Major Approaches to Clinical Psychology by Destiny Guy Dec 1,2014 Instructor: Amy McCall Depressive Disorder A depressive disorder is an illness that involves the body, mood, and thoughts. It affects the way a person eats and sleeps, the way one feels about oneself, and the way one thinks about things. A depressive disorder is not the same as a passing blue mood. It is not a sign of personal weakness or a condition that can be willed or wished away (Right Diagnosis, 2014). 2 Depressive Disorders Finding the underlying causes of depression can be encouraged through the psychodynamic approach of free association; allowing the patient to explore past events and feelings in safe boundaries. With unipolar depression there are biological, psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, and sociocultural treatments and medication based treatments; whereas, lithium therapy dramatically has affected treatment for bipolar disorders. Although finding the correct lithium dosage is a delicate process, once obtained reports indicate more than 60 percent of patients with mania show improvement (Comer, 2005) 3 Approach Behavioral approaches guide patients: -consider engaging in pleasurable events and reward positive rather than negative behaviors. Cognitive therapy helps patients : -recognize maladaptive and negative processes to improve mood and - behaviors though increased activity, challenging negative thoughts, identifying negative thinking and biases, and changing primary attitudes Sociocultural treatment suggests clarifying and changing one’s interpersonal problems will lead to recovery through either interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) or couple therapy. Regardless of the approach taken it is shown that combining the different treatments have a much greater effect on recovery. 4 Medication Antidepressant drugs (e.g. MAO inhibitors, tricyclics, and second-generation antidepressants) are a typical biological treatment for depressive disorders; although, for severe cases electroconvulsive (ECT) therapy may be used. Treatments for different mood disorders can vary depending on the severity and intensity of the symptoms. Antidepressant drugs (e.g. MAO inhibitors, tricyclics, and second-generation antidepressants) are a typical biological treatment for depressive disorders; although, for severe cases electroconvulsive (ECT) therapy may be used. 5 Treating the Disorder The low serotonin level could also explain the depression phrases. The sodium ions within our bodies send message down to the nerve ending, Doctors believe that the improper transport of these ions may cause problems. (Comer 2005) Cyclothymic disorder is when a person is marked by numerous periods of hypomanic symptoms and mild depression times. (Comer 2005) Some doctors believe that the change in neurotransmitters is what causes the disorder. (Comer 2005) 6 Treatment Psychotherapy is another form of treatment for bipolar disorders however it is said ...

1. Major Approaches to Clinical Psychology
by
Destiny Guy
Dec 1,2014
Instructor: Amy McCall
Depressive Disorder
A depressive disorder is an illness that involves the
body,
mood,
and thoughts.
It affects the way a person eats and sleeps, the way one feels
about oneself, and the way one thinks about things. A
depressive disorder is not the same as a passing blue mood. It is
not a sign of personal weakness or a condition that can be
willed or wished away (Right Diagnosis, 2014).
2
Depressive Disorders
Finding the underlying causes of depression can be encouraged
through the psychodynamic approach of free association;
allowing the patient to explore past events
and feelings in safe boundaries.

2. With unipolar depression there are biological, psychodynamic,
behavioral, cognitive, and sociocultural treatments and
medication based treatments; whereas, lithium therapy
dramatically has affected treatment for bipolar disorders.
Although finding the correct lithium dosage is a delicate
process, once obtained reports indicate more than 60 percent of
patients with mania show improvement (Comer, 2005)
3
Approach
Behavioral approaches guide patients:
-consider engaging in pleasurable events and reward positive
rather than negative behaviors.
Cognitive therapy helps patients :
-recognize maladaptive and negative processes to improve mood
and
- behaviors though increased activity, challenging negative
thoughts, identifying negative thinking and biases, and changing
primary attitudes
Sociocultural treatment suggests clarifying and changing one’s
interpersonal problems will lead to recovery through either
interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) or couple therapy. Regardless
of the approach taken it is shown that combining the different
treatments have a much greater effect on recovery.
4

3. Medication
Antidepressant drugs (e.g. MAO inhibitors, tricyclics, and
second-generation antidepressants) are a typical biological
treatment for depressive disorders; although, for severe cases
electroconvulsive (ECT) therapy may be used.
Treatments for different mood disorders can vary depending on
the severity and intensity of the symptoms. Antidepressant
drugs (e.g. MAO inhibitors, tricyclics, and second-generation
antidepressants) are a typical biological treatment for
depressive disorders; although, for severe cases
electroconvulsive (ECT) therapy may be used.
5
Treating the Disorder
The low serotonin level could also explain the depression
phrases.
The sodium ions within our bodies send message down to the
nerve ending,
Doctors believe that the improper transport of these ions may
cause problems. (Comer 2005)
Cyclothymic disorder is when a person is marked by numerous
periods of hypomanic symptoms and mild depression times.
(Comer 2005) Some doctors believe that the change in
neurotransmitters is what causes the disorder. (Comer 2005)
6
Treatment
Psychotherapy is another form of treatment for bipolar disorders

4. however it is said to rarely work alone without the help of
medication.
There have been a few theories that suggest that patients that
have bipolar disorder have a better chance of treatment
depending on how many episodes they have had. (Berk et al,
2011)
The studies suggest that early intervention is the best way to go
about treatment and patients should seek help as soon as they
notice a change in the regulation of one's mood. (Berk el al,
2011) .
Bipolar disorders have also been linked to genetics as some
doctors found that some chromosomes carry the genes of the
disorder. (Comer 2005) Treatments for bipolar disorder includes
Lithium, which is a mineral that helps reduces mania and some
depression by changes in the synaptic activity in neurons.
Lithium seems to affect the second messages by changes within
the chemicals. (Comer 2005)
7
Be Aware of Signs
They have many different symptoms of mania however some
include,
decreased need for sleep,
more talkativeness, distractibility,
increased inactivity and inflated self esteem.
Behaviorally the person is very active however cognitively they
are very poor in the judgments and planning. (Comer 2005)
Someone who is diagnosed with bipolar disorder needs to be in
there mania phase for at least one week and display three or

5. more symptoms of mania, they may have delusions as well.
(Comer 2005) There are two different types of bipolar, bipolar 1
and 2. Bipolar 1 is when the person has full mania and major
depressive episodes, and bipolar 2 are when the person has mild
mania and major depression periods. (Comer 2005).
8
Continued….
Many people want to deny that a chemical imbalance exists
there are studies of the bipolar brain showing imaging that
points to a chemical imbalance of the brain.
It is not fully understood exactly how you become Bipolar, but
like Unipolar it can be inherited, and handed down to from
generation to generation
9
What Does this mean as far as Outcomes in Treatment?
Outcomes include:
Improved adherence with treatment,
improved health outcomes,
enhanced member satisfaction,
optimized use of resources,
financial cost savings, effectiveness in addressing gaps in care,
and adherence with process policies
Involves measuring and reporting defined clinical, operations,
and financial results, to validate effectiveness and continuously
improve the program.
10

6. References
Berk, M., Brnabic, A., Dodd, S., Kelin, K., Tohen, M., Malhi,
G. S., & ... McGorry, P. D. (2011). Does stage of illness impact
treatment response in bipolar disorder? Empirical treatment data
and their implication for the staging model and early
intervention. Bipolar Disorders, 13(1), 87-98.
doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2011.00889.x
Comer, R. J. (2005). Fundamentals of abnormal psychology (4th
ed.). New York, NY: Worth.
Ertel, K. A., Rich-Edwards, J. W., & Koenen, K. C. (2011).
Maternal Depression in the United States: Nationally
Representative Rates and Risks. Journal Of Women's Health
(15409996), 20(11), 1609-1617. doi:10.1089/jwh.2010.2657
Right Diagnosis (2014). Depressive Disorders. Retrieved from
http://www.rightdiagnosis.com/d/depressive_disorders/intro.htm
on November 30,2014
Shivani, R., Goldsmith, J., & Anthenelli, R. M. (2002,
November).
Directions: Answer each of the following questions. When
appropriate, please show work.
1. In a right triangle, find the length of the side not given.

7. Give an exact answer and an approximate to three decimal
places. Assume c represents the length of the hypotenuse.
2. In a right triangle, find the length of the side not given.
Give an exact answer and an approximate to three decimal
places. Assume 14 represents the length of the hypotenuse.
3. If the measures of an object are different, what should be
the first step for finding the area of the object?
4. Find the area of the shaded region (the figures are not
drawn in perfect proportion). Give the answer in square feet.
Round to the nearest thousandth.
5. Find the area of the shaded region (the figures are not
drawn in perfect proportion). Give the answer in square feet.
Round to the nearest thousandth.
6. Find the volume of the solid (the solid is not drawn in
perfect proportion). Give the answer in cubic feet. Use 3.14
for π (pi) and round to the nearest thousandth.
7. Simplify: |-11|
8. Find the opposite or additive inverse: 3/5
9. Compute and simplify: 3.7 + (-7.1)
10. Compute and simplify: -6 + 3 + (-9) + 5

8. 11. Compute and simplify: -3/4 + 1/3
12. Compute and simplify: 7- (-3)
13. Compute and simplify: 3.1 – 6.5
14. Compute and simplify: 1/6 – (-1/3)
15. What are the sign rules for multiplying real numbers?
16. Compute and simplify: 7 x (-3)
17. Compute and simplify: -1/6 x (-2/5)
18. In the course of one five-month period, the water level of a
lake went down 8 in., up 10 in., down 4 in., down another 11
in., and up 5 in. How much had the lake level changed at the
end of the five months?
19. The population of Charlton was 7200. It decreased by 75
each year for 5 years. What was the population of Charlton
after 5 years?