This document summarizes research on prosocial behavior and factors that influence helping others. It discusses key concepts like altruism, heroism, bystander effect, and diffusion of responsibility. Several studies are described that explore how the number of bystanders, mood, personality traits like empathy, and situational factors can impact whether someone helps in an emergency situation. The document also examines motivations for prosocial acts and long-term volunteering commitments from perspectives of empathy, self-interest, genetic determinism, and other theories.
Attributions are inferences that people make about the causes of events and behavior. People make attributions in order to understand their experiences. Attributions strongly influence the way people interact with others.
prosocialbehaviour
Voluntary actions that are intended to help or benefit another individual or group of individuals”
It is performed to benefit others by helping, sharing or comforting.
ALTRUISM:
Behavior that is motivated by an unselfish concern for the welfare of others.
When one person helps another person for
no reward, and even at some cost to oneself. This cost can be time, energy, effort or wealth etc.
Altruism involves no benefit of helper and hence it is selfless help.
Introduction to Social Psychology
I used local and foreign books. Some concepts are not mentioned here in my slides but will be discussed during our session.
If you want to know the resources feel free to comment below.
Human psychology an intriguing subject in which a very important aspect is how we recognize and tend to form impressions about our environment and other individuals in the social world is brilliantly explained in this chapter summarized in a visual format.
According to psychologist Gordon Allport, social psychology is a discipline that uses scientific methods "to understand and explain how the thought, feeling and behavior of individuals are influenced by the actual, imagined or implied presence of other human beings" (1985).
Briefly this field has been discussed.
Interpersonal attraction refers to positive feelings about another person. It can take many forms, including liking, love, friendship, lust, and admiration.Many factors influence whom people are attracted to. They include physical attractiveness,
proximity, similarity, and reciprocity:
ALTRUISM AND HELPING OTHER SENSATION.pptxHaniJaleel
This ppt provides a brief search about altruism and helping other sensations in psychology. This document can help undergraduate students to improve their academic results.
Attributions are inferences that people make about the causes of events and behavior. People make attributions in order to understand their experiences. Attributions strongly influence the way people interact with others.
prosocialbehaviour
Voluntary actions that are intended to help or benefit another individual or group of individuals”
It is performed to benefit others by helping, sharing or comforting.
ALTRUISM:
Behavior that is motivated by an unselfish concern for the welfare of others.
When one person helps another person for
no reward, and even at some cost to oneself. This cost can be time, energy, effort or wealth etc.
Altruism involves no benefit of helper and hence it is selfless help.
Introduction to Social Psychology
I used local and foreign books. Some concepts are not mentioned here in my slides but will be discussed during our session.
If you want to know the resources feel free to comment below.
Human psychology an intriguing subject in which a very important aspect is how we recognize and tend to form impressions about our environment and other individuals in the social world is brilliantly explained in this chapter summarized in a visual format.
According to psychologist Gordon Allport, social psychology is a discipline that uses scientific methods "to understand and explain how the thought, feeling and behavior of individuals are influenced by the actual, imagined or implied presence of other human beings" (1985).
Briefly this field has been discussed.
Interpersonal attraction refers to positive feelings about another person. It can take many forms, including liking, love, friendship, lust, and admiration.Many factors influence whom people are attracted to. They include physical attractiveness,
proximity, similarity, and reciprocity:
ALTRUISM AND HELPING OTHER SENSATION.pptxHaniJaleel
This ppt provides a brief search about altruism and helping other sensations in psychology. This document can help undergraduate students to improve their academic results.
Introduction
Types of prosocial behaviour
Proactive
Reactive
Altruistic
Examples
Factors affecting proactive behaviour
External factors
Situational factors
Internal factors
Why do people fail to help in emergency
Bystander effect
Effective Altruism Essay
The Causes of Altruism Essay
Altruism In Nursing Essay
Reflection On Altruism
Altruism in Everyday Life Essay
What Is Altruism?
Effective Altruism Essay
The Causes of Altruism Essay
Altruism In Nursing Essay
Reflection On Altruism
Altruism in Everyday Life Essay
What Is Altruism?
Prosocial behavior, or intent to benefit others, is a social behavior that "benefit other people or society as a whole","such as helping, sharing, donating, co-operating, and volunteering". Obeying the rules and conforming to socially accepted behaviors (such as stopping at a "Stop" sign or paying for groceries) are also regarded as prosocial behaviors. These actions may be motivated by empathy and by concern about the welfare and rights of others, as well as for egoistic or practical concerns, such as one's social status or reputation, hope for direct or indirect reciprocity, or adherence to one's perceived system of fairness. It may also be motivated by altruism, though the existence of pure altruism is somewhat disputed, and some have argued that this falls into philosophical rather than psychological realm of debate. Evidence suggests that pro sociality is central to the well-being of social groups across a range of scales, including schools. Prosocial behavior in the classroom can have a significant impact on a student's motivation for learning and contributions to the classroom and larger community. In the workplace, prosocial behaviour can have a significant impact on team psychological safety, as well as positive indirect effects on employee's helping behaviors and task performance. Empathy is a strong motive in eliciting prosocial behavior, and has deep evolutionary roots.
Prosocial behavior fosters positive traits that are beneficial for children and society. It helps many beneficial functions by bettering production of any league and its organizational scale. Evolutionary psychologists use theories such as kin-selection theory and inclusive fitness as an explanation for why prosocial behavioral tendencies are passed down generationally, according to the evolutionary fitness displayed by those who engaged in prosocial acts. Encouraging prosocial behavior may also require decreasing or eliminating undesirable social behaviors.
Although the term "prosocial behavior" is often associated with developing desirable traits in children, the literature on the topic has grown since the late 1980s to include adult behaviors as well. The term "prosocial" has grown into a world-wide movement, using evolutionary science to create real-world pro-social changes from working groups to our whole culture.
From the Editor's Desk: 115th Father's day Celebration - When we see Father's day in Hindu context, Nanda Baba is the most vivid figure which comes to the mind. Nanda Baba who was the foster father of Lord Krishna is known to provide love, care and affection to Lord Krishna and Balarama along with his wife Yashoda; Letter’s to the Editor: Mother's Day - Mother is a precious life for their children. Mother is life breath for her children. Mother's lap is the world happiness whose debt can never be paid.
Scandal! Teasers June 2024 on etv Forum.co.zaIsaac More
Monday, 3 June 2024
Episode 47
A friend is compelled to expose a manipulative scheme to prevent another from making a grave mistake. In a frantic bid to save Jojo, Phakamile agrees to a meeting that unbeknownst to her, will seal her fate.
Tuesday, 4 June 2024
Episode 48
A mother, with her son's best interests at heart, finds him unready to heed her advice. Motshabi finds herself in an unmanageable situation, sinking fast like in quicksand.
Wednesday, 5 June 2024
Episode 49
A woman fabricates a diabolical lie to cover up an indiscretion. Overwhelmed by guilt, she makes a spontaneous confession that could be devastating to another heart.
Thursday, 6 June 2024
Episode 50
Linda unwittingly discloses damning information. Nhlamulo and Vuvu try to guide their friend towards the right decision.
Friday, 7 June 2024
Episode 51
Jojo's life continues to spiral out of control. Dintle weaves a web of lies to conceal that she is not as successful as everyone believes.
Monday, 10 June 2024
Episode 52
A heated confrontation between lovers leads to a devastating admission of guilt. Dintle's desperation takes a new turn, leaving her with dwindling options.
Tuesday, 11 June 2024
Episode 53
Unable to resort to violence, Taps issues a verbal threat, leaving Mdala unsettled. A sister must explain her life choices to regain her brother's trust.
Wednesday, 12 June 2024
Episode 54
Winnie makes a very troubling discovery. Taps follows through on his threat, leaving a woman reeling. Layla, oblivious to the truth, offers an incentive.
Thursday, 13 June 2024
Episode 55
A nosy relative arrives just in time to thwart a man's fatal decision. Dintle manipulates Khanyi to tug at Mo's heartstrings and get what she wants.
Friday, 14 June 2024
Episode 56
Tlhogi is shocked by Mdala's reaction following the revelation of their indiscretion. Jojo is in disbelief when the punishment for his crime is revealed.
Monday, 17 June 2024
Episode 57
A woman reprimands another to stay in her lane, leading to a damning revelation. A man decides to leave his broken life behind.
Tuesday, 18 June 2024
Episode 58
Nhlamulo learns that due to his actions, his worst fears have come true. Caiphus' extravagant promises to suppliers get him into trouble with Ndu.
Wednesday, 19 June 2024
Episode 59
A woman manages to kill two birds with one stone. Business doom looms over Chillax. A sobering incident makes a woman realize how far she's fallen.
Thursday, 20 June 2024
Episode 60
Taps' offer to help Nhlamulo comes with hidden motives. Caiphus' new ideas for Chillax have MaHilda excited. A blast from the past recognizes Dintle, not for her newfound fame.
Friday, 21 June 2024
Episode 61
Taps is hungry for revenge and finds a rope to hang Mdala with. Chillax's new job opportunity elicits mixed reactions from the public. Roommates' initial meeting starts off on the wrong foot.
Monday, 24 June 2024
Episode 62
Taps seizes new information and recruits someone on the inside. Mary's new job
In the vast landscape of cinema, stories have been told, retold, and reimagined in countless ways. At the heart of this narrative evolution lies the concept of a "remake". A successful remake allows us to revisit cherished tales through a fresh lens, often reflecting a different era's perspective or harnessing the power of advanced technology. Yet, the question remains, what makes a remake successful? Today, we will delve deeper into this subject, identifying the key ingredients that contribute to the success of a remake.
From Slave to Scourge: The Existential Choice of Django Unchained. The Philos...Rodney Thomas Jr
#SSAPhilosophy #DjangoUnchained #DjangoFreeman #ExistentialPhilosophy #Freedom #Identity #Justice #Courage #Rebellion #Transformation
Welcome to SSA Philosophy, your ultimate destination for diving deep into the profound philosophies of iconic characters from video games, movies, and TV shows. In this episode, we explore the powerful journey and existential philosophy of Django Freeman from Quentin Tarantino’s masterful film, "Django Unchained," in our video titled, "From Slave to Scourge: The Existential Choice of Django Unchained. The Philosophy of Django Freeman!"
From Slave to Scourge: The Existential Choice of Django Unchained – The Philosophy of Django Freeman!
Join me as we delve into the existential philosophy of Django Freeman, uncovering the profound lessons and timeless wisdom his character offers. Through his story, we find inspiration in the power of choice, the quest for justice, and the courage to defy oppression. Django Freeman’s philosophy is a testament to the human spirit’s unyielding drive for freedom and justice.
Don’t forget to like, comment, and subscribe to SSA Philosophy for more in-depth explorations of the philosophies behind your favorite characters. Hit the notification bell to stay updated on our latest videos. Let’s discover the principles that shape these icons and the profound lessons they offer.
Django Freeman’s story is one of the most compelling narratives of transformation and empowerment in cinema. A former slave turned relentless bounty hunter, Django’s journey is not just a physical liberation but an existential quest for identity, justice, and retribution. This video delves into the core philosophical elements that define Django’s character and the profound choices he makes throughout his journey.
Link to video: https://youtu.be/GszqrXk38qk
Are the X-Men Marvel or DC An In-Depth Exploration.pdfXtreame HDTV
The world of comic books is vast and filled with iconic characters, gripping storylines, and legendary rivalries. Among the most famous groups of superheroes are the X-Men. Created in the early 1960s, the X-Men have become a cultural phenomenon, featuring in comics, animated series, and blockbuster movies. A common question among newcomers to the comic book world is: Are the X-Men Marvel or DC? This article delves into the history, creators, and significant moments of the X-Men to provide a comprehensive answer.
Meet Crazyjamjam - A TikTok Sensation | Blog EternalBlog Eternal
Crazyjamjam, the TikTok star everyone's talking about! Uncover her secrets to success, viral trends, and more in this exclusive feature on Blog Eternal.
Source: https://blogeternal.com/celebrity/crazyjamjam-leaks/
Tom Selleck Net Worth: A Comprehensive Analysisgreendigital
Over several decades, Tom Selleck, a name synonymous with charisma. From his iconic role as Thomas Magnum in the television series "Magnum, P.I." to his enduring presence in "Blue Bloods," Selleck has captivated audiences with his versatility and charm. As a result, "Tom Selleck net worth" has become a topic of great interest among fans. and financial enthusiasts alike. This article delves deep into Tom Selleck's wealth, exploring his career, assets, endorsements. and business ventures that contribute to his impressive economic standing.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Early Life and Career Beginnings
The Foundation of Tom Selleck's Wealth
Born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, Tom Selleck grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. His journey towards building a large net worth began with humble origins. , Selleck pursued a business administration degree at the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. But, his interest shifted towards acting. leading him to study at the Hills Playhouse under Milton Katselas.
Minor roles in television and films marked Selleck's early career. He appeared in commercials and took on small parts in T.V. series such as "The Dating Game" and "Lancer." These initial steps, although modest. laid the groundwork for his future success and the growth of Tom Selleck net worth. Breakthrough with "Magnum, P.I."
The Role that Defined Tom Selleck's Career
Tom Selleck's breakthrough came with the role of Thomas Magnum in the CBS television series "Magnum, P.I." (1980-1988). This role made him a household name and boosted his net worth. The series' popularity resulted in Selleck earning large salaries. leading to financial stability and increased recognition in Hollywood.
"Magnum P.I." garnered high ratings and critical acclaim during its run. Selleck's portrayal of the charming and resourceful private investigator resonated with audiences. making him one of the most beloved television actors of the 1980s. The success of "Magnum P.I." played a pivotal role in shaping Tom Selleck net worth, establishing him as a major star.
Film Career and Diversification
Expanding Tom Selleck's Financial Portfolio
While "Magnum, P.I." was a cornerstone of Selleck's career, he did not limit himself to television. He ventured into films, further enhancing Tom Selleck net worth. His filmography includes notable movies such as "Three Men and a Baby" (1987). which became the highest-grossing film of the year, and its sequel, "Three Men and a Little Lady" (1990). These box office successes contributed to his wealth.
Selleck's versatility allowed him to transition between genres. from comedies like "Mr. Baseball" (1992) to westerns such as "Quigley Down Under" (1990). This diversification showcased his acting range. and provided many income streams, reinforcing Tom Selleck net worth.
Television Resurgence with "Blue Bloods"
Sustaining Wealth through Consistent Success
In 2010, Tom Selleck began starring as Frank Reagan i
Panchayat Season 3 - Official Trailer.pdfSuleman Rana
The dearest series "Panchayat" is set to make a victorious return with its third season, and the fervor is discernible. The authority trailer, delivered on May 28, guarantees one more enamoring venture through the country heartland of India.
Jitendra Kumar keeps on sparkling as Abhishek Tripathi, the city-reared engineer who ends up functioning as the secretary of the Panchayat office in the curious town of Phulera. His nuanced depiction of a young fellow exploring the difficulties of country life while endeavoring to adjust to his new environmental factors has earned far and wide recognition.
Neena Gupta and Raghubir Yadav return as Manju Devi and Brij Bhushan Dubey, separately. Their dynamic science and immaculate acting rejuvenate the hardships of town administration. Gupta's depiction of the town Pradhan with an ever-evolving outlook, matched with Yadav's carefully prepared exhibition, adds profundity and credibility to the story.
New Difficulties and Experiences
The trailer indicates new difficulties anticipating the characters, as Abhishek keeps on wrestling with his part in the town and his yearnings for a superior future. The series has reliably offset humor with social editorial, and Season 3 looks ready to dig much more profound into the intricacies of rustic organization and self-awareness.
Watchers can hope to see a greater amount of the enchanting and particular residents who have become fan top picks. Their connections and the one of a kind cut of-life situations give a reviving and interesting portrayal of provincial India, featuring the two its appeal and its difficulties.
A Mix of Humor and Heart
One of the signs of "Panchayat" is its capacity to mix humor with sincere narrating. The trailer features minutes that guarantee to convey giggles, as well as scenes that pull at the heartstrings. This equilibrium has been a critical calculate the show's prosperity, resounding with crowds across different socioeconomics.
Creation Greatness
The creation quality remaining parts first rate, with the beautiful setting of Phulera town filling in as a scenery that upgrades the narrating. The meticulousness in portraying provincial life, joined with sharp composition and solid exhibitions, guarantees that "Panchayat" keeps on hanging out in the packed web series scene.
Expectation and Delivery
As the delivery date draws near, expectation for "Panchayat" Season 3 is at a record-breaking high. The authority trailer has previously created critical buzz, with fans enthusiastically anticipating the continuation of Abhishek Tripathi's excursion and the new undertakings that lie ahead in Phulera.
All in all, the authority trailer for "Panchayat" Season 3 recommends that watchers are in for another drawing in and engaging ride. Yet again with its charming characters, convincing story, and ideal mix of humor and show, the new season is set to enamor crowds. Write in your schedules and prepare to get back to the endearing universe of "Panchayat."
Skeem Saam in June 2024 available on ForumIsaac More
Monday, June 3, 2024 - Episode 241: Sergeant Rathebe nabs a top scammer in Turfloop. Meikie is furious at her uncle's reaction to the truth about Ntswaki.
Tuesday, June 4, 2024 - Episode 242: Babeile uncovers the truth behind Rathebe’s latest actions. Leeto's announcement shocks his employees, and Ntswaki’s ordeal haunts her family.
Wednesday, June 5, 2024 - Episode 243: Rathebe blocks Babeile from investigating further. Melita warns Eunice to stay clear of Mr. Kgomo.
Thursday, June 6, 2024 - Episode 244: Tbose surrenders to the police while an intruder meddles in his affairs. Rathebe's secret mission faces a setback.
Friday, June 7, 2024 - Episode 245: Rathebe’s antics reach Kganyago. Tbose dodges a bullet, but a nightmare looms. Mr. Kgomo accuses Melita of witchcraft.
Monday, June 10, 2024 - Episode 246: Ntswaki struggles on her first day back at school. Babeile is stunned by Rathebe’s romance with Bullet Mabuza.
Tuesday, June 11, 2024 - Episode 247: An unexpected turn halts Rathebe’s investigation. The press discovers Mr. Kgomo’s affair with a young employee.
Wednesday, June 12, 2024 - Episode 248: Rathebe chases a criminal, resorting to gunfire. Turf High is rife with tension and transfer threats.
Thursday, June 13, 2024 - Episode 249: Rathebe traps Kganyago. John warns Toby to stop harassing Ntswaki.
Friday, June 14, 2024 - Episode 250: Babeile is cleared to investigate Rathebe. Melita gains Mr. Kgomo’s trust, and Jacobeth devises a financial solution.
Monday, June 17, 2024 - Episode 251: Rathebe feels the pressure as Babeile closes in. Mr. Kgomo and Eunice clash. Jacobeth risks her safety in pursuit of Kganyago.
Tuesday, June 18, 2024 - Episode 252: Bullet Mabuza retaliates against Jacobeth. Pitsi inadvertently reveals his parents’ plans. Nkosi is shocked by Khwezi’s decision on LJ’s future.
Wednesday, June 19, 2024 - Episode 253: Jacobeth is ensnared in deceit. Evelyn is stressed over Toby’s case, and Letetswe reveals shocking academic results.
Thursday, June 20, 2024 - Episode 254: Elizabeth learns Jacobeth is in Mpumalanga. Kganyago's past is exposed, and Lehasa discovers his son is in KZN.
Friday, June 21, 2024 - Episode 255: Elizabeth confirms Jacobeth’s dubious activities in Mpumalanga. Rathebe lies about her relationship with Bullet, and Jacobeth faces theft accusations.
Monday, June 24, 2024 - Episode 256: Rathebe spies on Kganyago. Lehasa plans to retrieve his son from KZN, fearing what awaits.
Tuesday, June 25, 2024 - Episode 257: MaNtuli fears for Kwaito’s safety in Mpumalanga. Mr. Kgomo and Melita reconcile.
Wednesday, June 26, 2024 - Episode 258: Kganyago makes a bold escape. Elizabeth receives a shocking message from Kwaito. Mrs. Khoza defends her husband against scam accusations.
Thursday, June 27, 2024 - Episode 259: Babeile's skillful arrest changes the game. Tbose and Kwaito face a hostage crisis.
Friday, June 28, 2024 - Episode 260: Two women face the reality of being scammed. Turf is rocked by breaking
Hollywood Actress - The 250 hottest galleryZsolt Nemeth
Hollywood Actress amazon album eminent worldwide media, female-singer, actresses, alhletina-woman, 250 collection.
Highest and photoreal-print exclusive testament PC collage.
Focused television virtuality crime, novel.
The sheer afterlife of the work is activism-like hollywood-actresses point com.
173 Illustrate, 250 gallery, 154 blog, 120 TV serie logo, 17 TV president logo, 183 active hyperlink.
HD AI face enhancement 384 page plus Bowker ISBN, Congress LLCL or US Copyright.
As a film director, I have always been awestruck by the magic of animation. Animation, a medium once considered solely for the amusement of children, has undergone a significant transformation over the years. Its evolution from a rudimentary form of entertainment to a sophisticated form of storytelling has stirred my creativity and expanded my vision, offering limitless possibilities in the realm of cinematic storytelling.
Maximizing Your Streaming Experience with XCIPTV- Tips for 2024.pdfXtreame HDTV
In today’s digital age, streaming services have become an integral part of our entertainment lives. Among the myriad of options available, XCIPTV stands out as a premier choice for those seeking seamless, high-quality streaming. This comprehensive guide will delve into the features, benefits, and user experience of XCIPTV, illustrating why it is a top contender in the IPTV industry.
3. Heroism
• Actions that involve courageous risk taking to
obtain a socially valued goal. An example
would be a dangerous act undertaken to save
the life of a stranger.
– Carnegie Hero Medal
– Ranges from life-saving acts of courage (saving
people from animals, criminals, fire, WWII
gentiles) to donating a kidney, joining the Peace
Corps, or volunteering to work overseas
w/Doctors of the World.
4. Diffusion of responsibility
• The idea that the amount of responsibility
assumed by bystanders in an emergency is
shared among them.
• Rather than increasing the odds that prosocial
behavior will occur, having multiple
bystanders decreases the odds. Rather than
apathy, a large no. of witnesses experience
diffusion of responsibility.
• Darley and Latane’ (1968)
5. Bystander Effect
• The fact that the likelihood of a prosocial
response to an emergency is affected by the
number of bystanders who are present.
– Kitty Genovese incident in the 1960s led
psychologists to find an explanation for why
multiple bystanders do not translate into multiple
helpers.
• Darley and Latane’ (1968), student choking experiment
6. Implicit Bystander Effect
• The decrease in helping behavior brought
about by simply thinking about being in a
group.
7. Five Steps that Determine Helping
Latane’ and Darley (1970)
• Noticing or failing to notice that something
unusual is happening
• Correctly interpreting an event as an
emergency
• Deciding that it is your responsibility to help
• Deciding that you have the needed
skills/knowledge
• Making the final decision to provide help
8. Darley and Batson (1973)
• Conducted a field study to test the importance
of the first step in the decision process
(noticing or failing to notice). Students training
for the clergy (especially likely to be helpful)
were instructed to walk across campus to give
a talk. On their way they passed a stranger
slumped in a doorway needing help. Three
conditions: were in no hurry (63% helped),
right on time (45%), late and needed to hurry
(10%).
9. Pluralistic Ignorance
• The tendency of bystanders in an emergency to
rely on what other bystanders do and say, even
though none of them is sure about what is
happening or what to do about it. Very often, all
of the bystanders hold back and behave as if
there is no problem. Each individual uses this
‘information’ to justify the failure to act.
• Rely on social comparison so we don’t
misinterpret a situation (smoke in the room
study)
10. Situational factors that affect helping
• Helping those you like
• Helping those who mimic us
• Helping those who are not responsible for
their problem
• Exposure to prosocial models increases
prosocial behavior
11. Emotions and Prosocial Behavior
• Generally we help more when we are in a
positive mood (research indicates people helped
more after listening to a comedian, finding small
amount of money or spending time outdoors),
but can also decrease helping b/c people in a
very good mood tend to interpret an ambiguous
situation as a non-emergency, and resist helping
if it involves something difficult or unpleasant.
• (reverse trends also seen w/negative mood)
12. Empathy and other personality
dispositions
• Empathy: A complex affective and cognitive
response to another person’s emotional
distress. Includes being able to feel the other
person’s emotional state, felling sympathetic
and trying to solve the problem and take
perspective of others.
• Personality Disposition: a characteristic,
behavioral tendency determined by genetics,
learning experiences, or both.
13. Empathy: Three types of Perspective
Taking
• Affective component present in infants as
young as 12 mths, as well as other primates.
Includes feeling sympathy—biological basis.
• Cognitive component uniquely human
– Perspective taking (three types)
• Imagine other perspective, pure empathy,
leads to altruism
• Imagine self, empathy + self-interest, may
interfere w/altruism
• Identifying w/fictional characters
14. How does empathy develop?
• Combination of biological differences and
differences in experience
• Heredity underlies both affective components,
but not cognitive, all born w/capacity for
empathy, experience determines if becomes a
vial part of self or fails to manifest
• secure attachment style, prosocial TV models,
parents (warm mother, family discusses
emotions/feelings of others in supportive
atmosphere)
15. Personality variables associated
w/prosocial behavior
• Altruistic personality: a combination of
dispositional variables associated with prosocial
behavior
– Empathy (responsible, tolerant, socialized,
conforming, self-controlled, able to make good
impressions)
– Belief in a just world (good behavior is
rewarded/right thing to do, personal rewards
from helping)
– Acceptance of social responsibility
– Internal locus of control
– Low egocentrism
16. Long-Term Commitment to Prosocial
Action
• Volunteering—commit time time and effort over
weeks, months, or longer. 87% of people 45 and
up volunteered time/money in 2003.
• Five steps in responding to emergency apply
• Motivated by importance of a given need. Whites
give most to help animals, environment and
emergency personnel. African Americans assist
the homeless, minority rights groups and
religious institutions.
17. Mandates, Altruism & Generativity
• Mandates from high schools and colleges to
increase volunteerism (feeling forced
decreases future interest for many students)
• Generativity: An adult’s concern for and
commitment to the well-being of future
generations (those high in generativity
become parents, teach young people, and
engage in acts that will have positive effects
beyond their own lifetime)
18. Self-Interest, Moral Integrity & Moral
Hypocrisy
• With good enough excuse (“It’s not my
responsibility,” “It’s her own fault” we can set
aside or disengage moral standards, and
convince ourselves there is no reason to help.
• We overestimate the frequency of our moral
actions and believe we are more selfless than
others
• Fairly easy for otherwise moral people to find
a reason not to act morally in varied situations
19. Motivation & Morality
• Three motives involved when a person is
faced with a moral dilemma to help/not help
someone
– Self-interest: motivated to engage in whatever
behavior provides greatest satisfaction
– Moral Integrity: motivated to be moral and
engage in moral behavior
– Moral Hypocrisy: motivated to appear moral while
doing one’s best to avoid the costs of actually
being moral
20. How does it feel to be helped?
• Being helped can be unpleasant: may have
reactions of discomfort, even resentment (a
physically impaired person may be reminded of
their impairment and feel depressed when help is
given). Self-esteem can suffer, especially if
helped by someone similar to you in age,
education or other characteristics.
• Stigmatized group member helped by
nonstigmatized group member, may be received
as patronizing
• Sibling help (ie- younger brother)
21. A helper is liked best when:
• The person receiving help believes that the help
was offered because of positive feelings toward
the individual in need, which evokes the
reciprocity norm, and the one who was helped is
motivated to reciprocate with a kind deed in the
future.
• When helping is based on someone’s role, such
as a police officer, or b/c helper would gain more
than he would lose from the deed, liking and
reciprocity is decreased.
22. When help is unpleasant, can motivate
self-help
• A positive aspect about feeling unhappy about
receiving help is that the person being helped
is motivated to avoid such a situation in the
future by engaging in self-help, which can
reduce feelings of incompetence and feelings
of dependence
23. Basic Motivation for Engaging in
Prosocial Acts
• Why are people motivated to help (rather
than who would help under what
circumstances).
• People attributed their helpfulness to
unselfish motives, but when asked why
someone else engaged in helpful behavior the
attributions are split between selfish and
unselfish motives. Motives actually explained
by a combination in the following theories:
24. Empathy-Altruism
It feels good to help others
This model says prosocial behavior is motivated
solely by the desire to help someone in need and
by the fact that it feels good to help. Such
motivation may be strong enough that helper is
willing to engage in unpleasant, dangerous or
even life-threatening activity. Compassion for
someone in need outweighs all other
considerations.
Selective Altruism: When many individuals are in
need, and only one individual is helped.
(thry unresolved regarding questions of “oneness”)
25. Negative-state relief model
• Prosocial behavior is motivated by the
bystander’s desire to reduce his or her
own uncomfortable negative emotions.
–Doesn’t matter if negative state was caused
by the emergency itself or was unrelated to
the emergency, in either case you are likely
to engage in prosocial acts to relieve your
negative state.
26. Empathic Joy Hypothesis
• Prosocial behavior is motivated by the positive
emotion a helper anticipates experiencing as
the result of having a beneficial impact on the
life of someone in need.
– Crucial to know his/her actions will have a positive
impact
– All three theories rest on the affective state of
helper, feeling better, or less bad, by helping
– Basis of other investigations point to self-interest
(expectation of reciprocation, rewards)
27. Genetic determinism model
• Proposal that behavior is driven by genetic
attributes that evolved because they
enhanced the probability of transmitting one’s
genes to subsequent generations.
• Inclusive fitness: the concept that natural
selection not only applies to individuals, but
also involves behaviors that benefit other
individuals with whom we share genes,
sometimes know as kin selection.