This document discusses several theories of learning including social learning theory, observational learning, vicarious conditioning, behaviorism, classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and effective teaching strategies. Albert Bandura was an advocate of social learning theory which posits that people learn from observing others in their environment. Observational learning and vicarious conditioning are types of social learning. Behaviorism, as argued by John Watson, is based on observable behaviors. Classical conditioning involves modifying reflexes through unconditioned and conditioned stimuli. B.F. Skinner's operant conditioning explains how reinforced behaviors become more frequent. Effective teaching employs strategies like having subject mastery, providing feedback, and building relationships.

3. Albert Bandura became
the best-known advocate
of social learning theory.
He postulates that one
learns with other people
in the social environment
in which he lives.
He stresses the process of
learning through
observation learning and
vicarious conditioning.
Observational learning-
learning by watching or
observing other people’s
behavior.
Vicarious conditioning-
learning by way of seeing
directly or by hiring about
consequences as a result of
other people’s action.
Four Learning Mechanisms in
Obsevational Learning:
• Attention
• Retention
• Motivation
• Reinforcement

4. John Watson argued that
any science of behavior
must be based on
observable events known
as behaviorism
Classical conditioning is
learning that involves
the modification of a
reflex; the conditioning
stimulus, which is
neutral at the start,
eventually initiates the
same behavioral
responses as the
unconditioned stimulus
(reflex reaction).

5. A key concept in Burrhus
Frederic Skinner’s system
is the process of operant
conditioning.
Operant conditioning is
a process of learning in
which reinforced
behaviors tend to be
repeated and occur
more frequently.Reinforcement is the
process by which a
stimulus increases the
probability that a
preceding behavior will
be repeated.
Basic Principles of Operant
Conditioning:
• Positive reinforcement
(reward)
• Negative reinforcement
(punishment)

6. Using a variety of
pedagogies
Encouraging
student
responsibility
Having mastery of
subject matter
Providing safe
environment
Monitoring progress
and providing
feedback
Building positive
relationships
Effective Teaching

7. Bilingualism is the person’s
ability to speak or write
fluently in two languages.
Bilingualism is
distinguished into two:
• Productive Bilingualism
• Receptive Bilingualism
Two Major Patterns in
Bilingual Language
Acquisition:
• Simultaneous bilingualism
• Sequential bilingualism

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