Prosocial Behavior helping others - Analysis
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This document analyzes prosocial behavior, which refers to actions that help others with no immediate benefit to the helper. It discusses several factors that influence helping behavior, including empathy, emotions, personality traits, and how similar the victim is to the helper. Failure to help often stems from diffusion of responsibility, where people assume someone else will help. The tendency to help depends on noticing an emergency, accepting responsibility, having the skills to help, and deciding to help. People volunteer for both selfish and selfless reasons, such as expressing values, learning, psychological development, career benefits, and strengthening relationships. Motivations can involve self-interest, moral integrity, or moral hypocrisy of claiming to help for moral reasons while actually acting
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Prosocial Behavior
This document summarizes research on prosocial behavior and factors that influence helping others. It discusses key concepts like altruism, heroism, bystander effect, and diffusion of responsibility. Several studies are described that explore how the number of bystanders, mood, personality traits like empathy, and situational factors can impact whether someone helps in an emergency situation. The document also examines motivations for prosocial acts and long-term volunteering commitments from perspectives of empathy, self-interest, genetic determinism, and other theories.
Prosocial behavior
Prosocial behavior refers to voluntary actions that are intended to benefit others. It is motivated by concern for others' welfare and needs, rather than personal gain. There are several reasons why people engage in prosocial behavior, including social exchange where people help when rewards outweigh costs, social norms of reciprocity and responsibility, and evolutionary motives like kin selection. Situational factors also influence prosocial behavior, such as being more likely to help in rural areas than urban areas due to social ties, and the bystander effect where people are less likely to help in crowds due to diffusion of responsibility.
prosocial behaviour
This document discusses different motivations for prosocial behavior. It defines prosocial behavior as helpful actions that benefit others without direct benefits to the person helping. Several hypotheses for motivations are described, including empathy-altruism, where helping makes one feel good; negative-state relief, where helping reduces one's own negative emotions; and empathetic joy, where helping brings positive emotions from making an impact. Genetic determinism is also discussed, where helping enhances passing on one's genes. The document concludes that people engage in prosocial behavior for both selfish and unselfish reasons, and different hypotheses try to explain these motivations, like reducing one's distress or feeling good from helping others.
Prosocial behavior
Characteristics of Helper and the helped ,Models to explain Prosocial Behavior ,Increasing Prosocial Behavior in the Society
Prosocial behavior ppt final
Prosocial behavior refers to voluntary actions that benefit others or society, such as helping, sharing, and cooperating. It is central to healthy social groups and is motivated by empathy. Research on prosocial behavior originated with studies on bystander effects during crimes and emergencies. Current research examines biological, motivational, cognitive, and social factors influencing prosocial acts through theories like empathy-altruism, negative state relief, kin selection, and reciprocal altruism. Volunteering has been associated with benefits to happiness and health.
Prosocial Behaviour Research Paper
This is a research paper I made on Prosocial Behaviour. This is a school project, and the main purpose of me showing this to the outside world is to get feedback from the outside world. If you could help me with that, that would be great!
11 prosocial behaviour
Prosocial behavior is defined as voluntary behavior intended to benefit another person. It includes helpful and altruistic acts according to social norms. Research on bystander intervention in emergencies found that the presence of other bystanders decreases the likelihood of any one person helping (the bystander effect). Latane and Darley identified five decision points people go through when deciding whether to help: noticing the emergency, defining it as such, taking responsibility, planning a response, and acting. Factors like ambiguity, mood, gender, attractiveness, and weather influence bystander intervention.
Prosocial behavior
Pro-social behavior refers to voluntary acts that benefit others or society. It includes helping, sharing, cooperation, and acts of charity. Pro-social behavior is defined by a society's norms. Helping behavior is a subcategory that intentionally benefits another person or group in need. Determinants of helping include empathy, relieving negative feelings in others, enjoying the positive impact of helping, boosting status, helping genetic relatives, and defending one's social group. People are more likely to help those they like and less likely to help in darkness or if the victim is responsible for their situation. Being thanked encourages continued pro-social behavior by validating the helper's self-worth and competence. Some argue pro-social behavior may be
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Prosocial Behavior
This document summarizes research on prosocial behavior and factors that influence helping others. It discusses key concepts like altruism, heroism, bystander effect, and diffusion of responsibility. Several studies are described that explore how the number of bystanders, mood, personality traits like empathy, and situational factors can impact whether someone helps in an emergency situation. The document also examines motivations for prosocial acts and long-term volunteering commitments from perspectives of empathy, self-interest, genetic determinism, and other theories.
Prosocial behavior
Prosocial behavior refers to voluntary actions that are intended to benefit others. It is motivated by concern for others' welfare and needs, rather than personal gain. There are several reasons why people engage in prosocial behavior, including social exchange where people help when rewards outweigh costs, social norms of reciprocity and responsibility, and evolutionary motives like kin selection. Situational factors also influence prosocial behavior, such as being more likely to help in rural areas than urban areas due to social ties, and the bystander effect where people are less likely to help in crowds due to diffusion of responsibility.
prosocial behaviour
This document discusses different motivations for prosocial behavior. It defines prosocial behavior as helpful actions that benefit others without direct benefits to the person helping. Several hypotheses for motivations are described, including empathy-altruism, where helping makes one feel good; negative-state relief, where helping reduces one's own negative emotions; and empathetic joy, where helping brings positive emotions from making an impact. Genetic determinism is also discussed, where helping enhances passing on one's genes. The document concludes that people engage in prosocial behavior for both selfish and unselfish reasons, and different hypotheses try to explain these motivations, like reducing one's distress or feeling good from helping others.
Prosocial behavior
Characteristics of Helper and the helped ,Models to explain Prosocial Behavior ,Increasing Prosocial Behavior in the Society
Prosocial behavior ppt final
Prosocial behavior refers to voluntary actions that benefit others or society, such as helping, sharing, and cooperating. It is central to healthy social groups and is motivated by empathy. Research on prosocial behavior originated with studies on bystander effects during crimes and emergencies. Current research examines biological, motivational, cognitive, and social factors influencing prosocial acts through theories like empathy-altruism, negative state relief, kin selection, and reciprocal altruism. Volunteering has been associated with benefits to happiness and health.
Prosocial Behaviour Research Paper
This is a research paper I made on Prosocial Behaviour. This is a school project, and the main purpose of me showing this to the outside world is to get feedback from the outside world. If you could help me with that, that would be great!
11 prosocial behaviour
Prosocial behavior is defined as voluntary behavior intended to benefit another person. It includes helpful and altruistic acts according to social norms. Research on bystander intervention in emergencies found that the presence of other bystanders decreases the likelihood of any one person helping (the bystander effect). Latane and Darley identified five decision points people go through when deciding whether to help: noticing the emergency, defining it as such, taking responsibility, planning a response, and acting. Factors like ambiguity, mood, gender, attractiveness, and weather influence bystander intervention.
Prosocial behavior
Pro-social behavior refers to voluntary acts that benefit others or society. It includes helping, sharing, cooperation, and acts of charity. Pro-social behavior is defined by a society's norms. Helping behavior is a subcategory that intentionally benefits another person or group in need. Determinants of helping include empathy, relieving negative feelings in others, enjoying the positive impact of helping, boosting status, helping genetic relatives, and defending one's social group. People are more likely to help those they like and less likely to help in darkness or if the victim is responsible for their situation. Being thanked encourages continued pro-social behavior by validating the helper's self-worth and competence. Some argue pro-social behavior may be
Prosocial Behavior
Prosocial behavior, or intent to benefit others, is a social behavior that "benefit other people or society as a whole","such as helping, sharing, donating, co-operating, and volunteering". Obeying the rules and conforming to socially accepted behaviors (such as stopping at a "Stop" sign or paying for groceries) are also regarded as prosocial behaviors. These actions may be motivated by empathy and by concern about the welfare and rights of others, as well as for egoistic or practical concerns, such as one's social status or reputation, hope for direct or indirect reciprocity, or adherence to one's perceived system of fairness. It may also be motivated by altruism, though the existence of pure altruism is somewhat disputed, and some have argued that this falls into philosophical rather than psychological realm of debate. Evidence suggests that pro sociality is central to the well-being of social groups across a range of scales, including schools. Prosocial behavior in the classroom can have a significant impact on a student's motivation for learning and contributions to the classroom and larger community. In the workplace, prosocial behaviour can have a significant impact on team psychological safety, as well as positive indirect effects on employee's helping behaviors and task performance. Empathy is a strong motive in eliciting prosocial behavior, and has deep evolutionary roots.
Prosocial behavior fosters positive traits that are beneficial for children and society. It helps many beneficial functions by bettering production of any league and its organizational scale. Evolutionary psychologists use theories such as kin-selection theory and inclusive fitness as an explanation for why prosocial behavioral tendencies are passed down generationally, according to the evolutionary fitness displayed by those who engaged in prosocial acts. Encouraging prosocial behavior may also require decreasing or eliminating undesirable social behaviors.
Although the term "prosocial behavior" is often associated with developing desirable traits in children, the literature on the topic has grown since the late 1980s to include adult behaviors as well. The term "prosocial" has grown into a world-wide movement, using evolutionary science to create real-world pro-social changes from working groups to our whole culture.
Helping
The document discusses theories about why and when people help others and how to increase helping behaviors. It covers:
1) Reasons for helping including social exchange of rewards, social norms of reciprocity and responsibility, and evolutionary psychology of kin selection and reciprocity.
2) Factors influencing when helping occurs, such as the bystander effect where more bystanders means less helping, and time pressures reducing assistance.
3) Individual differences in helping, with personality traits like empathy and efficacy predicting more assistance, and religious faith enabling long-term altruism.
4) Ways to boost helping by reducing ambiguity, using persuasion techniques to increase responsibility or guilt, and teaching altruism directly.
Helping behavior
This document discusses helping behavior and why people help others. It defines key concepts like altruism and prosocial behavior. Some reasons people help include social norms like reciprocity and social responsibility, sociobiology, social exchange to receive benefits, empathy and similarity to others. Social norms are social rules that people should help those who help them or depend on them. Social exchange theory suggests people help to maximize benefits and minimize costs. People are more likely to help those they feel empathy for or who are similar. Circumstances like mood, closeness to the person in need, and noticing the need also influence whether and how people provide help.
Prosocial behavior 2011 class
1) Evolutionary psychology suggests that humans are more likely to help those who are genetically related due to kin selection, as helping relatives increases the likelihood of passing on shared genes.
2) Research has found that people are more inclined to help those closely related to them, such as young children and close family members, compared to distant relatives or non-relatives, especially in life-threatening situations. Females and younger individuals also tend to receive more help.
3) The bystander effect occurs when the presence of others discourages an individual from helping in an emergency situation due to diffusion of responsibility; people are less likely to help as the number of bystanders increases.
Pro social behaviour social psychology
prosocialbehaviour
Voluntary actions that are intended to help or benefit another individual or group of individuals”
It is performed to benefit others by helping, sharing or comforting.
ALTRUISM:
Behavior that is motivated by an unselfish concern for the welfare of others.
When one person helps another person for
no reward, and even at some cost to oneself. This cost can be time, energy, effort or wealth etc.
Altruism involves no benefit of helper and hence it is selfless help.
Helping behaviour
This document summarizes two explanations for the bystander effect in helping behavior: diffusion of responsibility and social norms. It then describes a study that was conducted to test which model better explains the bystander effect. The study found that helping behavior increased both when a bystander was present and even more so when the bystander modeled helping behavior. This contradicts the typical finding of decreased helping with more bystanders and instead supports the social norms explanation.
Helping others
The document discusses factors that influence helping behavior. It states that the bystander effect occurs when people are less likely to help someone in need if other people are present. Researchers have found that people are more likely to help if they notice the emergency, interpret it as such, and feel responsible for helping. Other factors like similarity to the victim, guilt, happiness, and deservingness also impact helping. Reasons for helping include social exchange theory, social responsibility norms, and reciprocity norms. The document concludes by defining social traps as situations where self-interested behavior can harm individuals and society.
Altruism
1) The bystander effect occurs when the presence of others decreases the likelihood that an individual will help a victim. As the number of bystanders increases, any single person is less likely to notice the emergency, interpret it as such, or take responsibility to help.
2) People are more likely to help those they perceive as similar to themselves in attributes like age, nationality, appearance, or values. Similarity promotes liking and empathy.
3) Having less time available, as in a hurry, reduces the likelihood someone will help in an emergency situation.
Human Altruism and Cooperation
The document discusses human altruism and whether mirror neurons hold the key to explaining it. It outlines theories of altruism like reciprocal altruism and kin selection. Studies show infants and children help others, even strangers, suggesting altruism may be innate rather than purely cultural. Mirror neurons may help explain how empathy and identification with others, even strangers, can drive altruistic acts. The document proposes an unified evolutionary view incorporating selection pressures, empathy, mirror neurons and culture in shaping human altruism and cooperation.
Why do people help
The document discusses several theories and factors related to helping behavior:
1. It explores the genetic and evolutionary roots of helping, including kin selection and reciprocity.
2. It analyzes the costs and benefits of helping from the perspective of social exchange theory.
3. It examines empathy and altruism, and how empathy can motivate helping those in need.
4. Additional factors discussed include gender differences, environmental influences, number of bystanders, and characteristics of victims that affect helping.
Altruism
This document discusses altruism and how it develops in children. It defines altruism as actions that benefit others without expecting a reward. Children learn altruism through conditioning, observational learning from altruistic models, and as their cognitive and social skills develop. The development of prosocial behaviors like altruism is encouraged through parenting strategies like explaining how one child's actions impact another's feelings.
C:\Fakepath\Helping Others
This document discusses prosocial behavior, which is defined as acts that benefit others. It explores various motivations for helping behavior, including egoistic motives aimed at increasing one's own welfare and altruistic motives aimed at helping others. Some key points discussed include evolutionary reasons for helping relatives due to kin selection, the empathy-altruism hypothesis which links seeing others in distress to a desire to help, and situational factors like the bystander effect that influence whether people help strangers. The role of media and celebrity endorsements in drawing attention and donations to causes like disaster relief is also examined.
Altruism theories
This document contrasts two theories that explain altruism: the kin selection theory and the empathy-altruism theory. The kin selection theory proposes that altruism evolved through natural selection to benefit an individual's genes, while the empathy-altruism theory argues that feeling empathy for others leads to true altruistic behavior intended to help others rather than oneself. Both theories have strengths in explaining certain aspects of altruism but also have limitations, such as the kin selection theory not accounting for helping non-relatives and the empathy-altruism theory having questionable real-world applicability outside experimental settings.
ALTRUISM & COOPERATION (Psych 201 - Chapter 14 - Spring 2014)
This playlist features songs about love and peace from the 1960s and 1970s. It includes hits from The Black Eyed Peas, The Beatles, Dionne Warwick, Paul Metsa, John Lennon, and others. The songs convey messages of finding love, coming together, and giving peace a chance.
Helping
Helping others benefits both the giver and receiver of help. Some reasons we help include altruism, social norms around reciprocity and responsibility, and empathy. We are more likely to help when we feel responsible and there are few bystanders. Gender, personality, and religion can influence who helps. Increasing helping behaviors can be done through reducing ambiguity, appealing to self-image through guilt or praise, and using social influence techniques.
prosocialbehaviour
This document discusses prosocial behavior and factors that influence helping others. It defines prosocial behavior as voluntary actions intended to benefit others. Key points include:
- Altruism involves helping others at some cost to oneself with no expected reward. Kin selection theory and reciprocity can motivate altruism.
- People are more likely to help when rewards exceed costs and when norms of social responsibility and justice apply. Empathy and positive moods also increase helping.
- The bystander effect occurs when people are less likely to help in emergencies when others are present due to diffusion of responsibility. Reducing ambiguity and increasing responsibility can increase helping.
Chp.18 social psych
The document provides an overview of key concepts in social psychology including attribution theory, fundamental attribution error, cognitive dissonance theory, social influence, norms, conformity, prejudice, aggression, and social relations. It defines important terms and briefly describes classic studies that helped establish theories in social psychology.
Altruism theories
The document summarizes two theories that explain altruism: kin selection theory and empathy-altruism theory. Kin selection theory proposes that altruism evolved through kin selection, with individuals more likely to help relatives due to shared genes. Empathy-altruism theory suggests altruism results from feelings of empathy, with experiments showing people are more likely to help those they empathize with. The document contrasts the theories, noting kin selection is difficult to test while empathy-altruism can be experimentally tested, and that they have different views on whether altruism benefits the individual or group.
Alturism
Social psychological theories often distinguish between the altruistic and egoistic motivations for prosocial behavior. Altruistic behavior is specifically thought of as the type of prosocial behavior that is motivated by the genuine desire to benefit another person, without any expectation of benefits to one self. Coming back to the above hypothetical scenario, Charlie may be motivated to engage in merit bono work out of compassion for disadvantaged clients who particularly need his support.
Altruism is a theory which encapsulates the social, behavioural, ecological, physiological theories. Kin selection is an important aspect of altruism. It’s considered much of a prosocial behaviour. This paper embodies the altruistic theories and its characteristics
Is altruism a myth
1) The document discusses whether true altruism exists or if human helping behavior is ultimately motivated by self-interest. It explores different theories on altruism including empathy-altruism theory and socio biological theory.
2) Empirical evidence is presented showing that people with high empathy will help others even at a cost to themselves, supporting the existence of true altruism, while those with low empathy only help to reduce their own distress.
3) Neuroscientific research found increased activity in brain regions associated with perspective taking in highly altruistic individuals, providing a potential biological basis for altruistic motivation.
Prosocial behaviour and altruistic Behaviour Determinants
This document discusses prosocial behavior, which refers to voluntary actions intended to help or benefit other people. Prosocial behaviors include helping, sharing, comforting, and cooperating. Engaging in prosocial actions can provide benefits such as boosting mood, reducing stress, and strengthening social support systems. Prosocial behavior is influenced by both situational and personal factors like modeling, similarity, norms, empathy, and beliefs about fairness. Common types of prosocial behavior include helping, sharing, comforting, altruism, and behaviors that are proactive, reactive, or meant to help others without expectation of personal gain.
Chapter 8 Pro-social Behaviour.docx
Introduction
Types of prosocial behaviour
Proactive
Reactive
Altruistic
Examples
Factors affecting proactive behaviour
External factors
Situational factors
Internal factors
Why do people fail to help in emergency
Bystander effect
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Prosocial Behavior
Prosocial behavior, or intent to benefit others, is a social behavior that "benefit other people or society as a whole","such as helping, sharing, donating, co-operating, and volunteering". Obeying the rules and conforming to socially accepted behaviors (such as stopping at a "Stop" sign or paying for groceries) are also regarded as prosocial behaviors. These actions may be motivated by empathy and by concern about the welfare and rights of others, as well as for egoistic or practical concerns, such as one's social status or reputation, hope for direct or indirect reciprocity, or adherence to one's perceived system of fairness. It may also be motivated by altruism, though the existence of pure altruism is somewhat disputed, and some have argued that this falls into philosophical rather than psychological realm of debate. Evidence suggests that pro sociality is central to the well-being of social groups across a range of scales, including schools. Prosocial behavior in the classroom can have a significant impact on a student's motivation for learning and contributions to the classroom and larger community. In the workplace, prosocial behaviour can have a significant impact on team psychological safety, as well as positive indirect effects on employee's helping behaviors and task performance. Empathy is a strong motive in eliciting prosocial behavior, and has deep evolutionary roots.
Prosocial behavior fosters positive traits that are beneficial for children and society. It helps many beneficial functions by bettering production of any league and its organizational scale. Evolutionary psychologists use theories such as kin-selection theory and inclusive fitness as an explanation for why prosocial behavioral tendencies are passed down generationally, according to the evolutionary fitness displayed by those who engaged in prosocial acts. Encouraging prosocial behavior may also require decreasing or eliminating undesirable social behaviors.
Although the term "prosocial behavior" is often associated with developing desirable traits in children, the literature on the topic has grown since the late 1980s to include adult behaviors as well. The term "prosocial" has grown into a world-wide movement, using evolutionary science to create real-world pro-social changes from working groups to our whole culture.
Helping
The document discusses theories about why and when people help others and how to increase helping behaviors. It covers:
1) Reasons for helping including social exchange of rewards, social norms of reciprocity and responsibility, and evolutionary psychology of kin selection and reciprocity.
2) Factors influencing when helping occurs, such as the bystander effect where more bystanders means less helping, and time pressures reducing assistance.
3) Individual differences in helping, with personality traits like empathy and efficacy predicting more assistance, and religious faith enabling long-term altruism.
4) Ways to boost helping by reducing ambiguity, using persuasion techniques to increase responsibility or guilt, and teaching altruism directly.
Helping behavior
This document discusses helping behavior and why people help others. It defines key concepts like altruism and prosocial behavior. Some reasons people help include social norms like reciprocity and social responsibility, sociobiology, social exchange to receive benefits, empathy and similarity to others. Social norms are social rules that people should help those who help them or depend on them. Social exchange theory suggests people help to maximize benefits and minimize costs. People are more likely to help those they feel empathy for or who are similar. Circumstances like mood, closeness to the person in need, and noticing the need also influence whether and how people provide help.
Prosocial behavior 2011 class
1) Evolutionary psychology suggests that humans are more likely to help those who are genetically related due to kin selection, as helping relatives increases the likelihood of passing on shared genes.
2) Research has found that people are more inclined to help those closely related to them, such as young children and close family members, compared to distant relatives or non-relatives, especially in life-threatening situations. Females and younger individuals also tend to receive more help.
3) The bystander effect occurs when the presence of others discourages an individual from helping in an emergency situation due to diffusion of responsibility; people are less likely to help as the number of bystanders increases.
Pro social behaviour social psychology
prosocialbehaviour
Voluntary actions that are intended to help or benefit another individual or group of individuals”
It is performed to benefit others by helping, sharing or comforting.
ALTRUISM:
Behavior that is motivated by an unselfish concern for the welfare of others.
When one person helps another person for
no reward, and even at some cost to oneself. This cost can be time, energy, effort or wealth etc.
Altruism involves no benefit of helper and hence it is selfless help.
Helping behaviour
This document summarizes two explanations for the bystander effect in helping behavior: diffusion of responsibility and social norms. It then describes a study that was conducted to test which model better explains the bystander effect. The study found that helping behavior increased both when a bystander was present and even more so when the bystander modeled helping behavior. This contradicts the typical finding of decreased helping with more bystanders and instead supports the social norms explanation.
Helping others
The document discusses factors that influence helping behavior. It states that the bystander effect occurs when people are less likely to help someone in need if other people are present. Researchers have found that people are more likely to help if they notice the emergency, interpret it as such, and feel responsible for helping. Other factors like similarity to the victim, guilt, happiness, and deservingness also impact helping. Reasons for helping include social exchange theory, social responsibility norms, and reciprocity norms. The document concludes by defining social traps as situations where self-interested behavior can harm individuals and society.
Altruism
1) The bystander effect occurs when the presence of others decreases the likelihood that an individual will help a victim. As the number of bystanders increases, any single person is less likely to notice the emergency, interpret it as such, or take responsibility to help.
2) People are more likely to help those they perceive as similar to themselves in attributes like age, nationality, appearance, or values. Similarity promotes liking and empathy.
3) Having less time available, as in a hurry, reduces the likelihood someone will help in an emergency situation.
Human Altruism and Cooperation
The document discusses human altruism and whether mirror neurons hold the key to explaining it. It outlines theories of altruism like reciprocal altruism and kin selection. Studies show infants and children help others, even strangers, suggesting altruism may be innate rather than purely cultural. Mirror neurons may help explain how empathy and identification with others, even strangers, can drive altruistic acts. The document proposes an unified evolutionary view incorporating selection pressures, empathy, mirror neurons and culture in shaping human altruism and cooperation.
Why do people help
The document discusses several theories and factors related to helping behavior:
1. It explores the genetic and evolutionary roots of helping, including kin selection and reciprocity.
2. It analyzes the costs and benefits of helping from the perspective of social exchange theory.
3. It examines empathy and altruism, and how empathy can motivate helping those in need.
4. Additional factors discussed include gender differences, environmental influences, number of bystanders, and characteristics of victims that affect helping.
Altruism
This document discusses altruism and how it develops in children. It defines altruism as actions that benefit others without expecting a reward. Children learn altruism through conditioning, observational learning from altruistic models, and as their cognitive and social skills develop. The development of prosocial behaviors like altruism is encouraged through parenting strategies like explaining how one child's actions impact another's feelings.
C:\Fakepath\Helping Others
This document discusses prosocial behavior, which is defined as acts that benefit others. It explores various motivations for helping behavior, including egoistic motives aimed at increasing one's own welfare and altruistic motives aimed at helping others. Some key points discussed include evolutionary reasons for helping relatives due to kin selection, the empathy-altruism hypothesis which links seeing others in distress to a desire to help, and situational factors like the bystander effect that influence whether people help strangers. The role of media and celebrity endorsements in drawing attention and donations to causes like disaster relief is also examined.
Altruism theories
This document contrasts two theories that explain altruism: the kin selection theory and the empathy-altruism theory. The kin selection theory proposes that altruism evolved through natural selection to benefit an individual's genes, while the empathy-altruism theory argues that feeling empathy for others leads to true altruistic behavior intended to help others rather than oneself. Both theories have strengths in explaining certain aspects of altruism but also have limitations, such as the kin selection theory not accounting for helping non-relatives and the empathy-altruism theory having questionable real-world applicability outside experimental settings.
ALTRUISM & COOPERATION (Psych 201 - Chapter 14 - Spring 2014)
This playlist features songs about love and peace from the 1960s and 1970s. It includes hits from The Black Eyed Peas, The Beatles, Dionne Warwick, Paul Metsa, John Lennon, and others. The songs convey messages of finding love, coming together, and giving peace a chance.
Helping
Helping others benefits both the giver and receiver of help. Some reasons we help include altruism, social norms around reciprocity and responsibility, and empathy. We are more likely to help when we feel responsible and there are few bystanders. Gender, personality, and religion can influence who helps. Increasing helping behaviors can be done through reducing ambiguity, appealing to self-image through guilt or praise, and using social influence techniques.
prosocialbehaviour
This document discusses prosocial behavior and factors that influence helping others. It defines prosocial behavior as voluntary actions intended to benefit others. Key points include:
- Altruism involves helping others at some cost to oneself with no expected reward. Kin selection theory and reciprocity can motivate altruism.
- People are more likely to help when rewards exceed costs and when norms of social responsibility and justice apply. Empathy and positive moods also increase helping.
- The bystander effect occurs when people are less likely to help in emergencies when others are present due to diffusion of responsibility. Reducing ambiguity and increasing responsibility can increase helping.
Chp.18 social psych
The document provides an overview of key concepts in social psychology including attribution theory, fundamental attribution error, cognitive dissonance theory, social influence, norms, conformity, prejudice, aggression, and social relations. It defines important terms and briefly describes classic studies that helped establish theories in social psychology.
Altruism theories
The document summarizes two theories that explain altruism: kin selection theory and empathy-altruism theory. Kin selection theory proposes that altruism evolved through kin selection, with individuals more likely to help relatives due to shared genes. Empathy-altruism theory suggests altruism results from feelings of empathy, with experiments showing people are more likely to help those they empathize with. The document contrasts the theories, noting kin selection is difficult to test while empathy-altruism can be experimentally tested, and that they have different views on whether altruism benefits the individual or group.
Alturism
Social psychological theories often distinguish between the altruistic and egoistic motivations for prosocial behavior. Altruistic behavior is specifically thought of as the type of prosocial behavior that is motivated by the genuine desire to benefit another person, without any expectation of benefits to one self. Coming back to the above hypothetical scenario, Charlie may be motivated to engage in merit bono work out of compassion for disadvantaged clients who particularly need his support.
Altruism is a theory which encapsulates the social, behavioural, ecological, physiological theories. Kin selection is an important aspect of altruism. It’s considered much of a prosocial behaviour. This paper embodies the altruistic theories and its characteristics
Is altruism a myth
1) The document discusses whether true altruism exists or if human helping behavior is ultimately motivated by self-interest. It explores different theories on altruism including empathy-altruism theory and socio biological theory.
2) Empirical evidence is presented showing that people with high empathy will help others even at a cost to themselves, supporting the existence of true altruism, while those with low empathy only help to reduce their own distress.
3) Neuroscientific research found increased activity in brain regions associated with perspective taking in highly altruistic individuals, providing a potential biological basis for altruistic motivation.
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ALTRUISM & COOPERATION (Psych 201 - Chapter 14 - Spring 2014)
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Prosocial behaviour and altruistic Behaviour Determinants
This document discusses prosocial behavior, which refers to voluntary actions intended to help or benefit other people. Prosocial behaviors include helping, sharing, comforting, and cooperating. Engaging in prosocial actions can provide benefits such as boosting mood, reducing stress, and strengthening social support systems. Prosocial behavior is influenced by both situational and personal factors like modeling, similarity, norms, empathy, and beliefs about fairness. Common types of prosocial behavior include helping, sharing, comforting, altruism, and behaviors that are proactive, reactive, or meant to help others without expectation of personal gain.
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Types of prosocial behaviour
Proactive
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External factors
Situational factors
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Why do people fail to help in emergency
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The document discusses several aspects of social perception:
1. Nonverbal communication such as facial expressions, eye contact, body language, and touching can provide cues about a person's inner state of emotions and feelings. Basic emotions are often reflected in specific facial expressions.
2. Attribution refers to how we try to understand and explain the behaviors of others. Correspondent inference theory and Kelley's theory of causal attribution describe how we make inferences about others' traits and dispositions based on their behaviors.
3. Impression formation is the process by which we combine diverse information to form unified impressions of others. Initial impressions tend to carry more weight due to primacy effects. Impression management refers
Social perception
This document discusses several key concepts in social perception:
1. Nonverbal communication plays an important role in social perception. Facial expressions, eye contact, body language, posture, and touching can all reveal emotional and mental states. Basic emotions are often expressed through specific facial movements.
2. Attribution refers to how people seek to understand the behaviors of others by inferring underlying traits or motives. Correspondent inference theory holds that behaviors perceived as freely chosen and distinctive are more likely to be attributed to internal traits. Kelley's theory examines how attribution is influenced by consensus, consistency, and distinctiveness.
3. Impression formation is the process by which people combine diverse information to form unified impressions of others. Initial
Attitudes evaluating and responding to the social world - Analysis
This document analyzes attitudes, how they are formed through social learning and comparison, and how they can be changed or resisted. It discusses factors that affect the strength of the relationship between attitudes and behaviors, as well as persuasion which focuses on the source, message, and audience. Resistance to persuasion can occur through reactance, forewarning, or selective avoidance. Cognitive dissonance is the unpleasant feeling of a disagreement between attitudes and behaviors. Stronger counterarguments produce less attitude change, known as the less-leads-to-more effect.
Chapter # 7 Social Psychology
This document provides an overview of key concepts in social psychology, including social cognition, attitudes, social interaction, and interpersonal attraction. It discusses social cognition and the processes of social perception, including non-verbal communication and attribution theories. It defines attitudes and their three components: cognitive, emotional, and behavioral. Social interaction and conformity are described as ways people influence each other. Interpersonal attraction is presented as the tendency to evaluate others positively, influenced by characteristics of both people and the situation. Stress and its causes, including different types of conflicts, are also summarized.
Human relation IN NURSING
This document discusses human relations and its importance in nursing. Human relations refers to the relationships between people, including nurse-patient relationships, nurse-health team relationships, and nurse-community relationships. It involves communication, self-awareness, trust, and conflict resolution. Understanding human relations is important for providing quality patient care through collaborative relationships among nurses and other healthcare professionals.
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This study examined the relationships between self-monitoring styles, empathy, and self-sacrificing behavior in 50 undergraduate students. Participants completed measures of self-monitoring style, social desirability, and emotional empathy. High self-monitors were predicted to engage in more self-sacrificing behaviors in public than low self-monitors due to their greater desire to be liked. Results showed high self-monitors help more to be liked, while low self-monitors have higher empathy scores. Self-monitoring style influences motivations for prosocial behaviors like helping.
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Groups and Individuals the consequences of belongings - Analysis
This document provides a formal analysis of the chapter "Groups and Individuals: The Consequences of Belonging". It summarizes that the chapter focuses on understanding the role of norms in group functioning, the nature of cooperation and conflict, and factors that affect individuals' concerns about performance evaluations and fairness. Membership in groups can provide benefits like self-knowledge and social change, but also costs such as loss of freedom and demands on time and resources. A person's behavior in a group depends on their role, status, the group's norms, and whether the group is cohesive.
Unit 6. Social Identities: The self and/in Interaction
The document outlines key concepts related to human nature, socialization, and theories of the self. It discusses:
1) The nature vs. nurture debate on the roles of genetics and socialization in shaping human behavior.
2) The process of socialization through which individuals learn social norms and become functioning members of society, influenced by agents like family, schools, peers, and media.
3) Four theories of the self - Freud's concepts of id, ego, and superego; Cooley's looking-glass self; Mead's stages of self-development; and Goffman's theory of impression management in social roles.
Emotional Abuse
Emotional abuse is a form of violence that involves improper and unhealthy interactions between two or more people. It can be caused by factors like inferiority complexes, unresolved personal problems, and lack of ability to understand healthy relationships. Abusers tend to be emotionally immature and exert excessive control over victims, while victims have low self-esteem and seek crumbs of affection. Signs of abuse can be subtle messages or behaviors that manipulate or play mind games. Prevention requires awareness of key information and seeking help from others.
Emotional Abuse
Emotional abuse is a form of violence that involves improper and unhealthy interactions between two or more people. It can be caused by factors like inferiority complexes, unresolved personal problems, and unhealthy relationship models learned in childhood. Abusers often have emotional immaturity and unresolved issues from their own past abuse, while victims have low self-esteem and see abuse as preferable to being alone. Signs of abuse can be subtle messages or behaviors that manipulate or gaslight the victim. Prevention requires awareness of these dynamics and seeking help from others.
Emotional Intelligence Training
This document discusses emotional intelligence training. It explains that emotional intelligence training requires expertise in assessment tools, training design, evaluation, and coaching skills. It stresses the importance of assessing individual and organizational needs, using tools and tests professionally, and designing active, participative learning experiences. The training should have clear objectives and engage learners through various modalities. Ongoing feedback, support systems, and real-world application are important. Assessment after training identifies areas for improvement. Continued learning, coaching, and reinforcement help ensure long-term success.
Lecture Motives (Secondary Motives).pptx
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Chapter 1 introducing social psychology
This document provides an overview of key concepts in social psychology:
- Social psychology attempts to understand how individuals are influenced by others and examines social thinking, influence, and relations.
- Major themes include that we construct our social reality, social intuitions can be powerful but sometimes perilous, and social influences shape our behavior.
- Social behavior has biological roots in evolution and social neuroscience, and social psychology principles apply to everyday life.
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Prosocial behaviour and altruistic Behaviour Determinants
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Social Perception – perceiving and understanding others - Analysis
Social Perception – perceiving and understanding others - Analysis
Attitudes evaluating and responding to the social world - Analysis
Attitudes evaluating and responding to the social world - Analysis
Groups and Individuals the consequences of belongings - Analysis
Groups and Individuals the consequences of belongings - Analysis
Unit 6. Social Identities: The self and/in Interaction
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This summary provides the key details about William Somerset Maugham's short story "The Kite":
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Reporting and Editing
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Chinese Civilization
China developed one of the earliest civilizations over 5,000 years ago. Isolated by mountains and deserts, Chinese civilization grew strong nationalism and belief in its superiority. It progressed through primitive, slave, feudal, semi-feudal/semi-colonial, and socialist societies under successive dynasties. The last dynasty, the Qing, declined in the 19th century due to internal problems and foreign invasion, leaving China a semi-colonial state until the 1949 revolution established the People's Republic of China. Modern China is now experiencing a new era of openness, science, and creativity.
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The document provides a history of the development of television from its early inventions in the late 1800s to modern times. It discusses key milestones such as the development of mechanical and electronic television, the introduction of color television, and advances like HDTV, Blu-Ray, and 3D television. It also describes the emergence and growth of television as a mass medium in countries like Pakistan and India, including the introduction of private television channels. Finally, it discusses both the educational benefits of television as well as some negative impacts like excessive viewing and exposure to inappropriate content.
Radio
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Primitive Era
The document summarizes the three main stages of the primitive era: Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic.
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New World Order
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Nation and State
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Media Conglomerates
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Internet
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3. The Internet is a global network of interconnected computers and networks that allows people and organizations to access shared information and resources. It is an open, participatory medium where anyone can publish information or create new services.
Aggression its nature, causes, and control - Analysis
Aggression stems from many genetic, environmental, and situational factors operating together. Frustration and provocation can elicit aggression, as can heightened arousal and exposure to media violence. Aggression is also influenced by personal traits like sensation seeking and gender, with males tending to be more aggressive overall. Bullying involves repeated aggression against vulnerable individuals, while workplace aggression is often covert rather than overt. Punishment can reduce aggression when delivered appropriately, and techniques like forgiveness may also help if used carefully.
Social Influence changing others’ behavior - Analysis
This document analyzes social influence and changing others' behavior. It discusses how social norms lead to conformity and automatic obedience to situational norms. It also examines techniques used to gain compliance from others, such as foot-in-the-door and deadline tactics. Additionally, it explores how symbolic social influence from absent individuals can still shape our behavior through our mental representations of them and our relationships. Finally, it analyzes destructive obedience to authority and factors that could help reduce harm from such obedience.
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- 1. Submitted To: Ma’am Irum Abbasi Submitted By: Hina Anjum Submitted On: Sept. 27, 2012 CHAPTER 9 2012 PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOR: Helping Others ANALYSIS ( F A C U L T Y O F S O C I A L S C I E N C E S - D E P A R T M E N T O F M E D I A & C O M M U N I C A T I O N S T U D I E S )
- 2. Prosocial Behavior: Helping Others November 21, 2012 A Formal Analysis of ‘Prosocial Behavior’ The focus of the present chapter is to understand the role of bystanders’ response to nonverbal cues of other bystanders, the processes of social comparison, attributions, self-concept, similarity of victim and bystander, affective state and helping, genetics and helping. Prosocial behavior refers to the actions by individuals that help others with no immediate benefit to the helper. Helping can be increased by empathy-emotional reactions that are focused on other people and include feelings of compassion, sympathy and concern. The origin of Prosocial Behavior includes three different views i.e. empathy-altruism hypothesis that leads us to help others in need, negative state relief hypothesis that leads us to help others in need to reduce negative feelings in ourselves and empathy joy hypothesis that leads us to engage ourselves in prosocial behavior to have a positive impact on others. Prosocial behavior stems from several different motives and helps us attain many different goals. So this suggests that people have good reasons for offerings to others. Failure to act often stems from the belief that someone else will do it. When faced with emergency one must notice that something unusual is happening, interpret the event as an emergency, accept responsibility for helping, decide that he has the knowledge or skills needed to help and then decide to actually help. The tendency to help or not help depends in part on decision made at these five crucial steps. The tendency to help others is not equal across different people. In fact, it is strongly influenced by emotions, empathy, and by several aspects of personality. We are more likely to help others who are similar to ourselves than others who are dissimilar. Prosocial behavior is found to be influenced in both positive and negative ways by many aspects of the situation. Empathy is an important determinant of helping behavior. Several aspects of personality also influence helping including belief in a just world, social responsibility, internal locus of control, and low egocentrism. People volunteer to provide help on a long-term basis as a function of various selfish and selfless motives. People volunteer for many reasons such as to express or act on important values, to learn more about world, to develop psychologically, to gain career-related experience, to strengthen social relationships and to reduce negative feelings. People can be differentiated in terms of their primary motivation when faced with making a choice that involves relatively moral versus relatively immoral alternatives. The three primary motives are self-interest, moral integrity, and moral hypocrisy. People make it seem as if they are acting in a moral way, but their actual behavior is based on self-interest. So no people do so much harm as those who go about doing good.