The most fundamental digital modulation techniques are based on keying: PSK (phase-shift keying): a finite number of phases are used. FSK (frequency-shift keying): a finite number of frequencies are used. ... QAM (quadrature amplitude modulation): a finite number of at least two phases and at least two amplitudes are used.
The most fundamental digital modulation techniques are based on keying: PSK (phase-shift keying): a finite number of phases are used. FSK (frequency-shift keying): a finite number of frequencies are used. ... QAM (quadrature amplitude modulation): a finite number of at least two phases and at least two amplitudes are used.
Phase-shift keying (PSK) is a digital modulation scheme that conveys data by changing (modulating) the phase of a reference signal (the carrier wave). The modulation is impressed by varying the sine and cosine inputs at a precise time. It is widely used for wireless LANs, RFID and Bluetooth communication
Frequency-shift keying (FSK) is a frequency modulation scheme in which digital information is transmitted through discrete frequency changes of a carrier signal.[1] The technology is used for communication systems such as amateur radio, caller ID and emergency broadcasts
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, OFDM uses a large number of narrow sub-carriers for multi-carrier transmission to overcome the effect of multi path fading problem. LTE uses OFDM for the downlink, from base station to terminal to transmit the data over many narrow band careers of 180 KHz each instead of spreading one signal over the complete 5MHz career bandwidth. OFDM meets the LTE requirement for spectrum flexibility and enables cost-efficient solutions for very wide carriers with high peak rates.
The primary advantage of OFDM over single-carrier schemes is its ability to cope with severe channel conditions. Channel equalization is simplified. The low symbol rate makes the use of a guard interval between symbols affordable, making it possible to eliminate inter symbol interference (ISI).
The Quadrature Phase Shift Keying QPSK is a variation of BPSK, and it is also a Double Side Band Suppressed Carrier DSBSC modulation scheme, which sends two bits of digital information at a time, called as bigits.
Instead of the conversion of digital bits into a series of digital stream, it converts them into bit pairs. This decreases the data bit rate to half, which allows space for the other users.
QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying) is type of phase shift keying. Unlike BPSK which is a DSBCS modulation scheme with digital information for the message, QPSK is also a DSBCS modulation scheme but it sends two bits of digital information a time (without the use of another carrier frequency).
The amount of radio frequency spectrum required to transmit QPSK reliably is half that required for BPSK signals, which in turn makes room for more users on the channel.
Phase-shift keying (PSK) is a digital modulation scheme that conveys data by changing (modulating) the phase of a reference signal (the carrier wave). The modulation is impressed by varying the sine and cosine inputs at a precise time. It is widely used for wireless LANs, RFID and Bluetooth communication
Frequency-shift keying (FSK) is a frequency modulation scheme in which digital information is transmitted through discrete frequency changes of a carrier signal.[1] The technology is used for communication systems such as amateur radio, caller ID and emergency broadcasts
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, OFDM uses a large number of narrow sub-carriers for multi-carrier transmission to overcome the effect of multi path fading problem. LTE uses OFDM for the downlink, from base station to terminal to transmit the data over many narrow band careers of 180 KHz each instead of spreading one signal over the complete 5MHz career bandwidth. OFDM meets the LTE requirement for spectrum flexibility and enables cost-efficient solutions for very wide carriers with high peak rates.
The primary advantage of OFDM over single-carrier schemes is its ability to cope with severe channel conditions. Channel equalization is simplified. The low symbol rate makes the use of a guard interval between symbols affordable, making it possible to eliminate inter symbol interference (ISI).
The Quadrature Phase Shift Keying QPSK is a variation of BPSK, and it is also a Double Side Band Suppressed Carrier DSBSC modulation scheme, which sends two bits of digital information at a time, called as bigits.
Instead of the conversion of digital bits into a series of digital stream, it converts them into bit pairs. This decreases the data bit rate to half, which allows space for the other users.
QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying) is type of phase shift keying. Unlike BPSK which is a DSBCS modulation scheme with digital information for the message, QPSK is also a DSBCS modulation scheme but it sends two bits of digital information a time (without the use of another carrier frequency).
The amount of radio frequency spectrum required to transmit QPSK reliably is half that required for BPSK signals, which in turn makes room for more users on the channel.
This presentation covers:
Some basic definitions & concepts of digital communication
What is Phase Shift Keying(PSK) ?
Binary Phase Shift Keying – BPSK
BPSK transmitter & receiver
Advantages & Disadvantages of BPSK
Pi/4 – QPSK
Pi/4 – QPSK transmitter & receiver
Advantages of Pi/4- QPSK
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A 1.8 V 25 Mbps CMOS single-phase, phase-locked loop-based BPSK, QPSK demodul...IJECEIAES
A single-phase binary/quadrature phase-shift keying (BPSK/QPSK) demodulator basing on a phase-locked loop (PLL) is described. The demodulator relies on a linear characteristic a rising-edge RESET/SET flip-flop (RSFF) employed as a phase detector. The phase controller takes the average output from the RSFF and performs a sub-ranging/re-scaling operation to provide an input signal to a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO). The demodulator is truly modular which theoretically can be extended for a multiple-PSK (m-PSK) signal. Symbol-error rate analysis has also been extensively carried out. The proposed BPSK and QPSK demodulators
have been fabricated in a 0.18 m digital complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) process where they operate from a single supply of 1.8 V. At a carrier frequency of 60 MHz, the BPSK and QPSK demodulators achieved maximum symbol rates of 25 and 12.5 Msymb/s while consuming 0.68 and 0.79 mW, respectively. At these maximum symbol rates, the BPSK and QPSK demodulators deliver symbol-error rates less than 7.9×10-10 and 9.8×10-10, respectively where their corresponding energy per bit figures were at 27.2 and 31.7 pJ.
Communication Theory-1 Project || Single Side Band Modulation using Filtering...rameshreddybattini
Communication Theory-1 Project || Single Side Band Modulation using Filtering Method and Synchronous Demodulation in the Presence of Noise || Using Matlab Code
DESIGN OF A LOW POWER MULTIBAND CLOCK DISTRIBUTION CIRCUIT USING SINGLE PHASE...IJERA Editor
The clock distribution network consumes nearly 70% of the total power consumed by the integrated circuit since
this is the only signal which has the highest switching activity. Normally for a multiband clock domain network
we develop a multiple PLL to cater the need. This project aim for developing a low power true single phase
clock(TSPC) multiband network which will supply for the multi clock domain network. In this paper, a wide
band 2/3 prescaler is verified in the design of proposed wide band multimodulus 32/33/47/48 or 64/65/78/79
prescaler. A dynamic logic multiband flexible integer-n divider based on pulse swallow topology is proposed
which uses a low power wide band 2/3 prescaler and a wide band multimodulus 32/33/47/48 or 64/65/78/79
prescaler. Since the multimodulus 32/33/47/48 or 64/65/78/79 prescaler has a maximum operating frequency of
6.2GHz, the values of P and S counters can actually be programmed to divide over the whole range of
frequencies. However the P and S counter are programmed accordingly. The proposed multiband flexible
divider also uses an improved loadable bit cell for swallow counter and consumes a power of 0.96 and 2.2mW.
This project is highly useful and recommended for communication applications like Bluetooth, Zigbee, IEEE
802.15.4 and 802.11 a/b/g WLAN frequency synthesizers which are proposed based on pulse swallow topology.
This design is modelled using Verilog simulated tool „MODELSIM 6.4b‟ and implemented and synthesized
using „Xilinx ISE 10.1‟.
Bandwidth enhancement of dual-band bi-directional microstrip antenna using co...IJECEIAES
This paper presents a bandwidth enhancement of a dual-band bi-directional rectangular microstrip patch antenna. The novelty of this work lies in the modification of conventional rectangular microstip patch antenna by using the combination of two techniques: a complementary split ring resonator (CSRR) and a defected patch structure (DPS). The structure of antenna was studied and investigated via computer simulation technology (CST). The dimension and position of CSRR on the ground plane was optimized to achieve dual bandwidth and bi-directional radiation pattern characteristics. In addition, the bandwidths were enhanced by defecting suitable shape incorporated in the microstrip patch. A prototype with overall dimension of 70.45×63.73 mm2 has been fabricated on FR-4 substrate. To verify the proposed design, the impedance bandwidth, gain, and radiation patterns were carried out in measurements. The measured impedance bandwidths were respectively 560 MHz (3.08-3.64 GHz) and 950 GHz (4.64-5.59 GHz) while the measured gains of each bandwidth were respectively 4.28 dBi and 4.63 dBi. The measured radiation patterns were in good agreement with simulated ones. The proposed antenna achieves wide dual bandwidth and bidirectional radiation patterns performances. Consequently, it is a promising candidate for Wi-Fi or 5G communications in specific areas such as tunnel, corridor, or transit and rail.
MULTIUSER BER ANALYSIS OF CS-QCSK MODULATION SCHEME IN A CELLULAR SYSTEM ijwmn
In recent years, chaotic communication is a hot research topic and it suits better for the emerging wireless networks because of its excellent features. Different chaos based modulation schemes have evolved, of which the CS-DCSK modulation technique provides better BER performance and bandwidth
efficiency, due to its code domain approach. The QCSK modulation technique provides double benefit: higher data rate with similar BER performance and same bandwidth occupation as DCSK. By combining the advantage of code shifted differential chaos shift keying (CS-DCSK) and Quadrature chaos shift keying (QCSK) scheme, a novel modulation scheme called code shifted Quadrature chaos shift keying (CS-QCSK) is proposed and its suitability in a multiuser scenario is tested in this paper. The analytical expressions for the bit-error rate for Multi-user CS-QCSK scheme (MU-CS-QCSK) under Rayleigh
multipath fading channel is derived. The simulation result shows that, in multiuser scenario the proposed method outperforms classical chaotic modulation schemes in terms of bit error rate (BER).
A single-phase/single-loop multiple-phase-shift-keying (m-PSK) demodulator is described. The demodulator relies on a linear range of an exclusive-OR (XOR) gate employed as a phase detector. The phase controller takes the average output from the XOR gate and performs a sub-ranging/re-scaling operation to provide an input signal to a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO). The demodulator is truly modular which theoretically can be extended
for an m-PSK signal. The proposed single-phase binary-/quadrature-PSK (BPSK/QPSK) demodulators have been implemented with low-cost discrete components. The core of the phase controller simply relies on number of stages of a full-wave rectifier and a linear amplifier built from well-known op-amp-based negative feedback circuits. The demodulator prototypes operate from a single supply of 5 V. At a carrier frequency of 100 kHz, both the BPSK and QPSK demodulators achieved the maximum symbol rate of 20 ksymbol/s respectively. At these symbol rates, the BPSK and QPSK demodulators deliver symbol-error rates less than 2×10-10 and 7×10-10.
An Ultra-Low Power Robust Koggestone Adder at Sub-Threshold Voltages for Impl...VLSICS Design
The growing demand for energy constrained applications and portable devices have created a dire need for ultra-low power circuits. Implantable biomedical devices such as pacemakers need ultra-low power circuits for a better battery life for uninterrupted biomedical data processing. Circuits operating in subthreshold region minimize the energy per operation, thus providing a better platform for energy constrained implantable biomedical devices. This paper presents 8, 16 and 32-bit ultra-low power robust Kogge-Stone adders with improved performance. These adders operate at subthreshold supply voltages which can be used for low power implantable bio-medical devices such as pacemakers. To improve the performance of these adders in sub-threshold region, forward body bias technique and multi-threshold transistors are used. The adders are designed using NCSU 45nm bulk CMOS process library and the simulations were performed using HSPICE circuit simulator. Quantitative power-performance analysis is performed at slow-slow (SS), typical-typical (TT) and fast-fast (FF) corners clocked at 50 KHz for temperature ranging from 25̊C to 120̊C. For a supply voltage 0.3V, all the adders had the least PDP. Using 0.3V as the supply voltage, multi threshold voltage and forward body biasing techniques were applied to
further improve the performance of the adders. The PDP obtained using the forward body biasing technique shows an effective improvement compared to high threshold voltage and multi threshold voltage techniques. The forward biasing technique maintains a balance between delay reduction and increase in average power, thus reducing the power delay product when compared to the other two techniques.
AN ULTRA-LOW POWER ROBUST KOGGESTONE ADDER AT SUB-THRESHOLD VOLTAGES FOR IMPL...VLSICS Design
The growing demand for energy constrained applications and portable devices have created a dire need for
ultra-low power circuits. Implantable biomedical devices such as pacemakers need ultra-low power
circuits for a better battery life for uninterrupted biomedical data processing. Circuits operating in subthreshold
region minimize the energy per operation, thus providing a better platform for energy
constrained implantable biomedical devices. This paper presents 8, 16 and 32-bit ultra-low power robust
Kogge-Stone adders with improved performance. These adders operate at subthreshold supply voltages
which can be used for low power implantable bio-medical devices such as pacemakers. To improve the
performance of these adders in sub-threshold region, forward body bias technique and multi-threshold
transistors are used. The adders are designed using NCSU 45nm bulk CMOS process library and the
simulations were performed using HSPICE circuit simulator. Quantitative power-performance analysis is
performed at slow-slow (SS), typical-typical (TT) and fast-fast (FF) corners clocked at 50 KHz for
temperature ranging from 25̊C to 120̊C. For a supply voltage 0.3V, all the adders had the least PDP. Using
0.3V as the supply voltage, multi threshold voltage and forward body biasing techniques were applied to
further improve the performance of the adders. The PDP obtained using the forward body biasing
technique shows an effective improvement compared to high threshold voltage and multi threshold voltage
techniques. The forward biasing technique maintains a balance between delay reduction and increase in
average power, thus reducing the power delay product when compared to the other two techniques.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
1. PSK/QPSK MODULATOR+HIGH PASS FILTER
B.E. PROJECT REPORT
ADC(12811)
Prepared by
Salman Khaliq Bajwa (3746)
Ali Arsalan (4377)
Mohammad Ghazanfar (4965)
Advisor
Asstt. Professor, Muhammad Abbas
Lab Engineer
Mr. Zia ul Haq
College of Engineering
PAF-Karachi Institute of Economics & Technology
Karachi
2. DEDICATION
This report is dedicated to
My Parents, Teachers & Friends,
Whose love, affection and support helped me in bringing my work to this level of
accomplishments; I am also thankful to them for their unconditional support and encouragement
to pursue my interests, even when the interest went beyond the boundaries of field and scope.
Without their support and kindness this work would not have been possible.
3. ACKNOWLEDEMENT
Praise to Allah the most beneficent and the most merciful
We are grateful to our project advisor Mr. Abbas, for enlightening us with his precious
knowledge and vast experience to benefit us in the future. We also like to thank to our teachers
and lab assistants, lab engineer especially Mr. Zia ul Haq for their assistance and support.
We would also thank with all gratitude and depth of our hearts to our parents who helped us
not only financially but with integrity too and support us in all our hardships. Finally our sincere
thanks to our institute PAF-KIET, College of Engineering, for providing us the opportunity to
gave us the strength to undertake this research.
Special thanks to all our fellows and friends who lend us a hand throughout this project.
We pray this effort may prove to be the beginning of new era, a era in which Science and
Technology may make great progress in Pakistan and Pakistan may become a part of the
developed nations.
Thank you.
4. Objective:
The main objective of this project is to design and construct a PSK/QPSK modulator.
Description:
Before going to the PSK modulation, we first need to understand what is modulation and why
do we need it?
Modulation:
It is the process of putting information on to a high frequency carrier for transmission.
Baseband signal Modulator Modulated Signal
Why Modulation?
In simple terms, modulation is required to transmit signals from variuos sources simultaneously over a
common channel by means of 'multiplexing'.For ex., the bandwidth of speech signals is 3.3KHz.,and
transmitting N no.of speech signals simultaneously each of BW 3.3KHz causes interference.Hence,to
overcome this problem, each speech signal is modulated onto one of N carriers of frequencies
60KHz,64KHz,68KHz etc...
There are 3 major reasons :
1) To use much more smaller antennas.
2) Channel allocation for todays thousands of todays users.
3) For better noise immunity.
What is Phase-shift keying (PSK) modulation?
Phase-shift keying (PSK) is a digital modulation scheme that conveys data by changing, or
modulating, the phase of a reference signal (the carrier wave).
5. All convey data by changing some aspect of a base signal, the carrier wa (usually a sinusoid), in
response to a data signal. In the case of PSK, the phase is changed to represent the data signal.
There are two fundamental ways of utilizing the phase of a signal in this way:
By viewing the phase itself as conveying the information, in which case the demodulator
must have a reference signal to compare the received signal's phase against; or
By viewing the change in the phase as conveying information — differential schemes,
some of which do not need a reference carrier (to a certain extent).
A convenient way to represent PSK schemes is on a constellation diagram. This shows the
points in the complex plane where, in this context, the real and imaginary axes are termed the
in-phase and quadrature axes respectively due to their 90° separation. Such a representation
on perpendicular axes lends itself to straightforward implementation. The amplitude of each
point along the in-phase axis is used to modulate a cosine (or sine) wave and the amplitude
along the quadrature axis to modulate a sine (or cosine) wave.
6. In PSK, the constellation points chosen are usually positioned with uniform angular spacing
around a circle. This gives maximum phase-separation between adjacent points and thus the
best immunity to corruption. They are positioned on a circle so that they can all be transmitted
with the same energy. In this way, the moduli of the complex numbers they represent will be
the same and thus so will the amplitudes needed for the cosine and sine waves. Two common
examples are "binary phase-shift keying" (BPSK) which uses two phases, and "quadrature
phase-shift keying" (QPSK) which uses four phases, although any number of phases may be
used. Since the data to be conveyed are usually binary, the PSK scheme is usually designed with
the number of constellation points being a power of 2.
What is Quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK)?
Sometimes this is known as quaternary PSK, quadriphase PSK, 4-PSK, or 4-QAM. (Although the
root concepts of QPSK and 4-QAM are different, the resulting modulated radio waves are
exactly the same.) QPSK uses four points on the constellation diagram, equispaced around a
circle. With four phases, QPSK can encode two bits per symbol, shown in the diagram with gray
coding to minimize the bit error rate (BER) — sometimes misperceived as twice the BER of
BPSK.
The mathematical analysis shows that QPSK can be used either to double the data rate
compared with a BPSK system while maintaining the same bandwidth of the signal, or to
maintain the data-rate of BPSK but halving the bandwidth needed. In this latter case, the BER of
QPSK is exactly the same as the BER of BPSK - and deciding differently is a common confusion
when considering or describing QPSK.
7. Given that radio communication channels are allocated by agencies such as the Federal
Communication Commission giving a prescribed (maximum) bandwidth, the advantage of QPSK
over BPSK becomes evident: QPSK transmits twice the data rate in a given bandwidth compared
to BPSK - at the same BER. The engineering penalty that is paid is that QPSK transmitters and
receivers are more complicated than the ones for BPSK. However, with modern electronics
technology, the penalty in cost is very moderate.
Process:
8. Circuit:
We had used KL-94006 modulator circuit in order to construct a PSK/QPSK modulator circuit.
The circuit diagram of the KL94006 modulator is given below;
9. Schematic:
Components:
ICL 8038 WAVEFORM GENERATOR
4052 DIFFERENTIAL 4-CHANNEL ANALOG MULTIPLEXERS/DEMULTIPLEXERS
4070 EXCLUSIVE OR
4094 8-STAGE SHIFT-AND-STORE BUS REGISTER
4520 DUAL BINARY COUNTER
LF356 SINGLE J-FET OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS
TL084 GENERAL PURPOSEJ-FET QUAD OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS
CD4096 Micropower Voltage Reference Diode
Resistors
Capacitors
10. Project 2: High Pass Filter
Objective:
The main objective of this project is to design and understand the basics and working of filters
especially high pass filters.
Description:
High pass filters remove signals below the selected frequency, and pass the signals above the
selected frequency unaffected (hence the term high pass). High pass filters have a slope
measured in the amount of signal reduction (in dB) per frequency octave. Typically these values
are in multiples of 6 dB/Oct. At the exact selected frequency of the high pass filter the signal
reduction is usually -3 dB, however this can change based on filter design. A high pass filter is
useful for removing low frequency rumble, unwanted vocal plosives, and dc offsets. This is
Simple high pass Filter perform filter especial tall frequency can change only. By use IC 741, be
the integrated circuit op-amp very the circuit helps to are high frequency Filter model to be
simple. By from the circuit will let 750 HZ frequencies s go up change more well, 60HZ
frequencies are or lower. By friends can change the value RC for filter the frequency that can
want which can see the detail has followed circuit picture yes.
Circuit: