This document covered different topics like Cryptography and its methods; Cryptography used in computing, SET and VPN; Windows Authentication and Kerebros protocol. The content in the document was written as per my knowledge.
Our team worked on a Cryptography project. Our project was designed to convert a normal message or text to private and secure cipher text to maintain confidentiality and security in both corporate and national security. Here the plain text is converted into cipher text through a web platform where the user submits the confidential plain text and get the cipher text for the corresponding plain text.
This document covered different topics like Cryptography and its methods; Cryptography used in computing, SET and VPN; Windows Authentication and Kerebros protocol. The content in the document was written as per my knowledge.
Our team worked on a Cryptography project. Our project was designed to convert a normal message or text to private and secure cipher text to maintain confidentiality and security in both corporate and national security. Here the plain text is converted into cipher text through a web platform where the user submits the confidential plain text and get the cipher text for the corresponding plain text.
First presentation of a Cryptography series, it aims to provide a high level overview of cryptography, clarify its objectives, define the terminology and explain the basics of how digital security systems, like Bitcoin, are built.
Mike Dance is a web developer and Bitcoin advocate.
----------
Presented at the BitcoinSYD Meetup on 11 February 2015
Cryptography is the science of using mathematics to encrypt and decrypt data.
Cryptography enables you to store sensitive information or transmit it across insecure networks so that it cannot be read by anyone except the intended recipient.
Information Security Cryptography ( L01- introduction )Anas Rock
Introduction to DECRYPTION , which is the basis for the security and protection of information, you will learn the meaning of encryption and decryption and encryption keys used in the examples.
ID-Based Directed Multi-Proxy Signature Scheme from Bilinear PairingsCSCJournals
Abstract In a multi-proxy signature scheme, an original signer delegates his signing power to a group of proxy signers. Then the group of proxy signers cooperatively generates a multi-proxy signature on behalf of the original signer; and any one can verify the validity of the multi-proxy signature. But, when the signed message is sensitive to the signature receiver, it is necessary to combine the concepts of multi-proxy signatures with directed signatures. In this paper, we propose an identity based directed multi-proxy signature scheme using bilinear pairings. This scheme allows a group of proxy signers to generate a valid multi-proxy signature to a designated verifier. The designated verifier can only directly verify the multi-proxy signature generated by a group of proxy signers issued to him on behalf of the original signer and, in case of trouble or if necessary, he can convince any third party about the validity of the signatures. Finally, we discuss the correctness and security analysis of the proposed scheme.
First presentation of a Cryptography series, it aims to provide a high level overview of cryptography, clarify its objectives, define the terminology and explain the basics of how digital security systems, like Bitcoin, are built.
Mike Dance is a web developer and Bitcoin advocate.
----------
Presented at the BitcoinSYD Meetup on 11 February 2015
Cryptography is the science of using mathematics to encrypt and decrypt data.
Cryptography enables you to store sensitive information or transmit it across insecure networks so that it cannot be read by anyone except the intended recipient.
Information Security Cryptography ( L01- introduction )Anas Rock
Introduction to DECRYPTION , which is the basis for the security and protection of information, you will learn the meaning of encryption and decryption and encryption keys used in the examples.
ID-Based Directed Multi-Proxy Signature Scheme from Bilinear PairingsCSCJournals
Abstract In a multi-proxy signature scheme, an original signer delegates his signing power to a group of proxy signers. Then the group of proxy signers cooperatively generates a multi-proxy signature on behalf of the original signer; and any one can verify the validity of the multi-proxy signature. But, when the signed message is sensitive to the signature receiver, it is necessary to combine the concepts of multi-proxy signatures with directed signatures. In this paper, we propose an identity based directed multi-proxy signature scheme using bilinear pairings. This scheme allows a group of proxy signers to generate a valid multi-proxy signature to a designated verifier. The designated verifier can only directly verify the multi-proxy signature generated by a group of proxy signers issued to him on behalf of the original signer and, in case of trouble or if necessary, he can convince any third party about the validity of the signatures. Finally, we discuss the correctness and security analysis of the proposed scheme.
CompTIA exam study guide presentations by instructor Brian Ferrill, PACE-IT (Progressive, Accelerated Certifications for Employment in Information Technology)
"Funded by the Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration, Grant #TC-23745-12-60-A-53"
Learn more about the PACE-IT Online program: www.edcc.edu/pace-it
Performance Comparison of File Security System using TEA and Blowfish Algorithmsijtsrd
With the progress in data exchange by the electronic system, the need for information security has become a necessity. Due to the growth of multimedia application, security becomes an important issue of communication and storage of different files. To make its reality, cryptographic algorithms are widely used as essential tools. Cryptographic algorithms provide security services such as confidentiality, authentication, data integrity and secrecy by encryption. Different cryptographic algorithms are commonly used for information security in many research areas. Although there are two encryption techniques, asymmetric and symmetric, the simpler symmetric encryption technique is employed for testing file security system. In this study, the performance evaluation of the most common two symmetric encryption algorithms such as TEA and Blowfish algorithm is focused on the execution time intervals. Simulation has been conducted with many types of file encryption like .pdf, .txt, .doc, .docx, .xlsx, .pptx, .ppt, .xls, .jpg, .png and most common video file formats by using Java Programming Language. Win Myat Thu | Tin Lai Win | Su Mu Tyar "Performance Comparison of File Security System using TEA and Blowfish Algorithms" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26462.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/26462/performance-comparison-of-file-security-system-using-tea-and-blowfish-algorithms/win-myat-thu
The public key is used to encrypt the data. As it can be openly distributed, it’s called a public key. Once a public key encrypts the data, no one can use the public key to decrypt the data. On the other hand, the private key is used to decrypt the data. As it can’t be openly distributed but needs to be kept a secret, that’s why it’s called a private key. In symmetric cryptography, the private key can encrypt and decrypt data.
Public and private keys both have their special objectives and uses in cryptography. As for public vs. private keys, we will discuss some key factors to better understand the situation. These are - working mechanism, performance, visibility, type, sharing, and storing.
To help you better understand the differences between a public key and a private key, 101 Blockchain offers exclusive courses. These courses will help you understand the principle behind both encryption types and make it easier for you to incorporate these in your blockchain project.
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7/22/2019 TestOut LabSim
https://cdn.testout.com/client-v5-1-10-563/startlabsim.html 1/3
9.2.2 Advanced Cryptography Facts9.2.2 Advanced Cryptography Facts
Advanced cryptography includes the following:
Concepts Definition
Encrypting
The purpose of encryption is obfuscation, making a message obscure so it is difficult to read.
Cryptographic service providers (CSPs) are software libraries that can be used to enhance encryption. Applications can use
these libraries to help secure email and provide strong user authentication.
Key
Exchange
The sender of an encrypted message encrypts a message with a key. Then the message receiver must decrypt the message with a key.
Key families include:
Symmetric. A symmetric key is where the sender uses a private key to encrypt a message. Then the recipient uses that same
private key to decrypt it.
Asymmetric. An asymmetric key is where the sender's key and receiver's key are different for the encryption and decryption
processes.
Key length is the number of bits used in a key by a cryptographic algorithm and can determine the strength.
Modes of
Operation
Modes of operations include:
Block Cipher: Provides confidentiality and authenticity services. A block cipher can encrypt or decrypt one fixed-length
block. It encrypts or decrypts one large chunk of data (or block) at a time, often combining blocks for additional security.
Block ciphers are more useful when the amount of data is known.
Cipher Block Chaining (CBC): A plaintext block is combined with the previous cipher text block, and the result is
encrypted with the key.
Cipher Feedback (CFB): Each cipher text block is fed back into the encryption and then used to encrypt the next plaintext
block.
Output Feedback (OFB): The output blocks are fed back into the block cipher. These blocks then make strings of bits to
feed the encryption algorithm, acting as the key generator.
Counter (CTR): Both the sender and recipient access a reliable counter that computes a new shared value each time a
ciphertext block is exchanged. The counter needs to be synchronized between both parties.
Galois/Counter Mode (GCM): A variation of the Counter mode, GCM throughput rates do not require high performance
hardware to produce acceptable high speed communication channels.
Output
The output from a cryptographic process may exhibit the following:
A simple character change in the plaintext will cause several characters to change in the cipher text. This is called diffusion.
When two different inputs to a cryptographic function produce the same output, this is called a collision. Collisions are not
common, but can occur.
Digital
Signature
A digital signature is a mathematical scheme for demonstrating the authenticity of digital message or document. A valid digital
signature gives a message credibility, guaranteeing the recipient that the message has not been tampered with in transit.
Things to consider when choosing your cryptographic methods:
Concept Definition
L ...
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
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We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
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In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
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The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
1. PAF-Karachi Institute of Economics & Technology
Final Project Report
Project: Encrypter/Decrypter
Course: Network Security
C.Id:55911
Instructor: Ma’m Seema Ansari
Group Members:
Salman Khaliq Bajwa (3746)
Pawan Khan (4236)
1
2. DEDICATION
This report is dedicated to
Our Parents,
Whose love, affection and support helped s in bringing our work to this level of
accomplishments; we are also thankful to them for educating us for unconditional support
and encouragement to pursue our interests, even when the interest went beyond the
boundaries of field and scope. Without their support and kindness this work would not
have been possible.
2
3. ACKNOWLEDEMENT
Praise to Allah the most beneficent and the most merciful
We are grateful to our project advisor Ma’m Seema Ansari, for enlightening us with her
precious knowledge and vast experience to benefit us in the future. We also like to thank
our teachers and lab assistants for their assistance and support.
We would also thank with all gratitude and depth of our hearts to our parents who helped
us not only financially but with integrity too and support us in all our hardships. Finally
our sincere thanks to our institute PAF-KIET, for providing us the opportunity to gave us
the strength to undertake this project.
Special thanks to all our fellows and friends who lend us a hand throughout the project’s
each phase.
We pray this effort may prove to be the beginning of new era, a era in which Science and
Technology may make great progress in Pakistan and Pakistan may become a part of the
developed nations.
Thank you.
3
4. Table of Contents
Encrypter/Decrypter ..........................................................................................................................5
Objective: ..........................................................................................................................................6
Introduction: .....................................................................................................................................6
What is encryption? ...........................................................................................................................6
Why do we need it? ...........................................................................................................................6
What is Decryption?...........................................................................................................................7
Description: .......................................................................................................................................7
1. Ceaser Cipher:.........................................................................................................................7
2. Transposition Cipher: ..............................................................................................................8
3. Morsecode Cipher: ..................................................................................................................8
4. Vigenere Cipher: .....................................................................................................................9
Vigenere Cipher Table: ................................................................................................................9
Conclusion: ........................................................................................................................................9
Refrences: ....................................................................................................................................... 10
4
6. Objective:
The main objective of this project was to develop an encrypter/decrypter using different
encryption techniques in order to prevent the messages or information from loosing or
eavesdropping.
Introduction:
Maintaining privacy in our personal communications is something everyone desires.
Encryption is a means to achieve that privacy. It was invented for that purpose. But
encryption, like most things, can be used for good or evil. And the debate over how to
harness this powerful tool rages on as people on both sides see that there are no easy
answers.
What is encryption?
Encryption is the process of scrambling a message so that only the intended recipient can
read it. The actual cryptographic process is generally a complicated mathematical
formulation, the more complex -- the more difficult to break. A key is supplied to the
recipient so that they can then decipher the message. Keys for encryption algorithms are
described in terms of the number of bits. The higher the number of bits - the more difficult
that cryptosystem would be to break.
Why do we need it?
Encryption can provide a means of securing information. As more and more information is
stored on computers or communicated via computers, the need to insure that this
information is invulnerable to snooping and/or tampering becomes more relevant. Any
thoughts with respect to your own personal information (ie. medical records, tax records,
credit history, employment history, etc.) may bring to mind an area in which you do want,
need or expect privacy. As teachers, we are often called upon to handle sensitive student
information. We need to have access to student records, but maintain the confidentiality of
their information.
Encryption is seen by many people as a necessary step for commerce on the internet to
succeed. Without confidence that net transactions are secure, people are unwilling to trust
a site enough to transact any sort of business using it. Encryption may give consumers the
confidence they need to do internet business.
Encryption can also provide a means of "message authentication". The PGP User's Guide
explains, "The sender's own secret key can be used to encrypt a message thereby signing it.
This creates a digital signature of a message. This proves that the sender was the true
6
7. originator of the message, and that the message has not been subsequently altered by
anyone else, because the sender alone possesses the secret key that made that signature."
This prevents forgery of that signed message, and prevents the sender from denying the
signature.
E-mail is certainly not secure. While you may believe that the use of a password makes
your business private, you should be aware that sending information without encryption
has been likened to sending postcards through the mail. Your message is totally open to
interception by anyone along the way. You may believe that your personal e-mail is not
incriminating and does not contain content that you must keep secret, and you may be
right. But there are many common situations, where users have a legitimate need for
security both to protect that information and to insure that information is not tampered
with: Consumers placing orders with credit cards via the Internet, journalists protecting
their sources, therapists protecting client files, businesses communicating trade secrets to
foreign branches, ATM transactions, political dissenters, or whistle-blowers -- all are
examples of why encryption may be needed for e-mail or data files, and why it might be
necessary to create a secure environment through its use.
What is Decryption?
Decryption is the opposite of encryption. When something is encrypted, the receiver needs
to decrypt that in order to read the original information or message.
Description:
In our project in order to develop an encrypter/decrypter, we used four different
encryption techniques & algorithms namely;
Ceaser Cipher
Transposition Cipher
Moscode Cipher
Vinegar Cipher
1. Ceaser Cipher:
In cryptography, a Caesar cipher, also known as a Caesar's cipher, the shift cipher,
Caesar's code or Caesar shift, is one of the simplest and most widely known
encryption techniques. It is a type of substitution cipher in which each letter in the
plaintext is replaced by a letter some fixed number of positions down the alphabet.
For example, with a shift of 3, A would be replaced by D, B would become E, and so
7
8. on. The method is named after Julius Caesar, who used it in his private
correspondence.
Example:
Text: Cipher text:
I m salman l dp vdopdq
Thus, the Caesar cipher is a shift cipher since the ciphertext alphabet is derived from the
plaintext alphabet by shifting each letter a certain number of spaces. For example, if we use
a shift of 19, then we get the following pair of ciphertext and plaintext alphabets:
Plaintext: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Ciphertext: T U V W X Y Z A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S
2. Transposition Cipher:
In cryptography, a transposition cipher is a method of encryption by which the
positions held by units of plaintext (which are commonly characters or groups of
characters) are shifted according to a regular system, so that the ciphertext constitutes
a permutation of the plaintext. That is, the order of the units is changed.
Mathematically obijective function is used on the characters' positions to encrypt and
an inverse function to decrypt.
Example: The way the simplest of these works is by picking a matrix of a fixed size (say, 6x10)
and then writing your message across the rows. e.g. I am Salman Bajwa (matrix 4).
0 1 2 3
I - a m
- S a l
M a n -
B a j w
- - a -
3. Morsecode Cipher:
Morse Code, created by Samuel Morse, was designed to transmit letters across
telegrams. He wanted frequently used letters to have short codes and less frequently
used letters to have longer codes. When encrypting, only letters and numbers will be
encoded and the rest will be treated like spaces. When decrypting, only periods and
hyphens will be decoded and the rest will be treated like spaces. This web page uses
International Morse Code with some additional enhancements, but without support for
foreign characters. It also is geared to help you decode Morse Code snippets you find
with the Reverse (flips the text) and Swap (exchanges periods and hyphens) links.
e.g. I am Salman
8
9. Morsecode Cipher Text: .. / .- -- / ... .- .-.. -- .- -.
This is a table of all the Morse Code translations
A .-B -...C -.-.D -..E .F ..-.G --.H ....I ..J .--- K -.-L .-..M --N -.O ---P .--.Q --.-R .-
.S ...T - U ..-V ...-W .--X -..-Y -.--Z --..0 -----1 .----2 ..---3 ...-- 4 ....-5 .....6 -....7 --...8
---..9 ----.. .-.-.-, --..--? ..--..- -....- = -...-: ---...; -.-.-.( -.--.) -.--.-/ -..-." .-..-.$ ...-..-' .----.¶
.-.-.. _ ..--.-@ .--.-.! ---.! -.-.--+ .-.-.~ .-...# ...-.-& . ...⁄ -..-.
4. Vigenere Cipher:
The Vigenère cipher is a method of encrypting alphabetic text by using a series of
different Caesar ciphers based on the letters of a keyword. It is a simple form of
polyalphabetic substitution.
In a Caesar cipher, each letter of the alphabet is shifted along some number of places; for
example, in a Caesar cipher of shift 3, A would become D, B would become E, Y would
become B and so on. The Vigenère cipher consists of several Caesar ciphers in sequence
with different shift values.
Vigenere Cipher Table:
Conclusion:
In the end we were able to develop an encrypter & decrypter for the security purposes,
Alhamdolilah.
9
10. Refrences:
Cryptography & Network Security- Course Book
Google
10