This document covers the key topics in human memory, including the three main stages of memory (encoding, storage, retrieval), the three main types of memory (sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory), how memories are encoded and stored in the brain, factors that influence forgetting, improving memory techniques, eyewitness testimony issues, and unusual memories. The document provides learning objectives for each major section and includes references to videos and animations to supplement the textual information.

2. 6.1 Introduction
L01 Define memory
L02 Describe the three processes of memory,
including encoding, storing, and retrieving
6.2 Types of Memory
6.3 Encoding
6.4 Forgetting
6.5 Biological Bases of Memory
6.6 Improving Your Memory
6.7 Eyewitness Testimony
6.8 Unusual Memories

3. An Incredible Memory
6.1 Introduction
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QuickTime player.

4. 6.1 Introduction
6.2 Types of Memory
L03 Describe the characteristics and functions of sensory memory,
shortterm memory, and long-term memory
L04 Describe the different types of sensory memory and long-term memory
L05 Explain why short-term memory is referred to as working memory
6.3 Encoding
6.4 Forgetting
6.5 Biological Bases of Memory
6.6 Improving Your Memory
6.7 Eyewitness Testimony
6.8 Unusual Memories

5. Memory Processes
6.1 Introduction
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in browser window.
NOTE: This is an interactive Flash animation, not a movie that just plays. You might get a security warning when you try to run it.

6. Sensory Memory – Iconic Memory
6.2 Types of Memory
Without iconic memory, your world would disappear
into darkness during each eye blink.

7. Sensory Memory – Echoic Memory
6.2 Types of Memory
you say?

8. Incoming
information
Incoming
information
Sensory
memory
Sensory
memory
NO attentionNO attention
ForgottenForgotten
Functions of Sensory Memory
6.2 Types of Memory

9. Short-term Memory
6.2 Types of Memory
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10. Chunking
6.2 Types of Memory
Numbers
have unique
shapes, colors,
and textures.

11. Functions of Short-tem Memory
6.2 Types of Memory
Encoded
for storage
Encoded
for storage
Selective
attention
Selective
attention
Short-term
memory
Short-term
memory
NOT encodedNOT encoded
ForgottenForgotten

12. Encoded
for storage
Encoded
for storage
Long-term
memory
“Love is like
chocolate”
Long-term
memory
“Love is like
chocolate”
Long-term Memory
6.2 Types of Memory

13. bear, giraffe, wolf, fly, deer,
elk, gorilla, elephant, frog, snail,
turtle, shark, ant, owl
bear, giraffe, wolf, fly, deer,
elk, gorilla, elephant, frog, snail,
turtle, shark, ant, owl
Primacy and Recency Effects
6.2 Types of Memory

14. Man Without Memory
6.2 Types of Memory
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15. Declarative and Procedural
or Nondeclarative Memory
6.2 Types of Memory
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16. 6.1 Introduction
6.2 Types of Memory
6.3 Encoding
L06 Describe automatic and effortful encoding
L07 Describe maintenance and elaborative rehearsal
L08 Explain the levels of processing theory
6.4 Forgetting
6.5 Biological Bases of Memory
6.6 Improving Your Memory
6.7 Eyewitness Testimony
6.8 Unusual Memories

17. Two Kinds of Encoding
6.7 Encoding
I bought this hat at a second-hand store
for a quarter, and then I bought these shoes from
a guy who said that he makes them from old tires…
I’ve been studying these terms
for hours and I still can’t remember
their definitions.

18. Maintenance and Elaborative Rehearsal
6.7 Encoding
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19. 6.1 Introduction
6.2 Types of Memory
6.3 Encoding
6.4 Forgetting
L09 Describe the difference between the types of interference
L010 Describe how to form effective retrieval cues
L011 Discuss what repressed memories are, how
they may be implanted, and their accuracy
6.5 Biological Bases of Memory
6.6 Improving Your Memory
6.7 Eyewitness Testimony
6.8 Unusual Memories

20. Interference
6.4 Forgetting
Acts backwardActs forward
Proactive
Interference
Retroactive
Interference

21. Retrieval Cues
6.4 Forgetting

22. Tip-of-the-Tongue Phenomenon
6.4 Forgetting
““It’s on theIt’s on the
tip of mytip of my
tongue.”tongue.”

23. State-dependent Learning
6.4 Forgetting
Getting angry at someone
creates and emotional state
that triggers the recall of
related past annoyances.

24. Repressed Memories
6.4 Forgetting
The mind can push a
memory of a
threatening or traumatic
event deep into the
unconscious.

25. False and Recovered Memories
6.4 Forgetting
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26. 6.1 Introduction
6.2 Types of Memory
6.3 Encoding
6.4 Forgetting
6.5 Biological Bases of Memory
L012 Identify the brain structures most important to memory
L013 Describe neural assemblies and long-term potentiation
6.6 Improving Your Memory
6.7 Eyewitness Testimony
6.8 Unusual Memories

27. Location of Memories in the Brain
6.5 Biological Bases of Memory
Different types of
memories are stored in
different parts of the brain.

28. Cortex
6.5 Biological Bases of Memory

29. Amygdala
6.5 Biological Bases of Memory

30. Emotional Memory
6.5 Biological Bases of Memory
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31. Hippocampus
6.5 Biological Bases of Memory

32. 6.1 Introduction
6.2 Types of Memory
6.3 Encoding
6.4 Forgetting
6.5 Biological Bases of Memory
6.6 Improving Your Memory
L014 Describe strategies for improving memory
6.7 Eyewitness Testimony
6.8 Unusual Memories

33. Improving Your Memory
6.6 Improving Your Memory
How can I
improve my
memory?

34. Mnemonic Methods of Loci and Peg
6.6 Improving Your Memory
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35. 6.1 Introduction
6.2 Types of Memory
6.3 Encoding
6.4 Forgetting
6.5 Biological Bases of Memory
6.6 Improving Your Memory
6.7 Eyewitness Testimony
L015 Describe the accuracy of memory and its potential
consequences in eye witness testimony
6.8 Unusual Memories

36. Accuracy of Eyewitness Testimony
6.7 Eyewitness Testimony
An eyewitness picked
Ronald Cotton out of a
lineup and spent 10
years in prison.
Bobby Poole was
proven to be the
actual offender after
DNA evidence.

37. 6.1 Introduction
6.2 Types of Memory
6.3 Encoding
6.4 Forgetting
6.5 Biological Bases of Memory
6.6 Improving Your Memory
6.7 Eyewitness Testimony
6.8 Unusual Memories
L016 Describe photographic memory, super-recognizers, and flashbulb memory

38. Photographic Memory
6.8 Unusual Memories
Tatiana Cooley paired
70 names and faces
after studying a stack
of 100 faces for just 20
minutes at a national
memory contest.

39. Flashbulb Memory
6.8 Unusual Memories
Examples of
Flashbulb Memories
Car accident
High school graduation
Senior prom
18th
birthday
First date

40. Erasing Bad Memories
Think Critically
Propranolol may be
used in the future to
modify or permanently
erase memories.