unique potential
- 7. 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Motivation and Needs 9.3 Hunger L04 Define optimal weight L05 Define overweight and obesity, and identify their primary cause and some of their associated medical problems L06 Discuss the three hunger factors: biological, psychosocial, and genetic L07 Describe anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa and explain their possible causes and treatment options 9.4 Sexual Behavior 9.5 Achievement 9.6 Theories of Emotion 9.7 Neuroscience of Emotions 9.8 Facial Expressions 9.9 Positive Psychology and Positive Emotions
- 8. Hunger as Motivation 9.3 Hunger Click on play button to launch video in QuickTime player.
- 9. Three Hunger Factors 9.3 Hunger When, where, and how much you eat is influenced by three different factors.
- 10. Biological Hunger Factors – Peripheral Cues 9.3 Hunger The stomach, liver, intestines, and fat cells in the body all secrete hormones and send messages to the brain
- 11. Central Cues 9.3 Hunger The lateral and ventromedial Hypothalamus affect hunger in opposite ways, either increasing or decreasing appetite.
- 12. Genetic Hunger Factors 9.3 Hunger Inherited factors contribute 70% to 80% to the maintenance of a particular body size and weight, while environmental factors contribute the other 20% to 30%.
- 13. Psychosocial Hunger Factors 9.3 Hunger © CandyBox Images/Shutterstock.com
- 14. Eating Disorders 9.3 Hunger Miss America 2008, Kirsten Haglund developed anorexia nervosa at age 15 Bulimia nervosa is characterized by a minimum of two binge-eating episodes folllowed by vomiting per week for at least three months.
- 15. Anorexia 9.3 Hunger Click on play button to launch video in QuickTime player.
- 16. Bulimia 9.3 Hunger Click on play button to launch video in QuickTime player.
- 17. 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Motivation and Needs 9.3 Hunger 9.4 Sexual Behavior L08 Discuss the three sex factors: genetic, biological, and psychological L09 Describe gender identity and gender roles L010 Define sexual orientation and describe the types of sexual orientation L011 Discuss research findings on the causes of sexual orientation L012 Describe the four-stage model of sexual responses 9.5 Achievement 9.6 Theories of Emotion 9.7 Neuroscience of Emotions 9.8 Facial Expressions 9.9 Positive Psychology and Positive Emotions
- 18. Sexuality as Motivation 9.4 Sexual Behavior Humans engage in sexual behavior for many reasons, which points to psychological sex factors instead of primarily for reproduction.
- 19. Genes and Sex 9.4 Sexual Behavior
- 20. Estrogen Testosterone Biology and Sex 9.4 Sexual Behavior
- 21. Psychological Influences 9.4 Sexual Behavior
- 22. Gender Identity Disorder 9.4 Sexual Behavior Click on play button to launch video in QuickTime player.
- 23. Sexual Orientation 9.4 Sexual Behavior Heterosexual Homosexual
- 24. Sexual Response – Problems and Treatments 9.4 Sexual Behavior 10% to 52% of men and 25% to 63% of women aged 18 to 59 experience sexual problems.
- 25. Four-stage Model of Sexual Response 9.4 Sexual Behavior Excitement Plateau Orgasm Resolution
- 26. 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Motivation and Needs 9.3 Hunger 9.4 Sexual Behavior 9.5 Achievement L013 Explain the difference between high achievers and underachievers L014 Discriminate between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation 9.6 Theories of Emotion 9.7 Neuroscience of Emotions 9.8 Facial Expressions 9.9 Positive Psychology and Positive Emotions
- 27. Achievement as a Motivator 9.5 Achievement It doesn’t look cool if you work hard for grades.
- 28. Cognitive Influences 9.5 Achievement Intrinsic Extrinsic © Andresr/Shutterstock.com© Lisa S./Shutterstock.com
- 29. 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Motivation and Needs 9.3 Hunger 9.4 Sexual Behavior 9.5 Achievement 9.6 Theories of Emotion L015 Define emotions L016 Describe and differentiate the different theories of emotions 9.7 Neuroscience of Emotions 9.8 Facial Expressions 9.9 Positive Psychology and Positive Emotions
- 30. Components of Emotions 9.6 Theories of Emotion Click on play button to launch animation in browser window. NOTE: This is an interactive Flash animation, not a movie that just plays. You might get a security warning when you try to run it.
- 31. Theories of Emotions – James-Lange Theory 9.6 Theories of Emotion 1. Stimulus (shark) triggers different physiological changes in your body. 2. Your brain interprets different patterns of physiological changes. 3. Different physiological changes produce different emotions (fear). 4. You may or may not show observable responses (scream).
- 32. Facial Feedback Theory 9.6 Theories of Emotion 1. Stimulus (shark) triggers changes in facial muscles and skin. 2. Your brain interprets feedback from facial muscles and skin. 3. Different facial feedback results in feeling different emotions (fear). 4. You may or may not show observable responses (scream).
- 33. Schachter-Singer Experiment 9.6 Theories of Emotion 1. Injection of hormone causes physiological arousal (rise in heart rate, etc.). 2. Explain physiological arousal by using situational cues. 3. Depending on situation, feel different emotions (happy or angry). 4. Show observable behaviors that match emotions.
- 34. Cognitive Appraisal Theory 9.6 Theories of Emotion 1. The stimulus could be an event, object, or thought: “I won $55 million last week.” 2. You appraise or think of what you can do: “I can go on a trip around the world.” 3. Appraising or thinking about what you can do brings feelings of happiness and joy. 4. You also have physiological responses and observable behaviors (smiling).
- 35. 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Motivation and Needs 9.3 Hunger 9.4 Sexual Behavior 9.5 Achievement 9.6 Theories of Emotion 9.7 Neuroscience of Emotions L017 Describe the affective neuroscience approach and the brain circuits for emotions L018 Explain how the lie detector measures arousal and discuss its validity 9.8 Facial Expressions 9.9 Positive Psychology and Positive Emotions
- 36. Neuroscience Approach – Emotional Detector and Memorizer 9.7 Neuroscience of Emotions
- 37. Brain Circuits for Emotions 9.7 Neuroscience of Emotions
- 38. Lie Detectors 9.7 Neuroscience of Emotions
- 39. Lie Detection 9.7 Neuroscience of Emotions Click on play button to launch video in QuickTime player.
- 40. 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Motivation and Needs 9.3 Hunger 9.4 Sexual Behavior 9.5 Achievement 9.6 Theories of Emotion 9.7 Neuroscience of Emotions 9.8 Facial Expressions L019 Define universal emotional expressions and describe the supportive evidence 9.9 Positive Psychology and Positive Emotions
- 41. Universal Facial Expressions 9.8 Facial Expressions
- 42. Culture and Emotion 9.8 Facial Expressions Click on play button to launch video in QuickTime player.
- 43. 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Motivation and Needs 9.3 Hunger 9.4 Sexual Behavior 9.5 Achievement 9.6 Theories of Emotion 9.7 Neuroscience of Emotions 9.8 Facial Expressions 9.9 Positive Psychology and Positive Emotions L020 Describe positive psychology and explain its influence on emotions L021 Describe happiness and identify factors that contribute to happiness
- 44. Positive Psychology 9.9 Positive Psychology and Positive Emotions
- 45. Positive Emotions 9.9 Positive Psychology and Positive Emotions I won 87 million dollars!
Editor's Notes
- This chapter introduces the topics of Motivation and Emotion. We will learn how hunger and sex motivate human behaviors and talk about the theories of emotion.
- Basically, MOTIVATION asks the question WHY people are moved to do the things they do.
- There are four general THEORIES OF MOTIVATION: 1. Some hold that we are motivated to certain actions because of INSTINCTS, the innate biological forces that determine behavior. We see them in other species, but they don’t really apply that much to human behaviors. 2. Others believe motivation is generated in the BRAIN’S REWARD & PLEASURE CENTERS, including the NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS and VENTRAL TEGMENTAL AREAS, regulating neurotransmitters like dopamine. 3. INCENTIVE THEORY says thoughts we have about how valuable some object or goal is to us is what provides motivation. Incentives are the carrots on a stick. 4. COGNITIVE FACTORS include whether we are motivated by EXTRINSIC incentives that provide rewards, or INTRINSIC ones that give us satisfaction without any external rewards, meaning we do things just for the sheer pleasure of doing them.
- MASLOW’S HEIRARCHY of NEEDS is a model that illustrates how we move from basic physical needs being met to the final uppermost need of self-actualization. Maslow believed we couldn’t reach the higher levels of fulfillment without having the lower ones met first and as we accomplish the lower levels we are motivated to move upward.
- We are experiencing an epidemic of overweight and obesity in the U.S. OVERWEIGHT is 20% over the ideal or optimal weight for a person based on their height and body frame. OBESITY constitutes anything over 30% of the ideal weight. Both of these conditions result as consequence of taking in more calories than we expend, which would seem to be easily remedied, but it is not as simple as it may seem. This video shows how current research is helping to deal with the obesity epidemic.
- There are THREE FACTORS that affect the way we satisfy our hunger drive. They are: 1. BIOLOGICAL 2. GENETIC 3. PSYCHOSOCIAL
- PERIPHERALA HUNGER CUES come from our organs that are involved in digestion and regulation of blood sugar. The stomach, liver, intestines and fat cells in the body all secrete hormones that monitor and send messages to the brain on the level of hunger and the feeling of being full to the brain.
- The HYPOTHALAMUS in the brain regulates motivations for many things such as thirst, sex, and sleep and also for hunger. The LATERAL HYPOTHALAMUS tells us when we need to eat, and the VENTROMEDIAL HYPOTHALAMUS lets us know when it is time to stop eating. Damage to these areas of the brain can have direct implications on eating behaviors.
- Twin studies have shown that many of the factors in the MOTIVATION of eating come from a GENETIC base. We all inherit different numbers of fat cells We all inherit different metabolisms (the rate we burn fat) We also inherit our own particular SET POINT which is the level of body fat out bodies strive to maintain throughout our lives, and We also inherit weight-regulating genes that influence our appetite, metabolism, and hormones regulating fat stores in our bodies
- There is more involved in the MOTIVATION of hunger than biological forces. CULTURAL forces come to bear also. We LEARN certain associations with food and other events in our lives that prompt us to eat when we are not actually hungry. Television programming reinforces eating fast foods and junk foods. Supermarkets and restaurants increase the availability of fat and unhealthy foods, and our Personalities also play a role in how we react to these cultural/social pressures.
- The dichotomy of this is that while we are experiencing an epidemic of obesity we are also seeing at the other extreme the emergence of EATING DISORDERS such as ANOREXIA NERVOSA where people (mostly young women) simple quit eating and drop to seriously low levels of body mass even to the point starving to death, and BULIMIA NERVOSA where the symptoms include ingesting huge amounts of food, and the inducing vomiting to purge the system.
- This video shows what it is like to have and overcome anorexia.
- This video illustrates one type of bulimia.
- We cannot deny the strong motivation for behaviors that are influenced by SEX. There are three FACTORS that are taken into account in when understanding how sex motives us: 1. GENETIC 2. BIOLOGICAL 3. PSYCHOLOGICAL
- Genes determine if we are born male or female. SEX CHROMOSOMES carry out those instructions. The egg has only X chromosomes which indicate female. The sperm are either an X or a Y which carry instructions for male sexual characteristics. If an X sperm fertilizes the egg, then the result is a female, and if a Y sperm fertilizes it then the result in and XY or male.
- We also have specific male and female hormones that contribute to feminine and masculine characteristics. TESTOSERONE triggered by the male hypothalamus causes development of male attributes such as lower voice ranges, facial hair, and more muscle mass ESTROGEN in females initiates breast development, widening of the hips and also regulates menstrual cycles.
- Two major PSYCHOLOGICA INFLUENCES on our sexual motivations are our sense of: GENDER IDENTITY – the sense of whether we “feel” like a male or a female. And the GENDER ROLES that our culture imposes on us. By age 5 children clearly know what is appropriate behavior for their own gender.
- Sometimes Mother Nature doesn’t get it right, and there are times when someone feels they have been assigned to the wrong gender. This video will help us learn more about GENDER IDENTITY DISORDER
- SEXUAL ORIENTATION is who we are attracted to. It is actually a continuum of behaviors and attractions. At one end of the spectrum we have those who are exclusively HETEROSEXUAL – attracted to members of the opposite sex than their own, and at the other end we find those who are HOMOSEXUAL – attracted to members of their own sex, and in the middle we find those who are BISEXUAL – meaning they can be attracted to either their own sex or the opposite sex. This video shows teens describing what it’s like to come out as having a homosexual orientation.
- There can be problems that occur in any sexual relationship. ORGANIC FACTORS are those that refer to some medical condition or are caused by drugs or medications causing difficulty sexual functioning. PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS are cognitive influences such as performance anxiety, sexual trauma, guilt, and failure to communicate that can lead to inabilities to function sexually. Some people seek professional services to help alleviate their problems.
- Researchers Master’s and Johnson were the first to measure physical responses of Sexual Intercourse. Their studies in the 1960’s were groundbreaking and provided us for the first time with accurate information about HUMAN SEXUAL RESPONSES. There are Four Stages in their model of response: 1. EXCITEMENT – the initial arousal phase – an erection for the male and lubrication in the female 2. PLATUEAU- continuation of arousal 3. ORGASM – culmination of the arousal ending in a physical contraction of muscles that result in very pleasurable sensations 4. RESOLUTION – the body returns to normal. Men experience a refractory stage where arousal cannot occur for a while but women are capable of immediate re-arousal.
- ACHIEVEMENT NEEDS are the desire to set and attain challenging goals in life in spite of obstacles that may interfere. Some people display HIGH NEED for ACHIEVEMENT and accomplish things the majority of people never attain, such as winning an Olympic Gold Medal. Other people find motivation in FEAR OF FAILURE. They typically set less challenging goals where failure is less likely to be experienced. An then there are the UNDERACHIEVERS who have all the potential to be High Achievers but have low self-esteem or other psychological problems that keep them from doing well.
- COGNITIONS influence how we place value on situations and behaviors and affect our motivations. INTRINSIC MOTIVATORS are thing we get internal rewards for doing. We do them for the sheer pleasure of doing them and gain personal satisfaction. We don’t get paid to give blood, but knowing it can save a life motivates us. EXTRINSIC MOTIVATORS are those that provide some material reward, recognition, money, and other external displays of value such as purchasing a new car.
- An EMOTION is defined in terms of four components: This animation shows the process: 1. INTERPRETATION of event or stimulus 2. SUBJECTIVE FEELING of the event 3. PHYSICAL RESPONSE 4. OBSERVABLE BEHAVIORS This animation helps distinguish between the four components.
- The JAMES-LANGE THEORY says or brains interpret certain physical changes as emotions. It indicates that the emotion is a result of a physical action.
- The theory of FACIAL FEEDBACK originated with Charles Darwin and his idea that feedback from facial muscles causes emotional feelings. It has “evolved” (is there a pun here?) into our current theory by Keltner, Ekman, and Matsumoto, et.al that says the sensations or feedback for the movement of facial muscles and skin are interpreted by the brain as different types of emotions. They occur in the order shown in the graphic.
- All the current cognitive theories of emotions can be traced back to the research of Schachter and Singer in the 1960’s. They found through their experiments that our thinking processes trigger emotions we feel.
- The COGNITIVE APPRAISAL THEORY says that the way we perceive or interpret our thoughts or events that occur influence our different resulting emotional states.
- The AFFECTIVE NEUROSCIENCE APPROACH focuses on the activities of the brain and how they contribute to the experience and expression of emotions. The AMYGDALA shown here in this graphic is the part of the brain that receives all incoming sensory information that it monitors and evaluates into positive or negative reactions. It is also involved in storing memories.
- Researchers use brain imaging to trace the neural pathways in the brain: The SLOW CIRCUIT involves sensory information going to eyes first, then to the thalamus, then the visual cortex where it is transformed into neural signals and sent to the amygdala which provides the appropriate emotional reaction. The FAST CIRCUIT sends the incoming information to the eyes, then the thalamus, then the amygdala – skipping the visual cortex and saving time which could be very beneficial in a dangerous situation.
- This graphic shows the four basic things that lie detector tests use to determine if someone is telling the truth or a lie. They are: 1. chest movement during respiration 2. abdominal movement during respiration 3. heart rate and blood pressure and 4. skin conductance Lie detector tests are based on the theory that if someone is lying their will feel some emotion that is accompanied by a physical response that can be measured and interpreted. A lie detector machine is called a POLYGRAPH. Their results are questionable due to many confounding elements and are not considered to be a very reliable determinate of detecting lies. New tests using brain scans and other innovations are attempting to find a way to accurately determine lying.
- This video shows how facial analysis may be used to improve lie detection techniques
- UNIVERSAL EMOTIONAL EXPRESSIONS are specific inherited facial patterns that signal specific feelings and emotional states. You can see in the photos of these four people from different countries that a smile is a universally accepted facial expression of friendliness and happiness.
- Although there is strong evidence that facial expressions are for the most part universally displayed in the same way, this video shows us how emotional expressions can vary across cultures.
- Much of psychology in the past has focused on the negative aspects of human nature - whereas POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY is the study of the things that make people happy and successful in life.
- HAPPINESS as we just saw, is usually indicated by smiling. It can be extended to other physical expressions like laughter and signs of elation. The ADAPTATION LEVEL THEORY says however, that we become very quickly accustomed to things that make us happy, like winning the lottery and will soon begin to take the good fortune for granted leading us to become disenchanted and the level of happiness begins to fade. Long-term happiness does not come from external rewards as much as from finding meaningful goals and relationships and not judging ourselves too harshly by comparing our achievements to those of others.