The document discusses various theories of educational administration including classical, neo-classical, and critical theories. It describes key aspects of each theory such as scientific management principles, administrative management functions, and the focus on social values and ideologies in critical theory. Several theorists are discussed who contributed to different approaches, including Fayol, Gulick, Weber, Mayo, Maslow, and McGregor. The theories provide tools to help educational leaders with tasks like motivation, decision-making, policy implementation, and building effective relationships within the school system.

1. Nafeesa Khan
Roll.No- 04
Paper Code- MEDN -204

2.  The term ‘Educational Administration’ is very comprehensive.
It is concerned with the formulation, execution and appraisal of
educational policies. The term “Administration” doesn’t refer to
any single process or act. It is like a broad umbrella
encompassing a number of processes such as: planning,
organizing, directing, coordinating, controlling and evaluating
the performance.
 Definition:
“consists of facilitating the development of goals and policies
basic to teaching and learning, stimulating the development of
appropriate programmes for teaching and learning and
procuring and managing personnel and material to implement
teaching and learning.”
- Campbell, Corably and Ramesyer

3.  Educational administration refer to different processes
such as planning, organizing, directing, Coordinating
and evaluation.
 Educational administration is a non-profit making task.
 Educational administration is primarily a social
enterprise as it is more concerned with human
resources than with material resources.
 Educational administration is more an art than a
science.
 Educational administration is similar to general
administration in many ways, but it is also dissimilar to
general administration in many more ways.
 Educational administration is a complex affair.

4. Planning
Coordinating
Budgeting
Organizing
Controlling
Evaluating

5.  The preparation of curriculum for different classes according to their
diverse abilities and aptitudes.
 Preparing time table and academic calendar.
 Organizing co-curricular activites and Community reach programmes
 Organizing and distribution of work.
 Establishment and working of infrastructure.
 Conducting of examinations
 Organization and functioning of guidance and counseling cells on the
campus.
 The provision of auxiliary services like midday meals, school uniforms,
books medical checkups etc

7.  Planning and Execution of plans
 Directing and Coordinating Teachers, Students and other works
 Supervision and Controlling of work done in the field
 Organizing and Advising method’s of work
 Motivation And Stimulation work efficiency
 Evaluating, Assisting and adopting feedback, diagnosing
weaknesses
Thus, Educational administration is a specialized
activity which runs the entire educational programme
with fruitful and constructive goal

8. Meaning: Educational Management is the process of
planning, organizing, directing and controlling the
activities of an institution by utilizing human and
material resources so as to effectively and efficiently
accomplish functions of teaching, extension work and
research.
Educational Management deals with the
educational practices, where as
Educational administration tells how
to achieve educational objectives and
principles.

10.  It deals with the formal organization and concepts to increase
management efficiency
 Principles of Organizational Theory
 Scalar principle: line Vs. staff ( line of authority)
 Unity of Command: It involves receiving of orders from only
one person
 Exception Principle: It involves delegation of routine tasks
and deals only with exceptions
 Span of Control: This theory is limited to number of people
reporting to their superiors i.e. no. of people can be(3 to 12).

11. Classical
Organizational
Theory
Scientific
Management
Frederick
Taylor
Administrative
Management
Henri Fayol
Luther Gulick
Max Weber

12. Principles for Scientific Management
 Scientific Job Analysis: Job should be analyzed through observation, data gathering,
careful measurement and management.
 Selection of Personnel: The next step is to scientifically select, train, teach and produce
workers. Previously, workers chose their own work and train themselves.
 Management Cooperation: Managers should cooperate with workers to ensure that all
work being done should be in line with the principles of Science i.e. scientific method.
 Functional Supervising: Managers assume planning, organizing, and decision-making
activities, whereas workers perform their jobs.
 Performance Standards: Taylor introduced time and motion studies to fix performance
standards.
 Differential Piece Rate System: Under differential piece rate system, a standard output
was first fixed. The two wage rates were fixed. These are:
 ● Low wage rate was fixed for those workers who did not produce the standard output.
 ● Higher wage rate was fixed for those workers who produced standard output or more
than the standard output.

13. The other classical theory is the administrative management
theory. Unlike scientific management, the administrative
management theory focuses on the management of an
organization as a unit and not individuals within the unit.
Therefore its main focus is on the structure of management
within the organization.
The proponents of the theory are:
 Henri Fayol – Fayolism ( 5 Functions + 14 principles of management)
 Luther Gulick - POSDCORB
 Max Weber - Bureaucratic management theory

14. According to the theory, the management
perform the functions are:

15.  According to Henri Fayol and Max Weber, the following are the principles
of management:
 Division of work
 Scalar chain
 Order
 Unity of direction
 Equity
 Centralization
 Authority
 Subordination of individual interest
 Discipline
 Stability of personnel
 Initiative
 Unity of command

16.  Luther Gluck is famously
known about coining the term
POSDCORB which is an
acronym for what he believed
to be the functions of
management.
 They include planning,
organizing, staffing, directing,
coordinating, reporting, and
budgeting.

17.  Critical educational administrative theory is
designed in accordance with the attempt to make
the individuals in an organization have
the objective and subjective knowledge of the
knowledge of unordered reality.
 Critical theorists elaborate the values and practices
within schools which maintain the ideological
perspective of schools. Topics such as curriculum,
teaching and student issues display the inherent
social values in the schooling process.

18.  The aspect to pass on
ideologies to the
students through the
daily practices and
occurrences in the
school. The teachers
tend to pass ideologies
which obscure the
beliefs of the society
giving it stability. The
social and economic
importance of schooling
brings cohesion
between the ideologies
of the society and the
reality which is the
purpose of the Critical
educational
administration theory.

19.  The basic assumption of this
theory is that psychological and
social aspects of the worker as
an individual and his work group
ought to be emphasized.
Hawthorne Experiment
 Elton Mayo: The greatest
influence of this theory came from
the Hawthorne experiments
carried out under the guidance of
Elton Mayo. According to him, the
organization is an open system. It
emphasized the importance of
employee attitudes and critically
examined the employee employer
relations under formal
organization.

20.  Group Dynamic - Kurt Lewin concluded that democratic
groups, in which members actively participate in decisions, are
more productive in terms of both human satisfaction and
achievement as compared to authoritarian groups. He
emphasized action research approach.
 Sociometric Technique - Jacob Moreno developed a
sociometric technique, where people have selective
affinities for other people; groups composed of individuals with
similar affinities for one another will likely perform better than
groups lacking such affective preferences.
 Human relation theory emphasizes building collaborative and
cooperative relationships between supervisors and workers.
Two key aspects of human relationships approach are
employee motivation and leadership style.

21.  Employees are motivated by social and psychological needs and by economic
incentives.
 Peoples are tend to form informal social organizations that work along with the
formal organization and can help or hinder management.
 Informal social groups within the workplace create and enforce their own
norms and codes of behavior.
 Employees have higher morale and work harder under supportive management
which lead to increased productivity.
 Communication, power, influence, authority, motivation, and manipulation are
all important relationships within an organization.
Human Relations theory is an administrative theory that showed
increases in productivity when employees had a sense of belonging,
felt involved in the decision making process, and were a part of a
group with similar interests and values.

22.  Behavioral scientists considered both the classical rational-
economic model and the human relation social model to be
incomplete representations of employees in the work setting.
 Chester Barnard is best known for cooperative system which
refers to integrate in a single framework- human relations and
classical management principles. In the year 1938, Barnard
stressed on two conditions if cooperation and financial
success are to be attained. Managers must have both human
as well as technical skills that are required for goal
achievement.
 Beside Barnard, another major contributor to the behavioral
science approach was E. Wight Bakke who embodied a
fusion process. Abraham Maslow and Douglas McGregor is
other great contributors to the behavioral approach.

23.  Maslow identified five sets of human needs as shown in the
diagram, these needs are:
 Maslow's need hierarchy states that "an administrator's job is
to provide avenues for the satisfaction of employee's needs
that also support organizational goals."

24.  McGregor brought a new
perspective to management and
challenged managers to think of
subordinates as responsible,
capable, and creative. He
developed 2 theories: theory X
and theory Y. Managers under
theory X tends to be autocratic,
control oriented and distrustful.
On the other hand, Theory Y
managers view subordinates
optimistically as individuals who
want to take challenges in their
working environments, prefer
self-control and are capable of
responsible independent
judgment

25.  In the view of Joseph Murphy (2002), three interrelated
concepts-that are school improvement, democratic
community and social justice form the development of
the next era of the profession-that is the post-behavioral
science era. The behavioral science approach influenced
the preparation and practice of school administrators.
 An administrative view that is non-traditional in nature, in
which school leaders make data-driven decisions,
encourage collective learning, and focus on an
organizational vision. This approach is commonly used
in schools today, since the implementation of the “No
Child Left Behind Act of 2001” and an increase in
school accountability.

26.  The Theories of educational Administration and management are useful for educator and
leaders in the Education system where school heads apply them in real situations. It helps
the leaders to appreciate the fact that learning is continuous. Systems thinking also promote
cohesiveness in Educational Institutions where systems in Schools work together
towards a common goal.Theories of Administration also influence decision making as in
how to solve problems in a specific way.
 Bureaucracy, Fayolism and Taylorism in the Classical helps the leaders to follow
procedures and principles of running the schools. For example the concept of the Division
of Labour in Organizations. Head of school will be in a better position to place teachers in
rightful places they are qualified to teach. Delegation of duties and respect for subordinates
is crucial. Furthermore, they will be able to influence policy implementation by teachers.
 Neo-Classical theories such as the Human Resources and Behavioral sciences
theories of management by Abraham Maslow, Mayo, McGregor, Chester Barnard, and
others are tools that assist Educational Institutions Leaders to motivate their staff in schools
to achieve goals. Issue of sense of belonging raised by Mayo and Maslow is very crucial in
management of schools. Confidence and value of task by Barnard also very crucial in
execution of tasks.
 Over and above, it is advisable to employ all theories as they best fit. Leadership in
schools should not stick to one theory in their practice.

27. Although I see value in all four models of administrative theory, my
personal experiences and personality leads me to align most closely
with the "Human Relations Approach" theory. As a current
classroom teacher, I enjoy participating in decision-making
conversations and facilitating these discussions within my
classroom. I have experienced that students and teachers alike
respond more effectively when they witness their opinions being
considered and respected. When individuals recognize their
opinions being heard, they feel more inclined to participate in the
outcome of the decision. Focusing on building relationships and
allowing all members of a school system to be involved in the
decision-making process is a key part of creating a successful
campus environment with a higher rate of productivity.

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