This document discusses several concepts related to social perception and cognition. It defines social perception as how people try to understand others and themselves, and social cognition as how people interpret, remember, and use social information. It also discusses attitudes, values, stereotypes, attribution, dogmatism, cognitive dissonance, and the cognitive balance theory. Cultural differences are noted for some of these concepts. For example, East Asian cultures tend to value hierarchy and conservatism more than Western cultures.
Attributions are inferences that people make about the causes of events and behavior. People make attributions in order to understand their experiences. Attributions strongly influence the way people interact with others.
Ethics, a very important part of psychological research which play major role in the conduction of psychological research it's about the moral values and social norms which applies to all Researchers and there are a comprehensive guidelines about ethics given by American Psychological Association 2013 listed in this presentation.
Attributions are inferences that people make about the causes of events and behavior. People make attributions in order to understand their experiences. Attributions strongly influence the way people interact with others.
Ethics, a very important part of psychological research which play major role in the conduction of psychological research it's about the moral values and social norms which applies to all Researchers and there are a comprehensive guidelines about ethics given by American Psychological Association 2013 listed in this presentation.
There are many different kinds of ethical issues facing clinical psychologists. Some of the most common ones involve confidentiality, payments, relationships, and testimony.
Indigenous Psychology: Incorporating “Culture” in Psychology ResearchHora Tjitra
Executive Summary based on the paper “Indigenous, cultural, and cross-cultural psychology: A theoretical, conceptual, and epistemological analysis” ( Uichol Kim, 2000).
Explaining the different perspective in culture-oriented research in psychology.
Introduction to Social Psychology
I used local and foreign books. Some concepts are not mentioned here in my slides but will be discussed during our session.
If you want to know the resources feel free to comment below.
Social learning theories - Personalities theoriesManu Melwin Joy
social learning theory was proposed by Neal E. Miller and John Dollard in 1941. The proposition of social learning was expanded upon and theorized by Canadian psychologist Albert Bandura from 1962 until the present. . Bandura provided his concept of self-efficacy in 1977, while he refuted the traditional learning theory for understanding learning.
There are many different kinds of ethical issues facing clinical psychologists. Some of the most common ones involve confidentiality, payments, relationships, and testimony.
Indigenous Psychology: Incorporating “Culture” in Psychology ResearchHora Tjitra
Executive Summary based on the paper “Indigenous, cultural, and cross-cultural psychology: A theoretical, conceptual, and epistemological analysis” ( Uichol Kim, 2000).
Explaining the different perspective in culture-oriented research in psychology.
Introduction to Social Psychology
I used local and foreign books. Some concepts are not mentioned here in my slides but will be discussed during our session.
If you want to know the resources feel free to comment below.
Social learning theories - Personalities theoriesManu Melwin Joy
social learning theory was proposed by Neal E. Miller and John Dollard in 1941. The proposition of social learning was expanded upon and theorized by Canadian psychologist Albert Bandura from 1962 until the present. . Bandura provided his concept of self-efficacy in 1977, while he refuted the traditional learning theory for understanding learning.
Partial notes on BBA 205 course for students of IP University (Delhi) and anyone who wants a beginner's level knowledge.
Citations are reflected in the slides.
If you find this useful, don't forget to hit 'love.'
• Feist, J. & Feist, G. (2009). Theories of personality (7th ed.). USA: McGraw−Hill Companies
• Tria, D. & Limpingco. (2007). Personality (3rd ed.). Quezon City, Philippines: Ken Inc.
• Daniel, V. Object relations theory. Retrieved as of 2016 from https://www.sonoma.edu/users/d/daniels/objectrelations.html
Other references:
• Cervone, D. & Pervine, L. (2013). Personality: Theory and research (12th ed.). USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
• Cloninger, S. (2004). Theories of personality: Understanding persons (4th ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc.
• Ryckman, R. (2008).Theories of personality (9th ed.). USA: Thomson Wadsworth
Race and Ethnicity – Part II SOCY 3720-E01 Global Perspect.docxaudeleypearl
Race and Ethnicity – Part II
SOCY 3720-E01 Global Perspectives on Social Issues
Summer 2019
Part II:
• For the second part of our lecture we will be discussing these main academic notions:
Patterns of Majority – Minority Interaction
• Genocide
• Segregation
De Jure Segregation
De Facto Segregation
• Assimilation
• Pluralism
• Prejudice and Bigotry Approaches
• Prejudice and Bigotry in Social Structures.
• Prejudice and Bigotry and their Cultural Factors:
Social Norms
Stereotyping
• Prejudice and Bigotry in the Individual:
Frustration – Aggression
Projection
Patterns of Majority - Minority Interaction
• There are many different ways that majority and minority populations interact. These interactions can
also range from positive to negative and from peaceful to deadly.
• When studying these patterns, sociologists use four models:
Genocide
Segregation
Assimilation
Pluralism
• Genocide: today this term is used to describe “the deliberate, systematic killing of an entire people or
nation.” (Schaefer, 2002).
• Genocide is murder and it has occurred again and again in human history. It has been tolerated and
sometimes even encouraged by governments and their people.
• There have been many instances of genocide throughout the ages and some of the most infamous
examples are:
• Beginning in 1500, the Spanish, Portuguese, English, French, and Dutch forcefully colonized North and
South America, resulting in the deaths of thousands of native people. (Although most native people fell
victim to diseases brought by Europeans to which they had no natural defenses, many were also killed.)
• Turkish authorities killing about one million Armenians in 1915.
• We often hear this term when discussing the Holocaust as Adolf Hitler and Nazi Germany exterminated
about 6 million European Jews along with Homosexual individuals and Romani people.
• We have our own history of genocide in the United States in relation to American Indians.
• Jozef Stalin is believed to have killed approximately 7 million people.
• The more recent genocides in Rwanda and in Darfur.
• Segregation: it refers to “the physical separation of two groups in residence, workplace, and social
functions. Generally, the dominant group imposes segregation on a subordinate group.” (Schaefer,
2002).
• We have seen examples of segregation right here in the United States not only though the institution of
slavery, but legal segregation as well.
• We have also seen the government-imposed racial segregation in South Africa during apartheid.
• There are two specific types of segregation:
• De Jure segregation: derives from the Latin “by law,” this type of segregation is required by law.
• De Facto segregation: derives from the Latin “in fact,” this type of segregation results from “housing
patterns, economic inequalities, gerrymandered school districts, and the departure of midd ...
collective behaviour, the kinds of activities engaged in by sizable but loosely organized groups of people. Episodes of collective behaviour tend to be quite spontaneous, resulting from an experience shared by the members of the group that engenders a sense of common interest and identity. The informality of the group’s structure is the main source of the frequent unpredictability of collective behaviour.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
3. 3
Social Perception
& Social Cognition
Attitudes
Stereotypes
Social
Attribution
Psychological
Dogmatism
Cognitive
Dissonance
The Cognitive
Balance
Theory
Values
Instrumental
Value
Terminal
Values
4. Social Perception
• The process through which we try to understand other people and
ourselves is called social perception. People are not born with
judgments, attitudes, and beliefs. Rather, they acquire them through
socialization experiences from their cultural milieu.
• A real-world example of social perception is understanding that others
disagree with what one said when one sees them roll their eyes.
4
5. Social Cognition
• Social cognition is the process through which we interpret, remember, and
then use information about the world and ourselves.
• Social cognition tends to be stable, not easily changing.
• Ethnic groups engaged in a conflict against one another see the cause of
their hostility differently, each from the biased lenses of centuries-old negative
stereotypes of the other.
5
6. Values
• Values, are attitudes that reflect a principle, standard, or quality an
individual considers most desirable or appropriate. Values hold a
more central, stable position than attitudes, influencing people’s
behaviour toward a variety of objects and situations.
• An Indian woman in the United States would not eat a beef
sandwich served to her at a friend’s party because abstinence from
beef (a Hindu value).
6
7. Types of Values
• When a specific behaviour is
preferred to another behaviour is
called instrumental value.
• Instrumental values designate
morality and competency issues.
7
• When a specific goal is preferred to
another goal is called terminal value.
• Terminal values (goals) usually refer
to social and personal concerns.
Instrumental Values Terminal Values
8. Cultural Difference in Values
• Schwartz had argued about cultural differences in individual values. He suggested individual values
as being connected to the way various groups cope with basic societal problems. Three basic
issues make various social groups different from one another: (view the slide# 9)
• Schwartz’s study included 40 countries divided into several groups: West European, Anglo
(including the United States), East European, Islamic, East Asian, Japan and Latin American. East
Asian nations were especially high on hierarchy and conservatism and low on egalitarianism and
autonomy. West European participants showed the opposite trend. The Anglo profile fell somewhere
in between the West European and East Asian samples. Cultures high on hierarchy (and low on
egalitarianism) tend to emphasize power and status differences among people.
8
9. The conservative views are
shared by individuals who
believe in the status quo,
advocate self-discipline, and
care about family, social
order, and tradition. Those
who share values of
autonomy emphasize the
right of individuals to pursue
their own ideals and to enjoy
the variety of life for the sake
of pleasure and excitement.
If a person supports the
hierarchy values, he justifies
the legitimacy of an unequal
distribution of power,
resources, and social roles. If
a person has egalitarian
values, she sees individuals
as equals who share basic
interests and should be
treated equally as human
beings.
Conservatism vs.
Autonomy
Hierarchy vs.
Egalitarianism
Mastery values encourage
individuals to exercise control
over society and exploit its
natural resources. Ambition
and high self-esteem are
important individual traits that
accompany mastery values.
Harmony values are based
on assumptions that the
world should be kept as is:
preserved and cherished
rather than violated and
exploited.
Mastery vs. Harmony
9
10. Attitudes
• Attitudes are one’s psychological representations and evaluations of
various features of the social world. Based on personal experience,
they are the psychological links or associations between various
cognitive images and their evaluations.
• An Italian autoworker strongly attached to the value of equality is
likely to support (an attitude) government actions aimed at helping
refugees from neighbouring Yugoslavia.
10
11. Morality is simply the attitude
we adopt toward people whom
we personally dislike.
Oscar Wilde (1854–1900)
10/9/2021 PRESENTATION TITLE 11
12. The Cognitive Balance Theory
• Heider’s theory of attitude balance states that people seek consistency among their attitudes. In general, a
balance is achieved if you and a person you like agree on something or when you and a person you dislike
disagree about something.
• Triantis (1994) demonstrated that while principles of cognitive balance were virtually universal, cognitive
consistency varies across cultures. For instance, in the United States people are more concerned about the
consistency of their attitudes than individuals in Japan, where the ability to handle inconsistency is considered
a sign of maturity. In the former communist countries of the Soviet bloc, moral consistency required personal
modesty, honesty, sacrifice on behalf of society, and public criticism of others who do not follow these
standards. In Islamic societies, being consistent in one’s religious attitudes requires a more complex
behavioural reaction than the religious behaviour of people in other societies.
12
13. Cognitive Dissonance
• People experience psychological tensions when they perceive mismatch (dissonance)
between (1) attitudes and behaviour, (2) two or more decisions, or (3) two or more attitudes.
These tensions are known as cognitive dissonance.
• People in predominantly individualistic cultures in Western countries tend to experience
dissonance when their behaviour violates either a personal or a social standard. Meanwhile,
people in predominantly collectivistic cultures are much more concerned about violating social
standards, out of fear of challenging social harmony and thus being rejected by others.
13
14. Psychological Dogmatism
• Dogmatism is a tendency to be extremely selective, rigid, and inflexible in opinions and
subsequent behaviour. This is a powerful alliance of attitudes and beliefs, usually organized
around one central idea. This idea has absolute authority over the individual and usually
causes intolerance toward other people or issues.
• In his well-known study, Ofer Feldman compared dogmatism in politicians from the United
States, Italy, and Japan. Japanese public officials were found to be less dogmatic than Italian
politicians but more dogmatic than their U.S. counterparts. The findings were explained in the
context of differences in political systems in the countries studied.
14
15. Social Attribution
• Social attribution, a process through which people seek to explain and identify the causes
underlying others’ behaviour, as well as their own.
• Research on social attribution provides some evidence that people across countries, despite
many similarities, express different attributions. In a study, U.S. and Japanese subjects were
asked to look at smiling or nonsmiling white and Japanese faces and rate them on how
attractive, intelligent, and sociable they were. The Americans normally rated the smiling faces
higher on all three dimensions. The Japanese, in general, rated the smiling faces only as more
sociable and the neutral faces as more intelligent.
15
16. Stereotypes
• Stereotypes are categorical assumptions that all members of a given group have a particular
trait. Stereotypes could be positive or negative, simple or differentiated, and held with or without
confidence.
• It was found in a study that Anglo-Australians held very positive stereotypes of themselves and
very negative stereotypes about Aboriginal Australians. The latter held somewhat favourable
stereotypes about Anglo-Australians and only moderately positive stereotypes about
themselves. Israeli Arabs saw Jews as more intellectually advanced; however, the Arabs saw
themselves as far superior socially—thus referring to their friendships, love, family traditions,
and overall collectivism.
16
