The document summarizes key topics related to states of consciousness from a psychology textbook, including sleep and dreams, hypnosis, and the effects of drugs on consciousness. It discusses the body's biological rhythms and sleep cycles, theories about why we dream, facts and myths about hypnosis, how different drugs like stimulants, depressants and hallucinogens impact consciousness, and influences on drug use. It also briefly touches on near death experiences and how they relate to the philosophical mind-body problem.
Continuum of Consciousness
- Controlled and Automatic Processes
- Altered States of Consciousness
- Psychoactive Drugs
- Sleep and Dreams
- Different Stages of Sleep (REM and N-REM)
- 4 Major Questions About Sleep
- Sleep Disorders
- The Unconscious Mind
- Unconsciousness
“Have you ever experienced bouncing around in gigantic bubbles in the sky? Have you ever undergone the punishment of a crime you never committed? Or have you ever felt like you’ve met someone before, when in reality you haven’t even seen them ever?”
- – – I’m sure you have!
This is the presentation based on the article I wrote on Dreaming. You can have a look at the article to have a better understanding:
http://thoughtsintowords.hol.es/philosophy/thetheoryofdreaming/
http://thoughtsdecipheredintowords.blogspot.com/2014/12/the-theory-of-dreaming.html
You can also like my page for more reads:
https://www.facebook.com/thoughtsdecipheredintowords
Also, subscribe on my website if you like.
And, don't forget to share the work you like. That is one way to express your admiration.
Continuum of Consciousness
- Controlled and Automatic Processes
- Altered States of Consciousness
- Psychoactive Drugs
- Sleep and Dreams
- Different Stages of Sleep (REM and N-REM)
- 4 Major Questions About Sleep
- Sleep Disorders
- The Unconscious Mind
- Unconsciousness
“Have you ever experienced bouncing around in gigantic bubbles in the sky? Have you ever undergone the punishment of a crime you never committed? Or have you ever felt like you’ve met someone before, when in reality you haven’t even seen them ever?”
- – – I’m sure you have!
This is the presentation based on the article I wrote on Dreaming. You can have a look at the article to have a better understanding:
http://thoughtsintowords.hol.es/philosophy/thetheoryofdreaming/
http://thoughtsdecipheredintowords.blogspot.com/2014/12/the-theory-of-dreaming.html
You can also like my page for more reads:
https://www.facebook.com/thoughtsdecipheredintowords
Also, subscribe on my website if you like.
And, don't forget to share the work you like. That is one way to express your admiration.
Biopsychology is the study of why the brain is the command center and how it influences behaviors, thoughts and feelings. This field of psychology has gained popularity in recent years, and much is being learned about the human mind.
lecture 24 from a college level introduction to psychology course taught Fall 2011 by Brian J. Piper, Ph.D. (psy391@gmail.com) at Willamette University, includes sleep stages, EEG, development, dreams, purpose of sleep
lecture 20 from a college level introduction to psychology course taught Fall 2011 by Brian J. Piper, Ph.D. (psy391@gmail.com) at Willamette University, Loftus, eyewitness memory
What is Sensation and perception? General Psychology discusses it's definition and I'ts differences. Credits To our Teacher: Professor Charmaine Maglangit for providing this powerpoint presentation.
Nature of Cognitive Psychology & Current Trends
According to Neisser(1967), Cognitive Psychology is the branch of psychology concerned with how people acquire, store, transform, use and communicate information.
Cognitive Psychology deals with our mental life; what goes inside our heads when we perceive, attend, remember, think, categorize, reason, decide, and so forth.
There are many different ways of thinking about human behavior. Psychologists utilize a variety of perspectives when studying how people think, feel, and behave.
Some researchers focus on one specific perspective, such as the biological perspective, while others take a more eclectic approach that incorporates multiple points of view.
There is no single perspective that is "better" than another;
each simply emphasizes different aspects of human behavior.
Biopsychology is the study of why the brain is the command center and how it influences behaviors, thoughts and feelings. This field of psychology has gained popularity in recent years, and much is being learned about the human mind.
lecture 24 from a college level introduction to psychology course taught Fall 2011 by Brian J. Piper, Ph.D. (psy391@gmail.com) at Willamette University, includes sleep stages, EEG, development, dreams, purpose of sleep
lecture 20 from a college level introduction to psychology course taught Fall 2011 by Brian J. Piper, Ph.D. (psy391@gmail.com) at Willamette University, Loftus, eyewitness memory
What is Sensation and perception? General Psychology discusses it's definition and I'ts differences. Credits To our Teacher: Professor Charmaine Maglangit for providing this powerpoint presentation.
Nature of Cognitive Psychology & Current Trends
According to Neisser(1967), Cognitive Psychology is the branch of psychology concerned with how people acquire, store, transform, use and communicate information.
Cognitive Psychology deals with our mental life; what goes inside our heads when we perceive, attend, remember, think, categorize, reason, decide, and so forth.
There are many different ways of thinking about human behavior. Psychologists utilize a variety of perspectives when studying how people think, feel, and behave.
Some researchers focus on one specific perspective, such as the biological perspective, while others take a more eclectic approach that incorporates multiple points of view.
There is no single perspective that is "better" than another;
each simply emphasizes different aspects of human behavior.
Discussion in this chapter focuses on consciousness and altered states of consciousness. We look at sleep and dreaming, hypnosis, meditation, and the effects of illicit drugs.
The outcome of this course is for the learner to describe the normal stages of sleep, common sleep measurement tools sleep characteristic, common sleep disorders, the changes that affect the quality and quantity of sleep as an individual ages, and methods the healthcare provider can use to assess and assist clients with sleep disorders.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
5. 5
States of Consciousness
Hypnosis
Facts and Falsehoods
Is Hypnosis an Altered State of
Consciousness?
Drugs and Consciousness
Dependence and Addiction
Psychoactive Drugs
Influences on Drug Use
7. 7
History of Consciousness
1. Psychology began as a science of
consciousness.
2. Behaviorists argued about alienating
consciousness from psychology.
3. However, after 1960, mental concepts
(consciousness) started reentering
psychology.
8. 8
Consciousness, modern psychologists believe, is
an awareness of ourselves and our environment.
Forms of Consciousness
BillLing/DigitalVision/GettyImages
ChristineBrune
StuartFranklin/MagnumPhotos
APPhoto/RicardoMazalan
9. 9
Neuroscience & Consciousness
Neuroscientists believe that consciousness
emerges from the interaction of individual
brain events much like a chord that is created
from different musical notes.
10. 10
Consciousness & Information
Processing
The unconscious mind processes information
simultaneously on multiple tracks, while the conscious
mind processes information sequentially.
Conscious mind
Unconscious mind
11. 11
Sleep & Dreams
Sleep – the irresistible tempter to whom we
inevitably succumb.
Mysteries about sleep and dreams have just started
unraveling in sleep laboratories around the world.
12. 12
Biological Rhythms
1. Annual cycles: On an annual cycle, geese
migrate, grizzly bears hibernate, and humans
experience seasonal variations in appetite,
sleep, and mood. Seasonal Affective Disorder
(SAD) is a mood disorder people experience
during dark winter months.
Biological rhythms are controlled by
internal “biological clocks.”
13. 13
Biological Rhythms
2. 28-day cycles: The
female menstrual
cycle averages 28
days. Research
shows menstruation
may not affect
moods.
14. 14
Biological Rhythms
3. 24-hour cycles: Humans experience 24-hour
cycles of varying alertness (sleep), body
temperature, and growth hormone secretion.
4. 90-minute cycles: We go through various stages
of sleep in 90-minute cycles.
16. 16
Measuring sleep: About every 90 minutes, we
pass through a cycle of five distinct sleep stages.
Sleep Stages
Hank Morgan/ Rainbow
17. 17
Awake & Alert
During strong mental engagement, the brain
exhibits low amplitude and fast, irregular beta
waves (15-30 cps). An awake person involved in a
conversation shows beta activity.
Beta Waves
18. 18
Awake but Relaxed
When an individual closes his eyes but remains
awake, his brain activity slows down to a large
amplitude and slow, regular alpha waves (9-14
cps). A meditating person exhibits an alpha brain
activity.
19. 19
During early, light sleep (stages 1-2) the brain
enters a high-amplitude, slow, regular wave form
called theta waves (5-8 cps). A person who is
daydreaming shows theta activity.
Sleep Stages 1-2
Theta Waves
20. 20
During deepest sleep (stages 3-4), brain activity
slows down. There are large-amplitude, slow
delta waves (1.5-4 cps).
Sleep Stages 3-4
21. 21
Stage 5: REM Sleep
After reaching the deepest sleep stage (4), the
sleep cycle starts moving backward towards stage
1. Although still asleep, the brain engages in low-
amplitude, fast and regular beta waves (15-40 cps)
much like awake-aroused state.
A person during this sleep exhibits
Rapid Eye Movements (REM)
and reports vivid dreams.
22. 22
90-Minute Cycles During Sleep
With each 90-minute cycle, stage 4 sleep decreases
and the duration of REM sleep increases.
23. 23
Why do we sleep?
We spend one-third of
our lives sleeping.
If an individual
remains awake for
several days, they
deteriorate in terms of
immune function,
concentration, and
accidents.
JoseLuisPelaez,Inc./Corbis
26. 26
Sleep Theories
1. Sleep Protects: Sleeping in the darkness when
predators loomed about kept our ancestors out
of harm’s way.
2. Sleep Recuperates: Sleep helps restore and
repair brain tissue.
3. Sleep Helps Remembering: Sleep restores and
rebuilds our fading memories.
4. Sleep and Growth: During sleep, the pituitary
gland releases growth hormone. Older people
release less of this hormone and sleep less.
27. 27
1. Somnambulism: Sleepwalking.
2. Nightmares: Frightening dreams that wake
a sleeper from REM.
3. Night terrors: Sudden arousal from sleep
with intense fear accompanied by
physiological reactions (e.g., rapid heart
rate, perspiration) that occur during SWS.
Sleep Disorders: Insomnia
28. 28
4. Narcolepsy: Overpowering urge to fall
asleep that may occur while talking or
standing up.
5. Sleep apnea: Failure to breathe when
asleep.
Sleep Disorders: Insomnia
30. 30
What do we Dream?
1. Negative Emotional Content: 8 out of 10
dreams have negative emotional content.
2. Failure Dreams: People commonly dream
about failure, being attacked, pursued,
rejected, or struck with misfortune.
3. Sexual Dreams: Contrary to our thinking,
sexual dreams are sparse. Sexual dreams in
men are 1 in 10; and in women 1 in 30.
4. Dreams of Gender: Women dream of men
and women equally; men dream more about
men than women.
31. 31
Why do we dream?
1. Wish Fulfillment: Sigmund Freud suggested
that dreams provide a psychic safety valve to
discharge unacceptable feelings. The dream’s
manifest (apparent) content may also have
symbolic meanings (latent content) that signify
our unacceptable feelings.
2. Information Processing: Dreams may help sift,
sort, and fix a day’s experiences in our
memories.
32. 32
Why do we dream?
3. Physiological
Function: Dreams
provide the sleeping
brain with periodic
stimulation to
develop and preserve
neural pathways.
Neural networks of
newborns are quickly
developing; therefore,
they need more sleep.
33. 33
Why do we dream?
4. Activation-Synthesis Theory: Suggests that the
brain engages in a lot of random neural
activity. Dreams make sense of this activity.
5. Cognitive Development: Some researchers
argue that we dream as a part of brain
maturation and cognitive development.
All dream researchers believe we need REM sleep. When
deprived of REM sleep and then allowed to sleep,
we show increased REM sleep called REM Rebound.
35. 35
Hypnosis
Hypnos: Greek god of sleep
http://iddiokrysto.blog.excite.it
A social interaction in
which one person (the
hypnotist) suggests to
another (the subject)
that certain
perceptions, feelings,
thoughts, or behaviors
will spontaneously
occur.
36. 36
Mesmerism
Credit for the popularity
of hypnosis goes to
Franz Anton Mesmer, a
physician, who
mistakenly thought he
discovered “animal
magnetism.” Some of his
patients experienced a
trancelike state and felt
better upon waking up.
http://www.general-anaesthesia.com
Franz Mesmer (1734 - 1815)
37. 37
Aspects of Hypnosis
1. Posthypnotic Suggestion: Suggestion carried
out after the subject is no longer hypnotized.
2. Posthypnotic Amnesia: Supposed inability to
recall what one experienced during hypnosis.
38. 38
Strength, stamina, and perceptual and memory
abilities similarly affect those who are
hypnotized and those who are not
hypnotized.
Hypnotic Feats
39. 39
Facts and Falsehood
Those who practice hypnosis agree that its power
resides in the subject’s openness to suggestion.
Can anyone experience hypnosis? Yes, to some extent.
Can hypnosis enhance recall of
forgotten events?
No.
40. 40
Facts and Falsehood
Can hypnosis be therapeutic?
Yes. Self-suggestion
can heal too.
Can hypnosis alleviate pain?
Yes. Lamaze can
do that too.
Can hypnosis force people to act
against their will?
No.
41. 41
Is Hypnosis an Altered State of
Consciousness?
1. Social Influence Theory:
Hypnotic subjects may
simply be imaginative
actors playing a social
role.
2. Divided Consciousness
Theory: Hypnosis is a
special state of
dissociated (divided)
consciousness (Hilgard,
1986, 1992). (Hilgard, 1992)
CourtesyofNewsandPublicationsService,StanfordUniversity
44. 44
Dependence & Addiction
Continued use of a
psychoactive drug
produces tolerance.
With repeated
exposure to a drug,
the drug’s effect
lessens. Thus it takes
greater quantities to
get the desired effect.
45. 45
Withdrawal & Dependence
1. Withdrawal: Upon stopping use of a drug
(after addiction), users may experience the
undesirable effects of withdrawal.
2. Dependence: Absence of a drug may lead to a
feeling of physical pain, intense cravings
(physical dependence), and negative emotions
(psychological dependence).
46. 46
Misconceptions about Addiction
1. Addictive drugs quickly corrupt.
2. Addiction cannot be overcome voluntarily.
3. Addiction is no different than repetitive
pleasure-seeking behaviors.
Addiction is a craving for a chemical substance,
despite its adverse consequences (physical &
psychological).
49. 49
Alcohol
1. Alcohol affects motor skills, judgment, and
memory…and increases aggressiveness while
reducing self awareness.
Drinking and Driving
DanielHommer,NIAAA,NIH,HHS
RayNg/Time&LifePictures/GettyImages
50. 50
Barbiturates
2. Barbiturates: Drugs that depress the activity of
the central nervous system, reducing anxiety
but impairing memory and judgment.
Nembutal, Seconal, and Amytal are some
examples.
51. 51
Depressants
3. Opiates: Opium and its
derivatives (morphine
and heroin) depress
neural activity,
temporarily lessening
pain and anxiety. They
are highly addictive.
http://opioids.com/timeline
52. 52
Stimulants
Stimulants are drugs that excite neural activity and
speed up body functions.
1. Caffeine
2. Nicotine
3. Cocaine
4. Ecstasy
5. Amphetamines
6. Methamphetamines
53. 53
Caffeine & Nicotine
Caffeine and nicotine increase heart and
breathing rates and other autonomic functions to
provide energy.
http://www.tech-res-intl.com
http://office.microsoft.com/clipart
54. 54
Amphetamines
Amphetamines stimulate neural activity, causing
accelerated body functions and associated energy
and mood changes, with devastating effects.
NationalPictures/Topham/TheImageWorks
55. 55
Ecstasy
Ecstasy or
Methylenedioxymethamphet
amine (MDMA) is a
stimulant and mild
hallucinogen. It produces a
euphoric high and can
damage serotonin-producing
neurons, which results in a
permanent deflation of mood
and impairment of memory.
GregSmith/APPhotos
56. 56
Cocaine
Cocaine induces immediate euphoria followed by a crash.
Crack, a form of cocaine, can be smoked. Other forms of
cocaine can be sniffed or injected.
http://www.ohsinc.com
58. 58
Hallucinogens
1. LSD: (lysergic acid diethylamide) powerful
hallucinogenic drug (ergot fungus) that is
also known as acid.
2. THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol): is the
major active ingredient in marijuana (hemp
plant) that triggers a variety of effects,
including mild hallucinations.
http://static.howstuffworks.com
Hemp Plant
60. 60
Influences on Drug Use
The graph below shows the percentage of US high-
school seniors reporting their use of alcohol,
marijuana, and cocaine from the 70s to the late 90s.
61. 61
Influences on Drug Use
The use of drugs is based on biological,
psychological, and social-cultural influences.
62. 62
Marijuana Use
The use of marijuana in teenagers is directly
related to the “perceived risk” involved with the
drug.
64. 64
Mind-Body Problem
1. Dualism: Dualists believe that mind (non-
physical) and body (physical) are two distinct
entities that interact.
2. Monism: Monists believe that mind and body
are different aspects of the same thing.
Near-death experiences raise the mind-body issue.
Can the mind survive the dying body?
Editor's Notes
OBJECTIVE 1| Discuss the history of psychology’s study of consciousness and contrast conscious and unconscious information processing.
OBJECTIVE 2| Distinguish four types of biological rhythms, and give and example of each.
OBJECTIVE 3| Describe the cycle of our circadian rhythm, and identify some events that can disrupt this biological clock.
OBJECTIVE 4| List the stages of sleep cycle, and explain how they differ.
OBJECTIVE 5| Explain why sleep patterns and duration vary from person to person.
OBJECTIVE 6| Discuss several risks associated with sleep deprivation.
OBJECTIVE 7| Identify four theories of why we sleep.
OBJECTIVE 8| Identify major sleep disorders.
OBJECTIVE 9| Describe the most common content of dreams.
OBJECTIVE 10| Compare the major perspectives on why we dream.
OBJECTIVE 11| Define hypnosis, and note some similarities between the behavior of hypnotized people and that of motivated unhypnotized people.
OBJECTIVE 12| Discuss the characteristics of people who are susceptible to hypnosis, and evaluate claims that hypnosis can influence people’s memory, will, health, and perception of pain.
OBJECTIVE 13| Give arguments for and against hypnosis as an altered state of consciousness.
OBJECTIVE 14| Define psychoactive drug.
OBJECTIVE 15| Discuss the nature of drug dependence, and identify three common misconceptions about drug addiction.
Addictive drugs quickly corrupt: After taking drugs only (perhaps) 10% become addict.
Addiction cannot be overcome voluntarily: It can be to a large extent.
Addiction not different than repetitive pleasure-seeking behaviors: Indeed. But should we stretch the concept to cover social behaviors?
OBJECTIVE 16| Name the main categories of psychoactive drugs, and list three ways these substances can interfere with neurotransmission in the brain.
OBJECTIVE 17| Explain how depressants affect nervous system activity and behavior, and summarize the findings on alcohol use and abuse.
OBJECTIVE 18| Identify the major stimulants, and explain how they affect neural activity and behavior.
OBJECTIVE 19| Describe the physiological and psychological effects of hallucinogens and summarize the effects of LSD and marijuana.
OBJECTIVE 20| Discuss the biological, psychological and social-cultural factors that contribute to drug use.
OBJECTIVE 21| Describe the near-death and the controversy over whether it provides evidence for mind-body dualism.