The document discusses several theories and factors related to helping behavior: 1. It explores the genetic and evolutionary roots of helping, including kin selection and reciprocity. 2. It analyzes the costs and benefits of helping from the perspective of social exchange theory. 3. It examines empathy and altruism, and how empathy can motivate helping those in need. 4. Additional factors discussed include gender differences, environmental influences, number of bystanders, and characteristics of victims that affect helping.

3. •Why do we help?
•Is helping "baked" in our
genes?
•Why do we sometimes run a
great risk to help others?
•Is helping only favorable for
the people that we help, or is
it also beneficial to
ourselves?

5. •Sociobiology: Instinct
and Genes.
•Social Exchange: The
cost of Helping.
•Empathy and Altruism:
The Pure Motive for
Helping.

7. •Individual Difference:
The Altruistic Personality
•Gender Differences in
Prosocial Behavior
•The Effect of Mood on Helping:
Feel Good , Do Good

9. •Rural Versus Urban
Environment
•The Number of Bystanders:
The Bystander Effect
•Characteristics of the Victim

10. Two Fundamental Assumptions
1. Many social behavior have genetic
roots, so that people who have certain
genes are more likely to perform these
behavior.
2. That evolutionary pressures have
favored some of these social behaviors
over others , so that they are fixed part
of our genetic heritage.

11. Notion of Kin Selection:
The idea that behaviors that help a
genetic relative are favored by natural
selection

12. Norm of Reciprocity :
The assumption that others will treat
us the way we treat them
(e.g. if we help someone, he / she will
help in return)
back

13. The theory that social relationships are
best understood by people’s desire to
maximize their benefits and minimize
their cost

14. Rewarding in three Ways:
1.Concept of reciprocity
2.Relieves the personal distress of
bystander
3.To obtain recognition and positive
feedback at low cost
back

15. Empathy
The ability to put oneself in the shoes of
another person – to experience events
and emotion the way that person
experiences them.

16. Empathy – Altruism Hypothesis
The theory holding that when we feel
empathy for a person, we will attempt to
help him or her, regardless of what we
have to gain

17. • Altruistic is sometimes motivated by
self – interest
• Self rewards should come into play
only when people do not feel much
empathy
• Motivated by egoistic desire to relive
their sadness, not by a completely
altruistic concern.

18. YOU WILL HELP ONLY IF IT
IS YOUR SELF-INTEREST
NO (REWARD OUTWEIGHT
COST)
DO FEEL
EMPHATY FOR
THIS PERSON?
YOU WILL HELP
REGARDLESS OF
YES WETHER IT IS IN
YOUR SELF-INTEREST
TO DO SO

19. Three Basic Motives Underlying
Prosocial Behavior
1.The idea of helping is an instinctive
reaction to protect and promote the
welfare of those genetically similar and
that we have to evolved genetically to
follow the norm of reciprocity.
2. the notion that the rewards of helping
outweigh the costs, making it in the
people ‘s self interest to help (social
exchange theory).

20. 3. The concept that under some
conditions, powerful feelings of
empathy & compassion for the
victim prompt selfless giving
(empathy – altruism hypothesis).
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21. Believing we are helping
someone in order to get a
reward diminishes our view of
ourselves as altruistic, selfless
people

22. Children learn prosocial
behavior by imitating
others, as in this family, where
the children help their parents
carry in the groceries

23. Altruistic Personality
•Those aspects of a person’s
makeup which are said to make
him or her likely to help others in
wide variety of situation
back

24. IN WESTERN CULTURE:
MALE SEX ROLE:
Chivalrous & Heroic
As A Result:
We expect men to help
more in situations that call for
brief Chivalrous & Heroic acts

25. IN WESTERN CULTURE
FEMALE SEX ROLE:
Nurturing & Caring(valuing
close, long-term relationship)
As a Result:
We expect women to
involve in less dangerous but
more committed acts. back

26. The mood the people happen to
be in at the time can strongly
affect their behavior – in this
case, whether or not they will
offer help

28. 1. Good moods make us look
on the bright side of life.
2. “Feel good, Do good”
occurs because it is an
excellent way of prolonging
our good mood.
3. Good moods increases self-
attention.

30. 1. Reducing Guilt Feeling:
The idea that good
deeds, cancel bad deeds.
2. Relive their Own Sadness &
Distress:
Help someone else
with the goal of helping
self

31. 3. Repair Moods in Some
Other Way:
When we feel blue, we
are also likely to help in
some totally unrelated
way.

32. Potential Problem of Negative –
State Relief:
•It only focuses on the short
– term benefits
“I will help only if there
are immediate benefits from
me”

33. NEGATIVE – STATE RELIEF HYPOTHESIS:
The idea that people help in
order to alleviate their own
sadness and distress.
back

35. WHO HELPS MORE?:
RURAL AREA: URBAN AREA:
• People who grow up • People who grows in
in small town learn large cities might
to be more learn, you can’t trust
neighborly. strangers.
• Neighborliness • That it is to mind
makes them more your own business.
trusting and
altruistic.

36. URBAN – OVERLOAD HYPOTHESIS:
The theory that people living
in cities are likely to keep to
themselves in order to avoid
being overloaded by all the
stimulations they receive.
back

38. THE BYSTANDER EFFECT
The finding that the grater the
number of bystanders who
witness an emergency, the less
likely anyone of them is to
help.

39. INTERPRET THE
KNOW INTERVENE &
NOTICE ASSUME APPROPRIATE IMPLEMENT
THE EVENT
EVENT AS AN
RESPONSIBILITY FORM OF DECISION OFFER
EMERGENCY
ASSISTANCE ASSISTANCE
DIFFUSION OF LACK OF
DISTRACTED PLURALISTIC NO
RESPONSIBILITY DANGER TO SELF;
IGNORANCE KNOWLEDGE
; FAILED TO (fail to assume
/
EEMBARASMENT; INTERVENTION/
(interpret as personal LEGAL CONCERNS
NOTICE non emergency) responsibility) COMPETENCE NO HELP GIVEN

40. PLURALISTIC IGNORANCE
The phenomenon whereby
bystanders assume that
nothing is wrong in an
emergency, because one else is
concerned.

41. DIFFUSION OF RESPONSIBILITY
The phenomenon hereby each
bystander’s sense of
responsibility to help decreases
as the number of witnesses
increases.
back

42. CHARACTERISTICS OF VICTIM
We are more likely to help to
people who are similar to us
than dissimilar

43. MORE INCLINED TO HELP
STRANGERS RATHER THAN FRIENDS
It hurts to see a close friend
do better than us in an area of
keen importance to our
self – esteem.

44. WE WOULD LIKE TO THANK:
PROF. GERALDINE SANTOS
&
BS Clinical Psychology II-1
FROM GROUP IX:
Batara, Rona Lyn
CABUENAS, Ann Margaret B.
GARCES, Jericho
GARCIA, Justine Mae
PAYUMO, Nazarene