lecture from chapter 2 of GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY REFERENCE: Aguirre, Felisa U., Monce, Ma. Rosario E. and Dy, Gary C. Introduction to Psychology (2011). Malabon City: MUTYA Publishing Company, 2012

1. Chapter 2:
Human Development
General PSychology

2. Focuses on development across life span – a field of
psychology that focuses on development across the life
span.
Development
More-or-less predictable changes in behavior
associated with increasing age (Physical,
Psychosocial and cognitive)
Nature or nurture?
Nature: behavior unfolds like a plant over time
Nurture: behavior is molded by experiences

3. Maturation
Biological process of systematic physical growth
Experience plays a role in specific contexts
McGraw’s study of toilet training twins
Children change dramatically from birth to adulthood
Phylogenetic functions – sitting and walking,
Ontogenetic functions – specific traits like swimming
and writing

4. Normal for children to be variable in their development
Discontinuities in development are the rule
Parents make important decisions about raising
children that impacts on development
Raising deaf child
Impact of technology and medicine

5. FERTILIZATION
First weeks of human developmnt:
Blastocyst embedded in endometrium.

6. Principles of Heredity
1. Principles of Reproduction
2. Principle of Variation
3. Principle of Dominance and
Recessive
4. Principle of Chance
5. Principle of Sex-Linked
Characteristics

7. Heredity Characteristics
• Physical Traits
• Mental Traits
• Special talents/abilitis

9. Genetic/Biological Engineering
• IN-vitro fertilization
• Artificial Insemination
• Surrogate motherhood
• Cloning/mapping

10. •Prenatal Stage

11. TRIMESTERS
Trimester
1st = week’s 1-13 Germinal
2nd = week’s 14 – 26 Embryo
3rd = week’s 27 and on
(38-40 WEEKS) Fetal

12. STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT

13. First Month
• By the end of the
first month, the
embryo is about
1/10 of an inch
long. The heart,
which is no larger
than a poppy seed,
has begun beating.

14. First Month

15. 1 Month
• First Trimester
At the end of four weeks:
• Baby is 1/4 inch in length
• Heart, digestive system,
backbone and spinal cord begin
to form
• Placenta (sometimes called
"afterbirth") begins to develop
• The single fertilized egg is now
10,000 times larger than size at
conception

16. Two Months
• The embryo is about
1 inch long and has
distinct, slightly
webbed fingers.
Veins are clearly
visible. The heart
has divided into right
and left chambers.

17. Two Months

18. Month 2
• First Trimester
At the end of 8 weeks:
• Baby is 1-1/8 inches long
• Heart is functioning
• Eyes, nose, lips, tongue, ears and
teeth are forming
• Penis begins to appear in boys
• Baby is moving, although the
mother can not yet feel
movement

19. Three Months
• By now the fetus is 2
1/2 to 3 inches long
and is fully formed. He
has begun swallowing
and kicking. All organs
and muscles have
formed and are
beginning to function.

20. Month 3
• First Trimester
At the end of 12 weeks:
• Baby is 2 1/2 to 3 inches long
• Weight is about 1/2 to 1 ounce
• Baby develops recognizable form. Nails
start to develop and earlobes are formed
• Arms, hands, fingers, legs, feet and toes
are fully formed
• Eyes are almost fully developed
• Baby has developed most of his/her
organs and tissues
• Baby's heart rate can be heard at 10
weeks with a special instrument called a
Doppler

21. Four Months
• Your baby is
covered with a layer
of thick, downy hair
called lanugo. His
heartbeat can be
heard clearly. This is
when you may feel
your baby's first
kick.

22. 4 months

23. AMNIOTIC FLUID
• Clear, yellowish fluid surrounding the
developing fetus.
• Average amount 1000 ml.
• Having < 300ml – Oligohydramnios, associated
with fetal renal abnormalities.
• Having > 2 L – Hydramnios, associated with GI
and other malformations.

24. AMNIOTIC FLUID
• Protects Fetus
• Controls Temperature
• Supports Symmetrical Growth
• Prevents Adherence to amnion
• Allows Movement
• Source of oral fluid
• Acts as a excretion-collection repository

25. Month 5
• Second Trimester
At the end of 5 months:
• Baby is 8 to 10 inches long
• Weight is about 1 pound
• Hair begins to grow on baby's head
• Soft woolly hair called lanugo will
cover its body. Some may remain
until a week after birth, when it is
shed.
• Mother begins to feel fetal
movement
• Internal organs are maturing
• Eyebrows, eyelids and eyelashes
appear

26. Five Months
• A protective coating
called vernix caseosa
begins to form on
baby's skin. By the end
of this month, your baby
will be nearly 8 inches
long and weigh almost
a pound.

27. Month 6
• Second Trimester
At the end of 6 months:
• Baby is 11 to 14 inches long
• Weight is about 1 3/4 to 2 pounds
• Eyelids begin to part and eyes
open sometimes for short periods
of time
• Skin is covered with protective
coating called vernix
• Baby is able to hiccup

28. Six Months
• Eyebrows and
eyelids are visible.
Your baby's lungs
are filled with
amniotic fluid, and
he has started
breathing motions. If
you talk or sing, he
can hear you.

29. 6 Months

30. Month 7
• Third Trimester
At the end of 7 months:
• Baby is 14 to 16 inches long
• Weight is about 2 1/2 to 3 1/2
pounds
• Taste buds have developed
• Fat layers are forming
• Organs are maturing
• Skin is still wrinkled and red
• If born at this time, baby will be
considered a premature baby and
require special care
•

31. Seven Months
• By the end of the
seventh month, your
baby weighs about 3
1/2 pounds and is
about 12 inches
long. His body is
well-formed.
Fingernails cover
his fingertips

33. UMBILICAL CORD
Connecting link between fetus and placenta.
• Transports oxygen and nutrients to fetus from the
placenta and returns waste products from the fetus
to the placenta.
• Contains: 2 arteries and 1 vein supported by mucoid
material (wharton’s jelly) to prevent kinking and
knotting.
• Contains NO pain receptors.

34. Month 8
• Third Trimester
At the end of 8 months:
• Baby is 16 1/2 to 18 inches long
• Weight is about 4 to 6 pounds
• Overall growth is rapid this month
• Tremendous brain growth occurs at this
time
• Most body organs are now developed
with the exception of the lungs
• Movements or "kicks" are strong enough
to be visible from the outside
• Kidneys are mature
• Skin is less wrinkled
• Fingernails now extend beyond fingertips

35. Eight Months
• Your baby is gaining
about half a pound
per week, and
layers of fat are
piling on. He has
probably turned
head-down in
preparation for birth.
He weighs between
4 and 6 pounds.

37. Month 9
Third Trimester
At the end of 9 months:
• Baby is 19 to 20 inches long
• Weight is about 7 to 7 1/2 pounds
• The lungs are mature
• Baby is now fully developed and
can survive outside the mother's
body
• Skin is pink and smooth
• Baby settles down lower in the
abdomen in preparation for birth
and may seem less active

38. Nine Months
• Your baby is a hefty
6 to 9 pounds and
measures between
19 and 22 inches.
As he becomes
more crowded, you
may feel him move
around less.

39. PLACENTA

40. PLACENTA
Produce protein hormones:
• Human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG)- 8-10
days past conception, is basis for pregnancy
test
• Progesterone
• Estrogen
• Human Placental Lactogen

41. PLACENTA
• Sieve/filter – allows smaller particles through
and holds back larger molecules. Passage of
materials in either direction is effected by:
– Diffusion: gases, water, electrolytes
– Facilitated transfer: glucose, amino acids,
minerals.
– Pinocytosis: movement of minute particle

42. PLACENTA
• Mother transmits immunoglobulin G (IgG) to
fetus providing limited passive immunity.
• Leakage: caused by membrane defect: may
allow maternal and fetal blood mixing.

43. VIABILITY
• Capability of fetus to
survive outside uterus
at the earliest
gestational age - 22-24
weeks
• Survival depends on:
– Maturity of fetal central
nervous system
– Maturity of lungs

44. Birth
• Instrument Birth
• Breech Birth
• Transverse Presentation Birth
• Cesarean-Section Birth
• Natural birth
C:UsersDianne LiitDesktop1st sem, 2012-
2013subjects!!dev pscydevpsychNormal Vaginal
Child Birth Delivery.mp4

45. 2. POST NATAL PERIOD

46. During the infancy stage, there are
four major adjustments:
1. Adjustment to Temperature
Changes
2. Adjustment to Breathing
3. Adjustment to Taking Nourishment
4. Adjustment to Elimination

47. What are Infant Reflexes?
• Involuntary stereotyped movement responses to a
particular stimuli.
• Dominant movement form during the last 4 months
of prenatal life and first 4 months after birth.
• Occur subcortically (below the level of the higher
brain centers)

48. • Palmar Grasp
• Sucking
• Search
• Moro
• Startle
• Asymmetric Tonic Neck
• Symmetric Tonic Neck
• Plantar Grasp
• Babinski
• Palmar Madibular
• Palmar Mental

49. Primitive Reflexes ~ Sucking
Stimulus / S: touch of lips
Response R: sucking action
Duration In utero - 3 months postpartum
Concerns No reflex problematic for nutrition
Other Often in conjunction with searching reflex

50. Primitive Reflexes ~ Search
Stimulus / S: touch cheek
Response R: head moves toward stimuli
Duration Weeks prenatal - 3 months postpartum
Concerns No reflex problematic for nutrition
No reflex or lack of persistence may be
sign of CNS or sensorimotor dysfunction.
Other Often in conjunction with sucking reflex.
Contributes to head/body-righting reflexes.

51. Primitive Reflexes ~ Plantar Grasp
Stimulus / S: Touching the ball of foot
Response R: Toes grasp
Duration Birth – 1 year
Other Must disappear before the baby can stand
or walk.
Issue of shoes versus no shoes?

52. Primitive Reflexes ~ Babinski
Stimulus / S: Stroke bottom or lateral portion of foot
Response R: Great toe turns downward
Duration Birth – 4 months
Concern Test of the pyramidal tract (i.e. ability to
perform conscious / voluntary movement)

53. Primitive Reflexes ~ Palmar Grasp
Stimulus / S: Palm stimulated
Response R: 4 fingers (not thumb) close
Duration 5 months gestation - 4 months postpartum
Concerns No palmer grasp may indicate
neurological problems (spasticity)
Other One of the most noticeable reflexes
May lead to voluntary reaching / grasping
May predict handedness in adulthood

54. Primitive Reflexes ~ Palmar Mandibular
Stimulus / S: Pressure to both palms or hair to hand
Response R: Eyes close, mouth opens, and/or neck
flexes (which tilts the head forward)
Duration Birth – 3 months
Other Also called the Babkin reflex

55. Primitive Reflexes ~ Moro
Stimulus / S: Suddenly but gently lower baby’s head
Response S: Hit surface beside baby
R: Arms and legs extend
Duration Prenatal – 4-6 months postpartum
Concerns May signify CNS dysfunction if lacking
May signify sensory motor problem if
persists
May delay sitting & head control if persists
May indicate injury to one side of brain if
asymmetical
Other Reaction time increases with age
Preceeds startle refle

56. Primitive Reflexes ~ Moro

57. Primitive Reflexes ~ Asymmetric Tonic Neck
Stimulus / S: Prone/supine position, turn head to one
Response side
R: Limbs flex on one side, extend on other
side
Duration After birth – 3 months
Concerns Facilitates bilateral body awareness
Facilitates hand-eye coordination
Other Also called ‘bow and arrow’ or ‘fencer’s’
position

58. Babyhood
Childhood Stage
* Physical Development
* Motor Development
Cephalo-caudal
Proximodistal

59. CHILDHOOD STAGE

60. Physical Development
• Growth cycle
• Slow, fast, moderate

61. Motor Development
• Ability of the child to have control over his
bodily movements.
• Neural and muscular maturation
• Cephalo-caudal – head-to-toe direction
• Proximo-distal – center developing first before
extemities

62. Developmental Psychology
Stage Theories of Development
• Stages – series of abrupt changes from one
period to another –
– All children must pass through in same order
– Many advocate unfolds over time
– More qualitative than quantitative (such as
child mastering physical properties of object)
• Decentered thought allows conservation
problem solutions

63. Developmental Psychology
Piaget’s Developmental Theory
• Identified 4 stages of cognitive development
– Sensorimotor stage – infant experiences world in
sensory information and motor activities
– Preoperational stage – children sometimes think
illogically by adult standards
– Concrete operational stage – increased abilities
– Formal operational stage – use of full adult logic
– Egocentric C:UsersDianne LiitDesktop1st sem,
2012-2013subjects!!dev pscyPiagets Stages of
Development.mp4

64. Developmental Psychology
Piaget’s cognitive development theory
Birth to 2 Sensorimotor Uses senses and motor skills, items
yrs known by use; Object permanence
2 - 7 yrs Pre-operational Symbolic thinking, language used;
egocentric thinking, imagination/
experience grow, child de-centers
7 - 11 yrs Concrete Logic applied, objective/rational
operational interpretations; conservation,
numbers, ideas, classifications
11 yrs on Formal Thinks abstractly, hypothetical
operational ideas; ethics, politics, social/moral
issues explored

65. Speech and Language Development
• Language versus Speech
• Motor and mental aspects
4 pre-speech forms of communication
1. Crying
2. Cooing or Babbling
3. Gestures or Non-verbal Communication
4. Emotional Expression

66. • How Language is Developed?
Components of Language:
1. Phonology
2. Semantics
3. Grammar – (morphology and syntax)
4. Pragmatics

67. Theories of Language Development
1. The Learning View
2. The Nativist View
3. Interactionist View
• Emotional Development
• Social Development

68. 4. Puberty Stage

69. Puberty
• 2 stages: Pre-pubscence and post pubescence
• 2 parts of adolescence: Teenager and Youth
Adulthood Stage
1. Early Adulthood
2. Middle Adulthood
3. Late Adulthood

70. Stages:
1. Prenatal Stage
2. Post Natal Stage
3. Childhood stage
4. Puberty Stage
5. Adulthood Stage