This is a presentation on probiotic foods, where I have described what probiotic food is, their mechanism of action, adequacy, and some popular forms of probiotic foods present in the market.
covers Introduction.
History of probiotics.
General characteristics of probiotics.
Why are probiotics important to human health?
Some probiotics strains.
Mechanism of action
Advantages of host and type of advantages.
Classification of probiotics and examples.
Probiotics but not antibiotics, explanation with AAD.
Some probiotic food.
Probiotics and cancer.
Disadvantages of probiotics
Status of probiotics in india
India and global probiotics manufactures.
mixture of probiotics and prebiotics that beneficially affects the host by improving the survival and activity of beneficial microorganisms in the gut.
covers Introduction.
History of probiotics.
General characteristics of probiotics.
Why are probiotics important to human health?
Some probiotics strains.
Mechanism of action
Advantages of host and type of advantages.
Classification of probiotics and examples.
Probiotics but not antibiotics, explanation with AAD.
Some probiotic food.
Probiotics and cancer.
Disadvantages of probiotics
Status of probiotics in india
India and global probiotics manufactures.
mixture of probiotics and prebiotics that beneficially affects the host by improving the survival and activity of beneficial microorganisms in the gut.
Probiotics are live bacteria or yeasts that are good for the digestive system.
Prebiotics as non-digestible ingredients in the food that can stimulate the activity of desirable microbiota
Beneficial Effects of Probiotics
Introduction: PROBIOTICS are living microorganisms, when taken by mouth, benefit your health by improving the balance of bacteria in the intestines.
Often bacteria, but also include some kinds of yeast.
PROBIOTICS are “good” bacteria or non-pathogenic in healthy people.
Gut contains over 500 different types of beneficial bacteria.
Beneficial functions such as inhibiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria, aiding in digestion, and vitamin-B synthesis.
To consider Bacterium as Probiotics, must meet the following criteria:
It is a microbial organism which is not harmful
It remains alive during processing and the shelf life of the food
It must survive digestion and remain alive in the gut
It is able to bring about a response in the gut
It is associated with health benefits
Common Probiotic Bacteria
Lactobacillus acidophilus
Lactobacillus casei
Lactobacillus reuteri
Lactobacillus plantarum
Lactobacillus rhamnosus
Bifidobacterium animalis
Bifidobacterium infantis
Bifidobacterium lactis
Bifidobacterium longum
Beneficial Effects of Probiotics
Absorbing and/or destroying toxins released by certain “bad” bacteria that can make you sick.
Producing substances that prevent infection.
Preventing harmful bacteria from attaching to the gut wall and growing there.
Boosting your immune system
Sending signals to your cells to strengthen the mucus in your intestine, which helps it act as a barrier against infection.
Production of B vitamins. Vitamin B is important in maintaining healthy skin, a healthy nervous system and preventing anemia
Decrease gas production and bloating
Our probiotic products mainly include Lactobacillus, Saccharomyces, Bifidobacterium, Lactococcus, Streptococcus, Leuconostoc, Bacillus, etc., covering food science, nutrition, microbiology, bioengineering, fermentation engineering, and other fields. Based on the different requirements of clients, we can also provide customized probiotic products and services. https://probiotic.creative-enzymes.com/
Prebiotics and probiotics are vital components in some foods and beverages and are now being added to many others. They play an important role in our health, including helping us maintain a healthy digestive system. Here's what you should know about them.
Probiotics are live bacteria or yeasts that are good for the digestive system.
Prebiotics as non-digestible ingredients in the food that can stimulate the activity of desirable microbiota
Beneficial Effects of Probiotics
Introduction: PROBIOTICS are living microorganisms, when taken by mouth, benefit your health by improving the balance of bacteria in the intestines.
Often bacteria, but also include some kinds of yeast.
PROBIOTICS are “good” bacteria or non-pathogenic in healthy people.
Gut contains over 500 different types of beneficial bacteria.
Beneficial functions such as inhibiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria, aiding in digestion, and vitamin-B synthesis.
To consider Bacterium as Probiotics, must meet the following criteria:
It is a microbial organism which is not harmful
It remains alive during processing and the shelf life of the food
It must survive digestion and remain alive in the gut
It is able to bring about a response in the gut
It is associated with health benefits
Common Probiotic Bacteria
Lactobacillus acidophilus
Lactobacillus casei
Lactobacillus reuteri
Lactobacillus plantarum
Lactobacillus rhamnosus
Bifidobacterium animalis
Bifidobacterium infantis
Bifidobacterium lactis
Bifidobacterium longum
Beneficial Effects of Probiotics
Absorbing and/or destroying toxins released by certain “bad” bacteria that can make you sick.
Producing substances that prevent infection.
Preventing harmful bacteria from attaching to the gut wall and growing there.
Boosting your immune system
Sending signals to your cells to strengthen the mucus in your intestine, which helps it act as a barrier against infection.
Production of B vitamins. Vitamin B is important in maintaining healthy skin, a healthy nervous system and preventing anemia
Decrease gas production and bloating
Our probiotic products mainly include Lactobacillus, Saccharomyces, Bifidobacterium, Lactococcus, Streptococcus, Leuconostoc, Bacillus, etc., covering food science, nutrition, microbiology, bioengineering, fermentation engineering, and other fields. Based on the different requirements of clients, we can also provide customized probiotic products and services. https://probiotic.creative-enzymes.com/
Prebiotics and probiotics are vital components in some foods and beverages and are now being added to many others. They play an important role in our health, including helping us maintain a healthy digestive system. Here's what you should know about them.
At the start of the 20th century, Russian noble prize winner and father of modern immunology, Elie Metchnikoff, a scientist at the Pasteur institute, was the first conceptualize “probiotics”.
In 1907 Metchnokoff proposed that the acid producing bacteria in fermented milk products could prevent “fouling” in the large intestine and if consumed regularly, lead to a longer, healthier life.
In early 1930’s, in Japan, Minoru shirota developed a fermented milk product called Yakult (probiotic yogurt like product made by fermenting a mixture of skimmed milk with a special strain of Lactobacillus casei shirota).
Probiotic term coined in 1965 by Lilly and StillwellThe human gastrointestinal (GI) tract is a highly specialised ecosystem that has evolved over
time, both physiologically and microbiologically. At least in part, this is a consequence of the
host and environmental pressures that it must counteract in order to maintain eubiosis. The
GI tract is one of the most diverse and metabolically active organs in the human body. The
human gut and its microbiota cannot be realistically considered as separate entities as they
represent a dynamic biological system that has co-evolved from birth. The human GI tract
is composed of highly adapted regions for mediation of its diverse functions, many of which
impact markedly upon host health and welfare. Physiological considerations in each unique
region infl uence the degree and type of colonisation and initial colonisers also modify the
physiological conditions therein. This results in the development of distinct microhabitats
along the length of the GI tract, which infl uence metabolism, protection and immune stimulation.
Such effects are both local and systemic as the GI tract is connected to the vascular,
lymphatic and nervous systems. The ability of the gut to sustain its benefi cial microbiota,
against harmful or opportunistic microbiota, in a desirable community structure, is critical
for host health and reduction of disease risk. The focus of this chapter is to discuss how the
complex interplays between the human GI tract and its indigenous microbiota affect host
health and how certain benefi cial microbial species, with their potential for manipulation,
are crucial to this processThe human gastrointestinal tract is sterile up until birth, when microbial colonisation begins
during the delivery process. The inoculum may be largely derived either from the mother’s
vaginal or faecal fl ora (in a conventional birth) or from the environment (in a caesarean
delivery).Hence, the microbiota that colonise the newborn tract are acquired post-natally.
This is of extreme importance in the choice of delivery, as newborns delivered by caesarean
section are exposed to a different microbiota than that of a vaginal delivery. Bacterial
populations develop progressively during the fi rst few days of life; facultative anaerobes
predominate initially and create a reduced environment that allows for the growth of strict
Probiotics and Healthy life by Dr.C P PrinceDR.PRINCE C P
This ppt of Dr Prince C P explains the importance of probiotics for healthy life. Probiotics were earlier defined as non-pathogenic microorganisms which when ingested, exert a positive influence on host’s health or physiology.
The latest definition put forward by FDA and WHO jointly is “Live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit to the host”.
The Importance of Community Nursing Care.pdfAD Healthcare
NDIS and Community 24/7 Nursing Care is a specific type of support that may be provided under the NDIS for individuals with complex medical needs who require ongoing nursing care in a community setting, such as their home or a supported accommodation facility.
One of the most developed cities of India, the city of Chennai is the capital of Tamilnadu and many people from different parts of India come here to earn their bread and butter. Being a metropolitan, the city is filled with towering building and beaches but the sad part as with almost every Indian city
Empowering ACOs: Leveraging Quality Management Tools for MIPS and BeyondHealth Catalyst
Join us as we delve into the crucial realm of quality reporting for MSSP (Medicare Shared Savings Program) Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs).
In this session, we will explore how a robust quality management solution can empower your organization to meet regulatory requirements and improve processes for MIPS reporting and internal quality programs. Learn how our MeasureAble application enables compliance and fosters continuous improvement.
Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
Leading the Way in Nephrology: Dr. David Greene's Work with Stem Cells for Ki...Dr. David Greene Arizona
As we watch Dr. Greene's continued efforts and research in Arizona, it's clear that stem cell therapy holds a promising key to unlocking new doors in the treatment of kidney disease. With each study and trial, we step closer to a world where kidney disease is no longer a life sentence but a treatable condition, thanks to pioneers like Dr. David Greene.
The dimensions of healthcare quality refer to various attributes or aspects that define the standard of healthcare services. These dimensions are used to evaluate, measure, and improve the quality of care provided to patients. A comprehensive understanding of these dimensions ensures that healthcare systems can address various aspects of patient care effectively and holistically. Dimensions of Healthcare Quality and Performance of care include the following; Appropriateness, Availability, Competence, Continuity, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Efficacy, Prevention, Respect and Care, Safety as well as Timeliness.
CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
Health Education on prevention of hypertensionRadhika kulvi
Hypertension is a chronic condition of concern due to its role in the causation of coronary heart diseases. Hypertension is a worldwide epidemic and important risk factor for coronary artery disease, stroke and renal diseases. Blood pressure is the force exerted by the blood against the walls of the blood vessels and is sufficient to maintain tissue perfusion during activity and rest. Hypertension is sustained elevation of BP. In adults, HTN exists when systolic blood pressure is equal to or greater than 140mmHg or diastolic BP is equal to or greater than 90mmHg. The
2. DEFINITION
WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION:
“Live microorganisms which, when
administered in adequate amount, confer health
benefits on the hosts”
A bacterial strain that
• Survive stomach acid and bile
• Adhere in intestinal lining
• Grows and establishes temporary residence in intestine
• Impart health benefits
3. • At the start of the 20th century, Russian noble prize winner and father of
modern immunology, Elie Metchnikoff, a scientist at the Pasteur institute, was the
first conceptualize “probiotics”.
• In 1907 Metchnikoff proposed that the acid producing bacteria in fermented
milk products could prevent “fouling” in the large intestine and if consumed
regularly, lead to a longer, healthier life
• Probiotic term coined in 1965 by Lilly and Stillwell.
Louis Pasteur(1822-1895) Metchnikoff Elie (1848-1926)
4. Characteristics of Effective
Probiotics
• Able to survive the passage through the
digestive system.
• Able to attach to the intestinal epithelia and
colonize.
• Able to maintain good viability.
• Able to utilize the nutrients and substrates
in a normal diet.
5. Characteristics of Effective
Probiotics
• Non pathogenic and non toxic.
• Capable of exerting a beneficial effect
on the host.
• Stability of desired characteristics
during processing, storage and
transportation.
• Anti-inflammatory, anti-mutagenic,
immune-stimulatory.
6. Advantages
Produce lactic acid.
variety of toxic or
carcinogenic
metabolites.
Aid absorption of
minerals, especially
calcium.
Production of β-D
galactosidase
enzymes.
Produce a wide range
of antimicrobial
substances.
Produce vitamins
(especially Vitamin B
and vitamin k
Act as barriers to
prevent harmful
bacteria from
colonizing the
intestines.
7. Mechanism of Action of Probiotics
Enhancement of Epithelial Barrier
Increased adhesion to intestinal mucosa
Production of anti-microorganism substances
Modulation of the immune system
Inhibition of pathogen adhesion
Competitive Exclusion of Pathogenic microorganism
8. LUMEN
LAMINA
PROPRIA
1.Enhancement of epithelial
barrier
probiotics
Mucsins and defensins
Pathogens
2.Increased adhesion to
intestinal mucosa
3. Inhibition of pathogen adhesion
4. Competitive exclusion of
pathogenic micro-organisms
5.Production of anti-micro-organism
substance
Dcs
Immature Dc macrophage
6. Modulation of the immune system
Treg Th1 Th2 Th17
9. Function of Probiotics
Normalize
intestine
•Energy prevention
and recovery
•Treatment of peptic
ulcer
•Diarrhea
Immunomodulation
n
•Blood pressure
regulation
•Regularity
•Reduction of
infection
Metabolic effects
• Lactose digestion
• Immune function
• Lowers cholesterol
(Bile acid de
conjugation &
Secretion)
13. VARIOUS PROBIOTIC FOODS
Yogurt :
• Made from milk inoculated with Streptococcus thermophilus
and either Lactobacillus acidophilus or Lactobacillus bulgaricus.
• Probiotic yogurt, is yogurt pasteurized to kill bacteria, with
Lactobacillus added in measured units before packaging.
• Yogurt probiotic drink is a drinkable form of Probiotic yogurt
• But one should know HOMEMADE YOGURT IS ALWAYS
THE BEST!
14. BENEFITS OF PROBIOTIC
YOGURT
• Supports Healthy Digestion
• Lowers the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes
• Lowers the Risk of Colorectal Cancer
• Increases Bone Density & May Help Prevent
Osteoporosis
• Supports Weight Loss and Increases Fat Loss
• Boosts the Immune System
• Reduces High Blood Pressure
• Reduces Bad Cholesterol
• Regulates Moods
• May Help Treat Chronic Pain & Brain-Related Illnesses
16. YAKULT DAIRY MILK
o In early 1930’s, in Japan, Minoru Shirota developed a
fermented milk product called Yakult.
o Probiotic yogurt like product made by fermenting a mixture
of skimmed milk with a special strain of Lactobacillus casei
shirota.
o Sold in single-shot containers that contain around 8 billion
live and active Lactobacillus casei shirota cells per bottle
17. oBENEFITS :
Prevent digestive disorders such
as diarrhea and constipation.
Help build immunity and
reduce risk of infections.
Increase appetite.
19. PICKLES :
Veggies like cucumber or dill that has been dipped in
brine, vinegar or other solution and left to ferment for a
period of time by immersing them in a acidic solution or
through souring by lacto-fermentation.
20. TEMPEH
• Tempeh is a fermented soybean product whose
flavor is described as nutty, earthy or similar to
a mushroom.
• It is originally from Indonesia but has become
popular worldwide as a high-protein meat
substitute.
21. Benefits
The fermentation process actually has some
surprising effects on its nutritional profile-
phytic acid that impairs the absorption of minerals like
iron and zinc.
However, fermentation phytic acid, may increase the
amount of minerals.
Also produces some vitamin B12, that soybeans do not
contain.
23. KIMCHI
• Kimchi is a spicy Korean side dish.
• Cabbage is usually the main ingredient but
other vegetables might also be used.
• Kimchi is flavored with a mix of seasonings,
such as red chili pepper flakes, garlic, ginger,
scallion and salt.
• Kimchi contain the lactic acid Lactobacillus
kimchi, as well as other lactic acid bacteria that
may benefit digestive health.
24. Benefits
• Kimchi made from cabbage is high in
some vitamins and minerals.
• Kimchi can provide almost 50% of daily
required carotene.
• It is highly believed that Kimchi
could protect against bacterial
infection.
Zn
Vit-A
Carotene
Vit- C
Mg
B12
27. in excess cause
infection
bloating, diarrhea,
abdominal pain
interact with
immunosuppressive
drugs
skin rash, fever,
bloody stools etc.
Side
effects
28. Prebiotics
A non-digestible component which beneficially
affects the host by selectively stimulating the
growth and/or activity of one or a limited number
of colonic bacteria, thereby improving the health
of the host.
Examples: garlic, onions, chicory root(inulin)
, Asparagus, whole wheat, rye, barle.
29. Characteristics
Stability under acidic condition in the
stomach and the small colon.
Resistance to enzymatic action.
Hydrolysis and fermentation by
colonic bacteria.
Positively modulate the host defense
system.
30. SYNBIOTICS
• PROBIOTICS + PREBIOTICS
• Foods containing the combination of probiotics and
prebiotics are referred to as synbiotic .
• Improved survival in upper GIT and more efficient
implantation
32. • Central Food Technology And Research Institute,
Mysore, India
• National dairy research institute, Karnal,
Haryana, India
• Institute of microbial technology, Chandigarh,
India
• National dairy development board, Anand,
Gujarat, India
• Nestle Pvt Ltd, Panipath, Haryana, India
Institutes engaged in Probiotic research in India
33. Conclusion
• Probiotic bacteria confer health benefits by bolstering protective,
structural and metabolic functions in the human body.
• Not all probiotics are equal.
• Disconnect between scientific evidence and allowable claims.
• Claims should be substantiated with well- controlled clinical studies.
• Products should be characterized for content and stability.
34. References:
1. Agrawal, R. (2005). Probiotics: an Emerging Food Supplement with Health
2. Benefits. Food Biotechnology,19, 227-246.
1. Arvanitoyannis, I. S. & Van Houwelingen-Koukaliaroglou, M. (2005).
2. Functional Foods: A Survey Of Health Claims, Pros and Cons, and Current Legislation. Critical Reviews in Food Science and
Nutrition, (45), 385-404.
3. https://www.yakult.co.in/
4. "Probiotics: In Depth". National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Institutes of Health. 31
July 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
5. Degnan FH. The US Food and Drug Administration and probiotics: regulatory categorization. Clinical Infectious
Diseases. 2008;46(Suppl 2):S133–S136.
6. Yogurt: from Part 131 – Milk and Cream. Subpart B—Requirements for Specific Standardized Milk and Cream, Sec.
131.200". Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21, US Food and Drug Administration. 1 April 2016.
7. FAO/WHO: Health and nutritional properties of probiotics in food including powder milk with live lactic acid
bacteria. 2001. www.fao.org.
