This document discusses prosocial behavior, which is defined as acts that benefit others. It explores various motivations for helping behavior, including egoistic motives aimed at increasing one's own welfare and altruistic motives aimed at helping others. Some key points discussed include evolutionary reasons for helping relatives due to kin selection, the empathy-altruism hypothesis which links seeing others in distress to a desire to help, and situational factors like the bystander effect that influence whether people help strangers. The role of media and celebrity endorsements in drawing attention and donations to causes like disaster relief is also examined.
The document discusses factors that influence helping behavior. It states that the bystander effect occurs when people are less likely to help someone in need if other people are present. Researchers have found that people are more likely to help if they notice the emergency, interpret it as such, and feel responsible for helping. Other factors like similarity to the victim, guilt, happiness, and deservingness also impact helping. Reasons for helping include social exchange theory, social responsibility norms, and reciprocity norms. The document concludes by defining social traps as situations where self-interested behavior can harm individuals and society.
The document discusses several theories and factors related to helping behavior:
1. It explores the genetic and evolutionary roots of helping, including kin selection and reciprocity.
2. It analyzes the costs and benefits of helping from the perspective of social exchange theory.
3. It examines empathy and altruism, and how empathy can motivate helping those in need.
4. Additional factors discussed include gender differences, environmental influences, number of bystanders, and characteristics of victims that affect helping.
The document discusses theories about why and when people help others and how to increase helping behaviors. It covers:
1) Reasons for helping including social exchange of rewards, social norms of reciprocity and responsibility, and evolutionary psychology of kin selection and reciprocity.
2) Factors influencing when helping occurs, such as the bystander effect where more bystanders means less helping, and time pressures reducing assistance.
3) Individual differences in helping, with personality traits like empathy and efficacy predicting more assistance, and religious faith enabling long-term altruism.
4) Ways to boost helping by reducing ambiguity, using persuasion techniques to increase responsibility or guilt, and teaching altruism directly.
Helping others benefits both the giver and receiver of help. Some reasons we help include altruism, social norms around reciprocity and responsibility, and empathy. We are more likely to help when we feel responsible and there are few bystanders. Gender, personality, and religion can influence who helps. Increasing helping behaviors can be done through reducing ambiguity, appealing to self-image through guilt or praise, and using social influence techniques.
This document summarizes two explanations for the bystander effect in helping behavior: diffusion of responsibility and social norms. It then describes a study that was conducted to test which model better explains the bystander effect. The study found that helping behavior increased both when a bystander was present and even more so when the bystander modeled helping behavior. This contradicts the typical finding of decreased helping with more bystanders and instead supports the social norms explanation.
This document discusses helping behavior and why people help others. It defines key concepts like altruism and prosocial behavior. Some reasons people help include social norms like reciprocity and social responsibility, sociobiology, social exchange to receive benefits, empathy and similarity to others. Social norms are social rules that people should help those who help them or depend on them. Social exchange theory suggests people help to maximize benefits and minimize costs. People are more likely to help those they feel empathy for or who are similar. Circumstances like mood, closeness to the person in need, and noticing the need also influence whether and how people provide help.
Prosocial behavior is defined as voluntary behavior intended to benefit another person. It includes helpful and altruistic acts according to social norms. Research on bystander intervention in emergencies found that the presence of other bystanders decreases the likelihood of any one person helping (the bystander effect). Latane and Darley identified five decision points people go through when deciding whether to help: noticing the emergency, defining it as such, taking responsibility, planning a response, and acting. Factors like ambiguity, mood, gender, attractiveness, and weather influence bystander intervention.
Pro-social behavior refers to voluntary acts that benefit others or society. It includes helping, sharing, cooperation, and acts of charity. Pro-social behavior is defined by a society's norms. Helping behavior is a subcategory that intentionally benefits another person or group in need. Determinants of helping include empathy, relieving negative feelings in others, enjoying the positive impact of helping, boosting status, helping genetic relatives, and defending one's social group. People are more likely to help those they like and less likely to help in darkness or if the victim is responsible for their situation. Being thanked encourages continued pro-social behavior by validating the helper's self-worth and competence. Some argue pro-social behavior may be
The document discusses factors that influence helping behavior. It states that the bystander effect occurs when people are less likely to help someone in need if other people are present. Researchers have found that people are more likely to help if they notice the emergency, interpret it as such, and feel responsible for helping. Other factors like similarity to the victim, guilt, happiness, and deservingness also impact helping. Reasons for helping include social exchange theory, social responsibility norms, and reciprocity norms. The document concludes by defining social traps as situations where self-interested behavior can harm individuals and society.
The document discusses several theories and factors related to helping behavior:
1. It explores the genetic and evolutionary roots of helping, including kin selection and reciprocity.
2. It analyzes the costs and benefits of helping from the perspective of social exchange theory.
3. It examines empathy and altruism, and how empathy can motivate helping those in need.
4. Additional factors discussed include gender differences, environmental influences, number of bystanders, and characteristics of victims that affect helping.
The document discusses theories about why and when people help others and how to increase helping behaviors. It covers:
1) Reasons for helping including social exchange of rewards, social norms of reciprocity and responsibility, and evolutionary psychology of kin selection and reciprocity.
2) Factors influencing when helping occurs, such as the bystander effect where more bystanders means less helping, and time pressures reducing assistance.
3) Individual differences in helping, with personality traits like empathy and efficacy predicting more assistance, and religious faith enabling long-term altruism.
4) Ways to boost helping by reducing ambiguity, using persuasion techniques to increase responsibility or guilt, and teaching altruism directly.
Helping others benefits both the giver and receiver of help. Some reasons we help include altruism, social norms around reciprocity and responsibility, and empathy. We are more likely to help when we feel responsible and there are few bystanders. Gender, personality, and religion can influence who helps. Increasing helping behaviors can be done through reducing ambiguity, appealing to self-image through guilt or praise, and using social influence techniques.
This document summarizes two explanations for the bystander effect in helping behavior: diffusion of responsibility and social norms. It then describes a study that was conducted to test which model better explains the bystander effect. The study found that helping behavior increased both when a bystander was present and even more so when the bystander modeled helping behavior. This contradicts the typical finding of decreased helping with more bystanders and instead supports the social norms explanation.
This document discusses helping behavior and why people help others. It defines key concepts like altruism and prosocial behavior. Some reasons people help include social norms like reciprocity and social responsibility, sociobiology, social exchange to receive benefits, empathy and similarity to others. Social norms are social rules that people should help those who help them or depend on them. Social exchange theory suggests people help to maximize benefits and minimize costs. People are more likely to help those they feel empathy for or who are similar. Circumstances like mood, closeness to the person in need, and noticing the need also influence whether and how people provide help.
Prosocial behavior is defined as voluntary behavior intended to benefit another person. It includes helpful and altruistic acts according to social norms. Research on bystander intervention in emergencies found that the presence of other bystanders decreases the likelihood of any one person helping (the bystander effect). Latane and Darley identified five decision points people go through when deciding whether to help: noticing the emergency, defining it as such, taking responsibility, planning a response, and acting. Factors like ambiguity, mood, gender, attractiveness, and weather influence bystander intervention.
Pro-social behavior refers to voluntary acts that benefit others or society. It includes helping, sharing, cooperation, and acts of charity. Pro-social behavior is defined by a society's norms. Helping behavior is a subcategory that intentionally benefits another person or group in need. Determinants of helping include empathy, relieving negative feelings in others, enjoying the positive impact of helping, boosting status, helping genetic relatives, and defending one's social group. People are more likely to help those they like and less likely to help in darkness or if the victim is responsible for their situation. Being thanked encourages continued pro-social behavior by validating the helper's self-worth and competence. Some argue pro-social behavior may be
This document analyzes prosocial behavior, which refers to actions that help others with no immediate benefit to the helper. It discusses several factors that influence helping behavior, including empathy, emotions, personality traits, and how similar the victim is to the helper. Failure to help often stems from diffusion of responsibility, where people assume someone else will help. The tendency to help depends on noticing an emergency, accepting responsibility, having the skills to help, and deciding to help. People volunteer for both selfish and selfless reasons, such as expressing values, learning, psychological development, career benefits, and strengthening relationships. Motivations can involve self-interest, moral integrity, or moral hypocrisy of claiming to help for moral reasons while actually acting
This is a research paper I made on Prosocial Behaviour. This is a school project, and the main purpose of me showing this to the outside world is to get feedback from the outside world. If you could help me with that, that would be great!
Prosocial behavior refers to voluntary actions that are intended to benefit others. It is motivated by concern for others' welfare and needs, rather than personal gain. There are several reasons why people engage in prosocial behavior, including social exchange where people help when rewards outweigh costs, social norms of reciprocity and responsibility, and evolutionary motives like kin selection. Situational factors also influence prosocial behavior, such as being more likely to help in rural areas than urban areas due to social ties, and the bystander effect where people are less likely to help in crowds due to diffusion of responsibility.
This document discusses different motivations for prosocial behavior. It defines prosocial behavior as helpful actions that benefit others without direct benefits to the person helping. Several hypotheses for motivations are described, including empathy-altruism, where helping makes one feel good; negative-state relief, where helping reduces one's own negative emotions; and empathetic joy, where helping brings positive emotions from making an impact. Genetic determinism is also discussed, where helping enhances passing on one's genes. The document concludes that people engage in prosocial behavior for both selfish and unselfish reasons, and different hypotheses try to explain these motivations, like reducing one's distress or feeling good from helping others.
This document summarizes research on prosocial behavior and factors that influence helping others. It discusses key concepts like altruism, heroism, bystander effect, and diffusion of responsibility. Several studies are described that explore how the number of bystanders, mood, personality traits like empathy, and situational factors can impact whether someone helps in an emergency situation. The document also examines motivations for prosocial acts and long-term volunteering commitments from perspectives of empathy, self-interest, genetic determinism, and other theories.
Prosocial behavior refers to voluntary actions that benefit others or society, such as helping, sharing, and cooperating. It is central to healthy social groups and is motivated by empathy. Research on prosocial behavior originated with studies on bystander effects during crimes and emergencies. Current research examines biological, motivational, cognitive, and social factors influencing prosocial acts through theories like empathy-altruism, negative state relief, kin selection, and reciprocal altruism. Volunteering has been associated with benefits to happiness and health.
prosocialbehaviour
Voluntary actions that are intended to help or benefit another individual or group of individuals”
It is performed to benefit others by helping, sharing or comforting.
ALTRUISM:
Behavior that is motivated by an unselfish concern for the welfare of others.
When one person helps another person for
no reward, and even at some cost to oneself. This cost can be time, energy, effort or wealth etc.
Altruism involves no benefit of helper and hence it is selfless help.
1) Evolutionary psychology suggests that humans are more likely to help those who are genetically related due to kin selection, as helping relatives increases the likelihood of passing on shared genes.
2) Research has found that people are more inclined to help those closely related to them, such as young children and close family members, compared to distant relatives or non-relatives, especially in life-threatening situations. Females and younger individuals also tend to receive more help.
3) The bystander effect occurs when the presence of others discourages an individual from helping in an emergency situation due to diffusion of responsibility; people are less likely to help as the number of bystanders increases.
Prosocial behavior, or intent to benefit others, is a social behavior that "benefit other people or society as a whole","such as helping, sharing, donating, co-operating, and volunteering". Obeying the rules and conforming to socially accepted behaviors (such as stopping at a "Stop" sign or paying for groceries) are also regarded as prosocial behaviors. These actions may be motivated by empathy and by concern about the welfare and rights of others, as well as for egoistic or practical concerns, such as one's social status or reputation, hope for direct or indirect reciprocity, or adherence to one's perceived system of fairness. It may also be motivated by altruism, though the existence of pure altruism is somewhat disputed, and some have argued that this falls into philosophical rather than psychological realm of debate. Evidence suggests that pro sociality is central to the well-being of social groups across a range of scales, including schools. Prosocial behavior in the classroom can have a significant impact on a student's motivation for learning and contributions to the classroom and larger community. In the workplace, prosocial behaviour can have a significant impact on team psychological safety, as well as positive indirect effects on employee's helping behaviors and task performance. Empathy is a strong motive in eliciting prosocial behavior, and has deep evolutionary roots.
Prosocial behavior fosters positive traits that are beneficial for children and society. It helps many beneficial functions by bettering production of any league and its organizational scale. Evolutionary psychologists use theories such as kin-selection theory and inclusive fitness as an explanation for why prosocial behavioral tendencies are passed down generationally, according to the evolutionary fitness displayed by those who engaged in prosocial acts. Encouraging prosocial behavior may also require decreasing or eliminating undesirable social behaviors.
Although the term "prosocial behavior" is often associated with developing desirable traits in children, the literature on the topic has grown since the late 1980s to include adult behaviors as well. The term "prosocial" has grown into a world-wide movement, using evolutionary science to create real-world pro-social changes from working groups to our whole culture.
This document contrasts two theories that explain altruism: the kin selection theory and the empathy-altruism theory. The kin selection theory proposes that altruism evolved through natural selection to benefit an individual's genes, while the empathy-altruism theory argues that feeling empathy for others leads to true altruistic behavior intended to help others rather than oneself. Both theories have strengths in explaining certain aspects of altruism but also have limitations, such as the kin selection theory not accounting for helping non-relatives and the empathy-altruism theory having questionable real-world applicability outside experimental settings.
This document discusses prosocial behavior and factors that influence helping others. It defines prosocial behavior as voluntary actions intended to benefit others. Key points include:
- Altruism involves helping others at some cost to oneself with no expected reward. Kin selection theory and reciprocity can motivate altruism.
- People are more likely to help when rewards exceed costs and when norms of social responsibility and justice apply. Empathy and positive moods also increase helping.
- The bystander effect occurs when people are less likely to help in emergencies when others are present due to diffusion of responsibility. Reducing ambiguity and increasing responsibility can increase helping.
The document discusses human altruism and whether mirror neurons hold the key to explaining it. It outlines theories of altruism like reciprocal altruism and kin selection. Studies show infants and children help others, even strangers, suggesting altruism may be innate rather than purely cultural. Mirror neurons may help explain how empathy and identification with others, even strangers, can drive altruistic acts. The document proposes an unified evolutionary view incorporating selection pressures, empathy, mirror neurons and culture in shaping human altruism and cooperation.
1) The document discusses whether true altruism exists or if human helping behavior is ultimately motivated by self-interest. It explores different theories on altruism including empathy-altruism theory and socio biological theory.
2) Empirical evidence is presented showing that people with high empathy will help others even at a cost to themselves, supporting the existence of true altruism, while those with low empathy only help to reduce their own distress.
3) Neuroscientific research found increased activity in brain regions associated with perspective taking in highly altruistic individuals, providing a potential biological basis for altruistic motivation.
all information you need to know about the theory of altruism is in the slideshow..hope this helps everybody especially the IB students to complete your Theory of Knowledge assessments.
Social psychological theories often distinguish between the altruistic and egoistic motivations for prosocial behavior. Altruistic behavior is specifically thought of as the type of prosocial behavior that is motivated by the genuine desire to benefit another person, without any expectation of benefits to one self. Coming back to the above hypothetical scenario, Charlie may be motivated to engage in merit bono work out of compassion for disadvantaged clients who particularly need his support.
Altruism is a theory which encapsulates the social, behavioural, ecological, physiological theories. Kin selection is an important aspect of altruism. It’s considered much of a prosocial behaviour. This paper embodies the altruistic theories and its characteristics
Altruism refers to helping behavior where an individual acts to benefit another at a cost to itself. There are two main theories for the evolution of altruism: kin selection and reciprocal altruism. Kin selection proposes that altruism evolves because individuals help relatives who share their genes, increasing their inclusive fitness. Reciprocal altruism suggests altruism can evolve in non-relatives if helping is reciprocated to provide future benefits. Examples of altruism in animals include vampire bats sharing blood and ground squirrels warning of predators.
Social Psychology Experiment on AltruismKaren Leggett
The document summarizes a social psychology experiment on altruism conducted by Daniel Batson and in another experiment called the "Stolen Wallet Experiment." In Batson's experiment, participants exposed to high empathy conditioning were more likely to help another person in need. The "Stolen Wallet Experiment" staged a wallet theft in a grocery store to test rates of altruistic intervention. Of 56 witnesses, only 33.7% verbally helped the victim. Females were more likely to intervene than males. Factors like the bystander effect may have influenced the low response rate.
The document summarizes two theories that explain altruism: kin selection theory and empathy-altruism theory. Kin selection theory proposes that altruism evolved through kin selection, with individuals more likely to help relatives due to shared genes. Empathy-altruism theory suggests altruism results from feelings of empathy, with experiments showing people are more likely to help those they empathize with. The document contrasts the theories, noting kin selection is difficult to test while empathy-altruism can be experimentally tested, and that they have different views on whether altruism benefits the individual or group.
Conflict arises from perceived incompatibilities between parties and can be exacerbated by social dilemmas, competition, injustice and misperception. Key causes of conflict include pursuing self-interest at the expense of others in social dilemmas, win-lose competition fostering negative views of opponents, perceived inequity in outcomes, and biases that lead parties to see themselves positively and opponents negatively. Peace can be achieved through contact between parties, cooperation on shared goals, open communication to find mutually agreeable solutions, and conciliation where one party makes unilateral concessions to build trust.
The document discusses theories of altruism and helping behavior. It covers:
1) Social exchange theory which views helping as transactions that aim to maximize rewards and minimize costs. Internal rewards like positive emotions and reducing guilt also motivate helping.
2) Social norms like reciprocity and social responsibility influence helping. Reciprocity means helping those who help you, while social responsibility means helping those in need regardless of rewards.
3) Evolutionary theories suggest helping family (kin selection) and one's group (group selection) enhances gene survival. Indirect reciprocity means helping to establish a good reputation.
4) Genuine altruism refers to truly selfless helping with no expectation of rewards.
PSY 3140, Social Psychology 1 Course Learning Outco.docxgertrudebellgrove
PSY 3140, Social Psychology 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit VI
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
3. Explain how social psychologists study human behavior.
3.1 Compare motivations underlying helping behaviors versus aggressive behaviors.
5. Analyze the conclusions of empirical research in social psychology.
5.1 Identify the circumstances and motivations that influence helping behaviors.
7. Examine how our own biases influence perceptions of various behaviors.
7.1 Describe how behaviors can be perceived as requiring help.
7.2 Discuss the application of the bystander effect to a social situation.
Course/Unit
Learning Outcomes
Learning Activity
3.1
Unit Lesson
Chapter 10, pp. 303–312, 315–318, and 320–326
Chapter 11, pp. 333–339, 342–347, and 351–361
Unit VI Scholarly Activity
5.1
Unit Lesson
Chapter 10, pp. 303–312, 315–318, and 320–326
Unit VI Scholarly Activity
7.1
Unit Lesson
Chapter 10, pp. 303–312, 315–318, and 320–326
Unit VI Scholarly Activity
7.2
Unit Lesson
Chapter 10, pp. 303–312, 315–318, and 320–326
Unit VI Scholarly Activity
Reading Assignment
Chapter 10: Helping and Prosocial Behavior, pp. 303–312, 315–318, and 320–326
Chapter 11: Aggression, pp. 333–339, 342–347, and 351–361
Unit Lesson
Helping and Prosocial Behavior
Prosocial behavior is any act done with the intention of benefiting another person or group (Heinzen &
Goodfriend, 2019). Altruism is the desire to help another person out of selfless concern for his or her well-
being. Researchers who study prosocial behavior and altruism examine whether people are born with these
behaviors or learn them. They are also interested in why people help others, even if it does not benefit them.
What do you think the difference is between prosocial behavior and altruism? Can you determine how
prosocial behavior and altruism are connected?
One explanation as to why people might help others is based on evolutionary psychology. Explaining altruistic
behavior is problematic for the theory of evolution because sometimes people act altruistically, even if it might
decrease the chance of passing their genes on to the next generation. Some people have died while helping
others, but they often do so in order to benefit their family groups more broadly. This, in turn, can ensure that
UNIT VI STUDY GUIDE
Aggression and Prosocial
Behavior
PSY 3140, Social Psychology 2
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
certain familial genetic pools are passed on through reproduction. Could this potentially mean that people
help even if it means they will not get something in return?
Why do you help others? Is it because you expect to be helped in the future? Recall from Chapter 7 that the
norm of reciprocity suggests that we do things to help others with the expectation of an increased likelihood
for them to help us in the future (Heinzen & Goodfriend, 2019). According to this norm, sociobiologi ...
This document analyzes prosocial behavior, which refers to actions that help others with no immediate benefit to the helper. It discusses several factors that influence helping behavior, including empathy, emotions, personality traits, and how similar the victim is to the helper. Failure to help often stems from diffusion of responsibility, where people assume someone else will help. The tendency to help depends on noticing an emergency, accepting responsibility, having the skills to help, and deciding to help. People volunteer for both selfish and selfless reasons, such as expressing values, learning, psychological development, career benefits, and strengthening relationships. Motivations can involve self-interest, moral integrity, or moral hypocrisy of claiming to help for moral reasons while actually acting
This is a research paper I made on Prosocial Behaviour. This is a school project, and the main purpose of me showing this to the outside world is to get feedback from the outside world. If you could help me with that, that would be great!
Prosocial behavior refers to voluntary actions that are intended to benefit others. It is motivated by concern for others' welfare and needs, rather than personal gain. There are several reasons why people engage in prosocial behavior, including social exchange where people help when rewards outweigh costs, social norms of reciprocity and responsibility, and evolutionary motives like kin selection. Situational factors also influence prosocial behavior, such as being more likely to help in rural areas than urban areas due to social ties, and the bystander effect where people are less likely to help in crowds due to diffusion of responsibility.
This document discusses different motivations for prosocial behavior. It defines prosocial behavior as helpful actions that benefit others without direct benefits to the person helping. Several hypotheses for motivations are described, including empathy-altruism, where helping makes one feel good; negative-state relief, where helping reduces one's own negative emotions; and empathetic joy, where helping brings positive emotions from making an impact. Genetic determinism is also discussed, where helping enhances passing on one's genes. The document concludes that people engage in prosocial behavior for both selfish and unselfish reasons, and different hypotheses try to explain these motivations, like reducing one's distress or feeling good from helping others.
This document summarizes research on prosocial behavior and factors that influence helping others. It discusses key concepts like altruism, heroism, bystander effect, and diffusion of responsibility. Several studies are described that explore how the number of bystanders, mood, personality traits like empathy, and situational factors can impact whether someone helps in an emergency situation. The document also examines motivations for prosocial acts and long-term volunteering commitments from perspectives of empathy, self-interest, genetic determinism, and other theories.
Prosocial behavior refers to voluntary actions that benefit others or society, such as helping, sharing, and cooperating. It is central to healthy social groups and is motivated by empathy. Research on prosocial behavior originated with studies on bystander effects during crimes and emergencies. Current research examines biological, motivational, cognitive, and social factors influencing prosocial acts through theories like empathy-altruism, negative state relief, kin selection, and reciprocal altruism. Volunteering has been associated with benefits to happiness and health.
prosocialbehaviour
Voluntary actions that are intended to help or benefit another individual or group of individuals”
It is performed to benefit others by helping, sharing or comforting.
ALTRUISM:
Behavior that is motivated by an unselfish concern for the welfare of others.
When one person helps another person for
no reward, and even at some cost to oneself. This cost can be time, energy, effort or wealth etc.
Altruism involves no benefit of helper and hence it is selfless help.
1) Evolutionary psychology suggests that humans are more likely to help those who are genetically related due to kin selection, as helping relatives increases the likelihood of passing on shared genes.
2) Research has found that people are more inclined to help those closely related to them, such as young children and close family members, compared to distant relatives or non-relatives, especially in life-threatening situations. Females and younger individuals also tend to receive more help.
3) The bystander effect occurs when the presence of others discourages an individual from helping in an emergency situation due to diffusion of responsibility; people are less likely to help as the number of bystanders increases.
Prosocial behavior, or intent to benefit others, is a social behavior that "benefit other people or society as a whole","such as helping, sharing, donating, co-operating, and volunteering". Obeying the rules and conforming to socially accepted behaviors (such as stopping at a "Stop" sign or paying for groceries) are also regarded as prosocial behaviors. These actions may be motivated by empathy and by concern about the welfare and rights of others, as well as for egoistic or practical concerns, such as one's social status or reputation, hope for direct or indirect reciprocity, or adherence to one's perceived system of fairness. It may also be motivated by altruism, though the existence of pure altruism is somewhat disputed, and some have argued that this falls into philosophical rather than psychological realm of debate. Evidence suggests that pro sociality is central to the well-being of social groups across a range of scales, including schools. Prosocial behavior in the classroom can have a significant impact on a student's motivation for learning and contributions to the classroom and larger community. In the workplace, prosocial behaviour can have a significant impact on team psychological safety, as well as positive indirect effects on employee's helping behaviors and task performance. Empathy is a strong motive in eliciting prosocial behavior, and has deep evolutionary roots.
Prosocial behavior fosters positive traits that are beneficial for children and society. It helps many beneficial functions by bettering production of any league and its organizational scale. Evolutionary psychologists use theories such as kin-selection theory and inclusive fitness as an explanation for why prosocial behavioral tendencies are passed down generationally, according to the evolutionary fitness displayed by those who engaged in prosocial acts. Encouraging prosocial behavior may also require decreasing or eliminating undesirable social behaviors.
Although the term "prosocial behavior" is often associated with developing desirable traits in children, the literature on the topic has grown since the late 1980s to include adult behaviors as well. The term "prosocial" has grown into a world-wide movement, using evolutionary science to create real-world pro-social changes from working groups to our whole culture.
This document contrasts two theories that explain altruism: the kin selection theory and the empathy-altruism theory. The kin selection theory proposes that altruism evolved through natural selection to benefit an individual's genes, while the empathy-altruism theory argues that feeling empathy for others leads to true altruistic behavior intended to help others rather than oneself. Both theories have strengths in explaining certain aspects of altruism but also have limitations, such as the kin selection theory not accounting for helping non-relatives and the empathy-altruism theory having questionable real-world applicability outside experimental settings.
This document discusses prosocial behavior and factors that influence helping others. It defines prosocial behavior as voluntary actions intended to benefit others. Key points include:
- Altruism involves helping others at some cost to oneself with no expected reward. Kin selection theory and reciprocity can motivate altruism.
- People are more likely to help when rewards exceed costs and when norms of social responsibility and justice apply. Empathy and positive moods also increase helping.
- The bystander effect occurs when people are less likely to help in emergencies when others are present due to diffusion of responsibility. Reducing ambiguity and increasing responsibility can increase helping.
The document discusses human altruism and whether mirror neurons hold the key to explaining it. It outlines theories of altruism like reciprocal altruism and kin selection. Studies show infants and children help others, even strangers, suggesting altruism may be innate rather than purely cultural. Mirror neurons may help explain how empathy and identification with others, even strangers, can drive altruistic acts. The document proposes an unified evolutionary view incorporating selection pressures, empathy, mirror neurons and culture in shaping human altruism and cooperation.
1) The document discusses whether true altruism exists or if human helping behavior is ultimately motivated by self-interest. It explores different theories on altruism including empathy-altruism theory and socio biological theory.
2) Empirical evidence is presented showing that people with high empathy will help others even at a cost to themselves, supporting the existence of true altruism, while those with low empathy only help to reduce their own distress.
3) Neuroscientific research found increased activity in brain regions associated with perspective taking in highly altruistic individuals, providing a potential biological basis for altruistic motivation.
all information you need to know about the theory of altruism is in the slideshow..hope this helps everybody especially the IB students to complete your Theory of Knowledge assessments.
Social psychological theories often distinguish between the altruistic and egoistic motivations for prosocial behavior. Altruistic behavior is specifically thought of as the type of prosocial behavior that is motivated by the genuine desire to benefit another person, without any expectation of benefits to one self. Coming back to the above hypothetical scenario, Charlie may be motivated to engage in merit bono work out of compassion for disadvantaged clients who particularly need his support.
Altruism is a theory which encapsulates the social, behavioural, ecological, physiological theories. Kin selection is an important aspect of altruism. It’s considered much of a prosocial behaviour. This paper embodies the altruistic theories and its characteristics
Altruism refers to helping behavior where an individual acts to benefit another at a cost to itself. There are two main theories for the evolution of altruism: kin selection and reciprocal altruism. Kin selection proposes that altruism evolves because individuals help relatives who share their genes, increasing their inclusive fitness. Reciprocal altruism suggests altruism can evolve in non-relatives if helping is reciprocated to provide future benefits. Examples of altruism in animals include vampire bats sharing blood and ground squirrels warning of predators.
Social Psychology Experiment on AltruismKaren Leggett
The document summarizes a social psychology experiment on altruism conducted by Daniel Batson and in another experiment called the "Stolen Wallet Experiment." In Batson's experiment, participants exposed to high empathy conditioning were more likely to help another person in need. The "Stolen Wallet Experiment" staged a wallet theft in a grocery store to test rates of altruistic intervention. Of 56 witnesses, only 33.7% verbally helped the victim. Females were more likely to intervene than males. Factors like the bystander effect may have influenced the low response rate.
The document summarizes two theories that explain altruism: kin selection theory and empathy-altruism theory. Kin selection theory proposes that altruism evolved through kin selection, with individuals more likely to help relatives due to shared genes. Empathy-altruism theory suggests altruism results from feelings of empathy, with experiments showing people are more likely to help those they empathize with. The document contrasts the theories, noting kin selection is difficult to test while empathy-altruism can be experimentally tested, and that they have different views on whether altruism benefits the individual or group.
Conflict arises from perceived incompatibilities between parties and can be exacerbated by social dilemmas, competition, injustice and misperception. Key causes of conflict include pursuing self-interest at the expense of others in social dilemmas, win-lose competition fostering negative views of opponents, perceived inequity in outcomes, and biases that lead parties to see themselves positively and opponents negatively. Peace can be achieved through contact between parties, cooperation on shared goals, open communication to find mutually agreeable solutions, and conciliation where one party makes unilateral concessions to build trust.
The document discusses theories of altruism and helping behavior. It covers:
1) Social exchange theory which views helping as transactions that aim to maximize rewards and minimize costs. Internal rewards like positive emotions and reducing guilt also motivate helping.
2) Social norms like reciprocity and social responsibility influence helping. Reciprocity means helping those who help you, while social responsibility means helping those in need regardless of rewards.
3) Evolutionary theories suggest helping family (kin selection) and one's group (group selection) enhances gene survival. Indirect reciprocity means helping to establish a good reputation.
4) Genuine altruism refers to truly selfless helping with no expectation of rewards.
PSY 3140, Social Psychology 1 Course Learning Outco.docxgertrudebellgrove
PSY 3140, Social Psychology 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit VI
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
3. Explain how social psychologists study human behavior.
3.1 Compare motivations underlying helping behaviors versus aggressive behaviors.
5. Analyze the conclusions of empirical research in social psychology.
5.1 Identify the circumstances and motivations that influence helping behaviors.
7. Examine how our own biases influence perceptions of various behaviors.
7.1 Describe how behaviors can be perceived as requiring help.
7.2 Discuss the application of the bystander effect to a social situation.
Course/Unit
Learning Outcomes
Learning Activity
3.1
Unit Lesson
Chapter 10, pp. 303–312, 315–318, and 320–326
Chapter 11, pp. 333–339, 342–347, and 351–361
Unit VI Scholarly Activity
5.1
Unit Lesson
Chapter 10, pp. 303–312, 315–318, and 320–326
Unit VI Scholarly Activity
7.1
Unit Lesson
Chapter 10, pp. 303–312, 315–318, and 320–326
Unit VI Scholarly Activity
7.2
Unit Lesson
Chapter 10, pp. 303–312, 315–318, and 320–326
Unit VI Scholarly Activity
Reading Assignment
Chapter 10: Helping and Prosocial Behavior, pp. 303–312, 315–318, and 320–326
Chapter 11: Aggression, pp. 333–339, 342–347, and 351–361
Unit Lesson
Helping and Prosocial Behavior
Prosocial behavior is any act done with the intention of benefiting another person or group (Heinzen &
Goodfriend, 2019). Altruism is the desire to help another person out of selfless concern for his or her well-
being. Researchers who study prosocial behavior and altruism examine whether people are born with these
behaviors or learn them. They are also interested in why people help others, even if it does not benefit them.
What do you think the difference is between prosocial behavior and altruism? Can you determine how
prosocial behavior and altruism are connected?
One explanation as to why people might help others is based on evolutionary psychology. Explaining altruistic
behavior is problematic for the theory of evolution because sometimes people act altruistically, even if it might
decrease the chance of passing their genes on to the next generation. Some people have died while helping
others, but they often do so in order to benefit their family groups more broadly. This, in turn, can ensure that
UNIT VI STUDY GUIDE
Aggression and Prosocial
Behavior
PSY 3140, Social Psychology 2
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
certain familial genetic pools are passed on through reproduction. Could this potentially mean that people
help even if it means they will not get something in return?
Why do you help others? Is it because you expect to be helped in the future? Recall from Chapter 7 that the
norm of reciprocity suggests that we do things to help others with the expectation of an increased likelihood
for them to help us in the future (Heinzen & Goodfriend, 2019). According to this norm, sociobiologi ...
This chapter discusses theories and research on helping behavior and prosocial behavior. It defines key concepts like altruism and prosocial behavior. It outlines four main theoretical perspectives on helping: evolutionary, sociocultural, learning, and decision-making perspectives. It also discusses who helps including the influence of mood, empathy, personality, gender, and environmental factors. Finally, it covers bystander intervention, volunteerism, caregiving, and perspectives on receiving help.
Effective Altruism Essay
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What Is Altruism?
Effective Altruism Essay
The Causes of Altruism Essay
Altruism In Nursing Essay
Reflection On Altruism
Altruism in Everyday Life Essay
What Is Altruism?
This document discusses prosocial behavior and helping others from an evolutionary and psychological perspective. It covers several key points:
1) Prosocial behavior involves actions that help others with no immediate benefit to the helper. Evolutionary factors like kin selection and reciprocal altruism provide partial explanations for why individuals help.
2) Empathy, which involves understanding and sharing another's emotional experience, plays an important role in helping behaviors. Empathy has cognitive and emotional components and likely evolved to strengthen parent-child bonds and relationships.
3) Helping often provides psychological rewards to the helper like feeling good and pride. These rewards, along with social and moral norms, can motivate helping even without immediate tangible benefits. However, helping also
12.1 AltruismTwo people decided to be altruistic and help .docxhyacinthshackley2629
12.1
Altruism
Two people decided to be altruistic and help pick up the fallen papers, rather than rushing off toward their own destinations. Why do you think they did this?
In the train station waiting for your scheduled departure you notice a woman drop her ticket. The man behind her picks it up and returns it to her. She accepts it with a smile of relief and hurries off to catch her train. This may be an ordinary occurrence, but it leaves us with the question of why the man helped the woman by returning her ticket. Was he hoping to make a connection and get her phone number? Was he hoping for a reward? Did he want to look like a hero? Or, even though he was a stranger and not helping would not have affected him, was he just trying to make sure she made her train? When we help others, do we help because we truly care about the welfare of the other person, or are we helping with the hope of helping ourselves? This is the basic question in the debate about altruism. Altruism occurs when our motive for our behavior is entirely for the interest of others and is not motivated by self-interest. On the other hand, when we do something entirely for self-interest, we are being egoistic.
Imagine you bought the person sitting next to you in the train station coffee and a bagel. If you bought those treats for your neighbor entirely because you wanted to make that person happy, you would have acted altruistically. Your ultimate goal was the happiness of the other person. An ultimate goal is the true goal, the end toward which one is aiming. In these types of situations we can also talk about another type of goal called an instrumental goal. Instrumental goals are the things we do to obtain our ultimate goal. Your instrumental goal was to buy the coffee and bagel and give them to your neighbor. As stepping stones toward our ultimate goals, instrumental goals may change depending on our ability to do them. If coffee and a bagel were not available, you might have told your neighbor a funny story or given him or her $5 to reach your ultimate goal of making that person happy.
When you engage in actions for altruistic motives, your ultimate goal is the welfare of the other person, not yourself. You might receive benefits for your action. The other person might show gratitude, your significant other might be impressed by your generosity and give you a kiss, or you might look good in front of your boss who is waiting in the train station with you. If you received benefits for an action, was your action still altruistic? Yes: when self-benefits are an unintended consequence of an action, that action may be truly altruistic. With altruism, the ultimate goal is still the welfare of others, and the action would have been done whether or not the self-benefits were present (Batson, 2010).
Using this terminology, actions undertaken for egoistic motives involve an ultimate goal of self-benefit (that kiss from your significant other) with the happiness of the other pe.
- Altruism is defined as helping another person without expecting personal reward or benefit in return. It involves promoting the welfare of others at a potential risk or cost to oneself.
- Some psychologists believe altruism stems from evolutionary factors like survival of the kin and group selection, while others argue true altruism may not exist if even intrinsic rewards are considered a personal benefit.
- Debates exist around whether altruistic acts can ever be truly selfless or if people are always motivated in some way to help themselves.
PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOR. What is Prosocial Behavior?. Prosocial Behavior is voluntary behavior that is carried out to benefit another person There are 2 basic forms of helping Egoistic helping A form of helping in which the ultimate goal of the helper is to increase his or her own welfare
PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOR. What is Prosocial Behavior?. Prosocial Behavior is voluntary behavior that is carried out to benefit another person There are 2 basic forms of helping Egoistic helping A form of helping in which the ultimate goal of the helper is to increase his or her own welfare
Altruism Elizabeth Dionne, Jeremiah Polk, LaQuita Miller.docxnettletondevon
Altruism
Elizabeth Dionne, Jeremiah Polk, LaQuita Miller, Militza Saroza, Shavon Ricketts
PSY 400
October 9th, 2017
Stefanie Krasner
Altruism and Social Exchange
Social exchange relating to altruism can be difficult to put together. Altruism, which is the act of performing a service for someone without any expectation or rewards in return contrasts the theory of social exchange, which is when two parties mutually benefit by one party performing a service or task for the other (Fiske, 2014).
In the article, Desperately Seeking a Kidney (Satel, Dec 16, 2007), Sally is struggling with the few people who have offered her a kidney and then backed out. These are obviously not examples of altruism as their reasoning for giving her a kidney were overridden by either their fears, lack of time or in one instance, a misguided bit of advice from a doctor. All three of these people intended to give unselfishly to Sally by donating a kidney, but in the end, were unable to do so because of different self-serving reasons. However, the fourth and final person to step forward did so without any sort of expectation of a mutual benefit because she was donating a kidney to Sally (Satel, Dec 16, 2007). Her motives appeared to be pure. She was not seeking any kind of social gain. Therefore, the social exchange theory does not apply in this situation because she would not benefit from donating her organ.
Altruism Social Responsibility
Social responsibility is clarified as individuals of all walks of life, circumstances are mostly responsible for their life and well-being. The best way to illustrate social responsibility is by incorporating it into our government, more specifically our U.S. President. The reason why this example is a great illustration is because it is a position of power and authority, which equals leadership and power. Individuals in these types of positions all over the world are looked upon and expected to help others that are beneath them because we as humans place these individuals there. Within this article that was published by The New York Times altruism was put on great display through the meaning of giving and not expecting anything in return. In this article, the meaning of self within their social environment was put on a great display. Sally was motivated in finding a donor regarding her situation, rather than just waiting for one. Humans are, above all, social. As with all primates, humans owe their success as a species in large measure to their ability to cooperate in finding solutions to the problems of everyday survival and reproduction. People can do that mainly because they can call upon the willing commitment of moderately large numbers of individuals (Barrett & Dunbar, 2012, p. 1).
Reciprocity & Altruism
As humans, people display a variety of pro-social behaviors. In the course of recent decades, a great effort has gone into developing and explaining the behavior of reciprocal altruism. Psychologists and so.
This document provides an overview of interpersonal relations and group processes. It discusses how individuals are influenced by the presence of others through social facilitation and inhibition. It also examines how social norms, authority, and social support impact behavior. Regarding groups, it describes how people join groups, take on roles, and progress through stages of group development according to models of group formation and socialization.
This document discusses helping behavior and prosocial behavior. It defines helping behavior as voluntary actions intended to help others, whether expecting a reward or not. Altruism is defined as helping others with no expectation of reward, while prosocial behavior is any behavior that helps others, regardless of the helper's motives. The document also discusses factors that influence helping behavior, such as social norms, social exchange, empathy, similarity to others in need of help, and reducing one's own guilt or distress.
This document discusses helping behavior and why people help others. It defines key concepts like altruism and prosocial behavior. Some reasons people help include social norms like reciprocity and social responsibility, sociobiology, social exchange to receive benefits, empathy and similarity to others. Social norms are social rules that people should help those who help them or depend on them. Social exchange theory suggests people help to maximize benefits and minimize costs. People are more likely to help those they feel empathy for or who are similar. Circumstances like mood, closeness to the person in need, and noticing the need also influence whether and how people provide help.
The document discusses racial indifferences and progress that has been made regarding ethnicity, sexuality, and religious beliefs. It states that through challenges faced throughout history, humanity's faith has driven it past obstacles. While recent controversy exists, progressiveness has taken a huge step forward in places that were once desolate regarding harmony. The author believes that dropping racial indifferences and coming together for peace will lead to a breakthrough in the near future.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
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আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
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This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
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it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
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3. Prosocial Behavior Prosocial behavior is an act of helping another person, usually when there is no other ulterior motive than to give a helping hand. There are many ways one can demonstrate prosocial behavior and the most common would be one person lending a helping hand to a stranger. Other examples of this behavior range from charity work to blood donations and can even go as far as saving a life.
4. Cont’d Prosocial behavior consists of behaviors that are beneficial to others. Sharing, sharing, guiding, comforting, rescuing, and defending others are all forms of prosocial behavior. (Baston, 1988; Dovidio, Piliavin, Schroeder, & Penner, 2006; Eagly, 2009) Although women and men are similar in engaging in extensive prosocial behavior, they are different in which types of behavior they engage in. The prosocial behaviors that are more common with women are communal and relational, and that of men is behaviors that are more strength intensive and collectively oriented. (Eagly, 2009)
5. Prosocial Behavior in Pop Culture! Did you know Angelina Jolie donated over $6.8 million to charities last year? Talk about prosocial behavior. Hope for Haiti sets new records for money raised by disaster fund and has raised $58 million to date.
6. What are our motivations to helping others? Help ASSIST MAKE EASIER AID LEND A HAND FACILITATE CONTRIBUTE SUPPORT BACKING PROVIDE HOLD SERVE RELIEVE
7. What motivates us to help another person? Can it truly be just for the benefit of another? Some people believe motivation to helping others is categorized as either “egoistic” or “altruistic”. Some people believe helping others is not necessarily in either category, but falls into both. Others still think that the human condition to help each other is always backed by egoistic motives.
9. Motives for Helping EGOISTIC MOTIVES “are structured by the ultimate goal of increasing one’s own welfare” ALTRUISTIC MOTIVES “are structured by the ultimate goal of increasing another’s welfare” (Krebs, 1991)
10. Is this behaviour Altruistic? Do we help our relatives because we care more about their well-being? How does this relate to the survival of our gene pool? How big a role does evolution play? Studies show that we are more likely to help people we are related to and will do more for them (Manor, 2007) This is Kinship Selection “the tendency to help genetic relatives” (Brehm, 2008)
11. What role does the Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis play? “When we pay attention to another’s suffering, we hurt in a way that frequently leads to helping” (Cialdini, 1991) If you see a person in need do you have a desire to help them purely for their benefit? If not only to benefit the other person why do you help them?
12. We feel pain = We help When we see another in pain, we feel their pain. The different states in how we feel pain can be categorized as such: 1. Empathy 2. Sadness 3. Reflexive Distress: “refers to a kind of self-oriented, highly aversive, arousal based affective state that results from exposure to cues of pain or suffering from a victim” 4. Normative Distress: “refers to an unpleasant feeling arising from the violation of social or personal standards of conduct” (Cialdini, 1991)
13. How does it benefit us to help others, whether they are strangers or relatives? If we help a genetic relative are we doing so innately for the sake of evolution and the passing on of our genes? If we see a stranger suffering do we help because it will reduce our empathic feelings of distress?
14. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WjqCojle9Bk&feature=related “When you help someone else it reduces your stress” If this video clip is indeed true, then it could be said that no matter what the motive behind helping is, at the end of the day, it will never be truly Altruistic.
15. FACT People are more likely to help a stranger when there is no one else around…
16. EXPLANATION “The more bystanders, the less likely the victim will be helped” (Brehm et al, 2008). The bystander effect means that the more people present, the less likely you are to be helped. This is usually because if there are other people around to watch, one would assume someone else is going to do it and they don’t have to. Although when explored in different ways we see this is usually only the case with the bystander effect and strangers “We suggest that it is the absence of a group-level psychological relationship amongst bystanders (which might provide prosocial norms and values, cohesion, or a sense of collective efficacy) that produces the classic bystander effect. However, we suggest that when others are constructed as group members, then group size is less likely to lead to a reduction in helping.” (Crowther, Levine, 2008) To learn more, watch this clip on YouTube:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KIvGIwLcIuw&feature=related
18. Why We Don’t Help People – The Bystander Effect Kendra Cherry (2007) states the term bystander effect refers to the phenomenon in which the greater the number of people present, the less likely people are to help a person in distress. The most popular example of the bystander effect refers to what happened on the night of March 13, 1964. Kitty Genovese was brutally raped and murdered. She screamed for her life for half an hour in the presence of many inactive neighbors who later told police, "I just did not want to get involved." This tragedy could have been avoided if just one individual had stepped up earlier and made a simple phone call.
19. Why no one steps up When several bystanders are present in an emergency situation the pressure for someone to intervene and help is shared by all members present, therefore people are less likely to take action with the hope that someone else will deal with the situation instead. However, if a person is alone and a unexpected emergency occurs the responsibility focuses in on the individual and they are more likely to take action (Bickmen, 1972).
20. Why no one step’s up - continued Bickmen (1972) suggests that if people see other people ignoring a situation then they are more likely to assume that no emergency exists and they proceed as they usually would, which is called a state of pluralistic ignorance. Another reason why people do not tend to help is audience inhibition. When people know they are being watched by others they are afraid of making a mistake and becoming embarrassed, therefore we avoid a situation if we do not feel we are competent to address a certain condition (Clark, 2003). Watch this YouTube clip that shows examples of the bystander effect http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OSsPfbup0ac
22. Who is more likely to get help? In a recent study people said that they would be more likely to help others if they were members of an “in-group” rather than an “out-group.” When people see others who are of similar status of themselves they are more likely to consider helping rather than those who are of less status. An example of this is shown in a recent document where a homeless man had fallen and possibly broken a bone but none of the individuals walking by stopped to help until another homeless lady came to aid the man. Also, age has an influence on who receives help as well. Children 10 years and younger or 60 and older likely to receive help from bystanders than those who are between the age of 13 to 40.
23. Altruistic Personality A person who has an altruistic Personality is a person who displays two different qualities, empathy and moral reasoning.
24.
25. Black Participants in the exact same study helped black and white people out equally (Kunstman & Plant, 2008).The truth is alarming! Has race ever influenced your decision to help someone out or not?
27. The media’s influence on people’s willingness to help others The media’s influence on the thoughts and desires for many has never been stronger in North America. Children between the ages of 8-18 spend 7 hours and 38 minutes a day engaged in their cell phones, tv, videogames, and I-pods (Painter, 2010). While this devotion to media and electronics has been commonly seen as a problem, it has also led to substantial increases in awareness of important social issues , such as the “Save the Air” campaign through Facebook (De Lancie, 2010) as well as the impressive coverage of the recent earthquake in Haiti.
28. This coverage was no doubt intended to educate the viewer on the immense damage done to the country but also to show relatable, well-spoken survivors in an effort to illustrate the similarities between the Haitian and American people; this strategy played a large role in the $150 million dollars raised in the first four days after the disaster. This was a conscious effort by charities to capitalize on the strong presence of Haiti coverage throughout media, as it was believed that “Americans may lose interest in Haiti sooner than they did for Katrina” (Borochoff, 2010). Haiti relief organizations capitalized on modern technology as they received over 8 million dollars in donations through text messages alone (Preston & Wallace, 2010). In addition to the mere convenience of donating through electronics, modern media has also determined which causes are worthy of the viewers attention. The Haiti earthquake received round the clock coverage on CNN, where reporters crews were shown traversing wreckage and speaking to survivors.
29. In addition, celebrity endorsements have further contributed in creating attention and support for a variety of social and political issues throughout recent history. The earthquake in Haiti was no different; hugely successful celebrities appeared regularly on television asking for donations. Jessica Simpson endorsed “Soles 4 Soules”, a cause that aimed to donate 50,000 shoes, while a variety of popular singers recorded a song together called “Wavin’ Flag”. George Clooney, Wyclef John, and Anderson Cooper organized “Hope for Haiti Now”. This television event garnered 83 million viewers in the US alone (Nielsen, 2010). There is no question that the influence of popular celebrities has, and will continue to have a great impact on the beliefs and desires of the public; this influence may even exceed that of the traditional media.
30. Check out some of these links Young Artists for Haiti- Wavin’ Flag http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nB7L1BIDELc Hope for Haiti Now Highlights http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9pFSe2ALUNU Bono & Rihanna performing at “Hope for Haiti Now”.
31. While the disaster in Haiti was devastating and required the degree of media coverage that it received, one must ask why other disasters and events do not receive a fraction of the attention. The recent earthquake that killed 200,000 people and destroyed much of Haiti was a 7.0 magnitude quake; in contrast, the earthquake that hit Chile within a few weeks was measured as being a 8.8 magnitude quake (Lacey, 2010). This disaster didn’t receive nearly as much media attention and virtually no celebrity endorsements despite the 1.5 million people who were displaced because of the immense damage (Lacey, 2010). “In the two days following the disaster in Chile, World Vision U.S. raised $220,000 for relief efforts, significantly less than the $3.9-million the organization had received during the same period after the earthquake in Haiti ” (Wallace, 2010). Some may justify this discrepancy with the statement that Chile, as a country, was already in much better shape than Haiti-and therefore required less assistance. The necessity for media attention and public support goes beyond helping countries overcome natural disasters; it is also crucial for countries suffering from civil war and political unrest.
32. In the case of the Congo, the country has received little to no mainstream attention despite having prolonged impoverished conditions along with a conflict that has left 3.8 million dead (International Rescue Committee).
33. It should be noted that the media (through modern technology) has helped contribute to the awareness of all of the disasters and conflicts mentioned above, in one way or another. The difference in the amount of coverage that each event has received may be related to celebrity endorsements, or the overall damage to the country, or perhaps it is dependent on a different list of criteria altogether; because of this uncertainty, it is important to be informed of all relevant social and international issues from a variety of sources, and not simply lend aid to charities based on their affiliations with popular websites and television channels.
34. References Ariely, Dan, AnatBracha, and Stephan Meier. "Doing Good or Doing Well? Image Motivation and Monetary Incentives in Behaving Prosocially." Research Review 8 (2007): 14-15. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 18 Mar. 2010. Batson, C. D. (1998). Altruism and prosocial behavior. In D. T.Gilbert, S. T.Fiske, & G.Lindzey (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (4th ed., Vol. 2, pp. 282–316). Boston: McGraw-Hill Bickman, L. (1972). Social Influence and Diffusion of Responsibility in an Emergency. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 8, 438-445. Bierhoff, H., & Rohmann, E. (2004). Altruistic Personality in the Context of the Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis. European Journal of Personality, 18(4), 351-365. doi:10.1002/per.523. Cialdini, R. (1991). Altruism or egoism? That is (still) the question. Psychological Inquiry, 2(2), 124-126. doi:10.1207/s15327965pli0202.
35. References- Continued Clark, D. (2003). Bystander effects on pro-social behavior. Pro-social and Anti-Social Behaviour (pp. 60). New York: Routledge. Crowther, Simon. Levine, Mark. (2008) “The Responsive Bystander: How Social Group Membership and Group Size Can Encourage as Well as Inhibit Bystander Intervention.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96(6) p.1429-1439 C. Daniel, B., Karen, O., Jim, F., Mary, V., & Alice M., I. (1983). Influence of self-reported distress and empathy on egoistic versus altruistic motivation to help. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45(3), 706-718. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.45.3.706. De Lancie, P. (2010, March 8). Tweeting to Save the Planet: The Role-And Limits-of Social Media in Environmental Solutions. Econtent Magazine. Retrieved March 18, 2010, from http://www.econtentmag.com/Articles/Editorial/Feature/Tweeting-to-Save-the-Planet-The-Role-And-Limits-of-Social-Media-in-Environmental-Solutions-61567.htm. Dovidio, John F. Penner, Louis A. Pillavian, Jane A. Schroeder, David A. (2006) “The Social Psychology of Prosocial Behavior.” Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
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