The document discusses the significance of gut microbiota and the impact of various factors, including antibiotics and diet, on digestive health and immunity. It outlines the roles of probiotics and prebiotics, highlighting specific products like Activia and Yakult, as well as their potential health benefits, such as improving immune function and preventing gastrointestinal infections. Additionally, it addresses the historical development of probiotics and their use in preventing conditions like antibiotic-associated diarrhea.

1. DO YOU LIKE JUNK FOOD?
DO YOU LIKE TO SLEEP LONGER IN YOUR BED?
DO YOU TAKE ANTIBIOTICS OR POP A PILL AT THE FIRST
INSTANCE OF A SORE THROAT OR COLD OR FEVER?
ARE YOU STRESSED FOR SUBMITTING AN
ASSIGNMENT/EXAMS/ENTRANCES/EMPLOYMENT/BREAK UP/LOSS
OF SPOUSE/LOSS OF PARENT?

2. •Have you ever wondered why some
people have better immune systems than
others?
•Do you know that antibiotics, excessive
alcohol intake, stress, exposure to toxic
substances, and other diseases can
affect the gut microflora?
Are these two points related?Are these two points related?

3. The intestinal microbiota is important for maintenance of host
health, providing energy, nutrients and protection against invading
organisms.
Colonic microbiota is relatively stable throughout adult life, however,
age-related changes in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, as well as
changes in diet and host immune system reactivity, inevitably affect
population composition
Intestinal microbiota and Immunity

4. Increased numbers of facultative anaerobes, in conjunction with a
decrease in beneficial organisms such as the anaerobic lactobacilli and
bifidobacteria, amongst other anaerobes, have been reported.
These changes, along with a general reduction in species diversity in most
bacterial groups, and changes to diet and digestive physiology such as
intestinal transit time, may result in increased putrefaction in the colon and
a greater susceptibility to disease.
Resident bacteria within the
human gut are considered to
represent a crucial line of
defence against colonization
by potentially pathogenic
micro-organisms
dietary supplements containing prebiotics, probiotics and a
combination of both of these, synbiotics.

5. Key changes to the intestinal microflora observed in elderly populations
ABE: antibiotic treated elderly SCFA: short chain fatty acids

6. A probiotic is a live micro organism which, when given in
adequate quantity, has an beneficial effect on the host.
What is a probiotic?
Ref: World Health Organisation
A Probiotic is proven to survive the passage through the
the passage through the gastro gastro-intestinal tract,
intestinal tract, (where it exerts its effects on digestive
system)

7. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are the most common type of microbes
used.
LAB have been used in the food industry for many years, because
they are able to convert sugars (including lactose) and other
carbohydrates into lactic acid.
This not only provides the characteristic sour taste of fermented
dairy foods such as yogurt, but also by lowering the pH may create
fewer opportunities for spoilage organisms to grow, hence creating
possible health benefits on preventing gastrointestinal infections.
Strains of the genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, are the
most widely used probiotic bacteria.[
Bacteria Responsible

8. A prebiotic can typically be CHOs
(oligosaccharides); soluble fibre can also be
included.
It should increase the number and/or activity of
bifidobacteria and lactic acid bacteria
What is a prebiotic?
“Non-digestible food ingredients that beneficially affect the
host by selectively stimulating the growth and/or activity of
one or a limited number of bacteria in the colon, and thus
improve host health”

9. Traditional dietary sources of prebiotics include soybeans, inulin
sources (such as Jerusalem artichoke, jicama, and chicory root),
raw oats, unrefined wheat, unrefined barley and yacon.
Some of the oligosaccharides that naturally occur in breast milk
are believed to play an important role in the development of a
healthy immune system in infants, but these are not considered
prebiotics, as they do not act through the intestinal microflora.
prebiotics

10. Activia®, a probiotic yogurt (Danone)
Lactobacillus bulgaricus
Bifidobacterium animalis
DN-173 010
Streptococcus thermophilus
+ +

11. •Activia contains BL, an exclusive live culture that resists gastric
acids.
•BL reaches the intestine in large, live quantities.
•BL can then play its role on the intestinal flora.
•Regularize the intestinal transit. (Scientifically Proven)
How does Activia works?
Activia is a probiotic yogurt; contains 1 billion of
Bifidobacterium animalis REGULARIS in each portion of 100g.

12. Activia®, a probiotic drink (Danone)
Lactobacillus bulgaricus Streptococcus thermophilus
+ +
Lactobacillus casei DN-114 001

13. DanActive helps strengthen your body’s natural defenses
DanActive works on the 3lines of defenses in our gut
DanActive is a probiotic drink; contains 108
cfu/g of
Lactobacillus casei DEFENSIS in each bottle.

14. History of Probiotics Nobel laureate Eli Metchnikoff in 20th
Century
“The ageing process results from the activity of
putrefactive (proteolytic) microbes producing toxic
substances in the large bowel.
Proteolytic bacteria such as clostridia, which are part of the
normal gut flora, produce toxic substances including phenols,
indols and ammonia from the digestion of proteins.”
Milk fermented with lactic-acid bacteria inhibits the growth of proteolytic
bacteria because of the low pH produced by the fermentation of lactose
Bifidobacterium bifidum
Henry Tissier: isolated bifidobacteria from breast fed infants. It
prevents growth of proteolytic bacteria.

15. In the 1960s the dairy industry began to promote fermented milk products
containing Lactobacillus acidophilus.
In subsequent decades other [Lactobacillus] species have been introduced including
Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus casei, and Lactobacillus johnsonii, because
they are intestinal species with beneficial properties
German professor Alfred Nissle, in 1917 isolated a strain of Escherichia coli
from the feces of a First World War soldier who did not develop
enterocolitis during a severe outbreak of shigellosis.
In those days, antibiotics were not yet discovered, and Nissle used the strain
with considerable success in acute cases of infectious intestinal diseases
(salmonellosis and shigellosis). Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 is still in use and is
one of the few examples of a non-LAB probiotic.
Lactobacillus bulgaricus

16. Potential Benefits
Lactose Intolerance: lactose to lactic acid
Prevention of Colon Cancer: LAB ability to bind with heterocyclic
amines, which are carcinogenic substances formed in cooked meat
Cholesterol Lowering
Lowering Blood Pressure: due to the ACE (Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme)
inhibitor-like peptides produced during fermentation
Improving Immune Function and Preventing Infections: improve
immune function by increasing the number of IgA-producing plasma cells,
increasing or improving phagocytosis as well as increasing the proportion of T
lymphocytes and Natural Killer cells
Helicobacter pylori and Antibiotic-associated diarrhea
Diarrhea: treat various forms of gastroenteritis. They might reduce
both the duration of illness and the frequency of stools. Fermented
milk products (such as yogurt) also reduce the duration of symptoms.

17. Reducing Inflammation: modulate inflammatory and hypersensitivity responses,
due to the regulation of cytokine function
Improving Mineral Absorption: correct malabsorption of trace minerals
Prevents Harmful Bacterial Growth Under Stress
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) and Colitis
symptom-based diagnosis characterized by chronic abdominal pain,
discomfort, bloating, and alteration of bowel habits. As a functional
bowel disorder, IBS has no known organic cause.
Onset of IBS is more likely to occur after an infection (post-
infectious, IBS-PI), a stressful life event, or onset of maturity.
The most common theory is that IBS is a disorder of the interaction
between the brain and the gastrointestinal tract, although there may
also be abnormalities in the gut flora or the immune system.

18. Antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) results from an imbalance in
the colonic microbiota caused by antibiotic therapy.
Microbiota alteration changes carbohydrate metabolism with
decreased short-chain fatty acid absorption and an osmotic diarrhea
as a result.
Another consequence of antibiotic therapy leading to diarrhea is
overgrowth of potentially pathogenic organisms such as Clostridium
difficile.
Probiotic treatment might reduce the incidence and severity of AAD
as indicated in several meta-analyses.
For example, treatment with probiotic formulations including
Lactobacillus rhamnosus may reduce the risk of antibiotic-associated
diarrhea, improve stool consistency during antibiotic therapy

19. Heterocyclic amines: chemical compounds containing at least one
heterocyclic ring, which by definition has atoms
of at least two different elements, plus the
compound has at least one amine group.
The biological function of heterocyclic amines can
range from those of vitamins to carcinogens.
Carcinogenic heterocyclic amines are created by
high temperature cooking of meat (barbeque), for
example.

20. A classic example of a superinfection resulting from antibiotic administration is
the disease pseudomembranous enterocolitis caused by Clostridium difficile.
When a patient is treated with clindamycin, ampicillin, or cephalosporin, many
intestinal bacteria are killed, but C. difficile is not.
This intestinal inhabitant, which is normally a minor constituent of the
population, flourishes in the absence of competition and produces a toxin that
stimulates the secretion of a pseudomembrane by intestinal cells.
If the superinfection is not treated early with vancomycin, the
pseudomembrane must be surgically removed or the patient will die.
Fungi, such as the yeast Candida albicans, also produce superinfections when
bacterial competition is eliminated by antibiotics.
Super infection: is a condition produced by sudden growth of a type of
bacteria different from the original offenders in a wound or lesion under
treatment, such as Clostridium difficile overgrowth post antibiotic treatment.

21. Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor (ACE) is a
pharmaceutical drug used primarily for the treatment of hypertension
(high blood pressure) and congestive heart failure.
Synthesized from compounds found in pit viper venom, ACE
inhibitors inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme (a component of the
blood pressure-regulating renin-angiotensin system increases BP), thereby
decreasing the tension of blood vessels and blood volume, thus
lowering blood pressure.
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system:
Renin
Low BP-- Angiotensin---- aldosterone from adrenal
(decr in Na in DCT and blood vol by SNS)
Kidney
(JGC)
Renin---- Angiotensin I---- Angiotensin II-- vasoconstriction----incr
BP
ACE

22. IgA: mucosal immunity
IgA is the main immunoglobulin found in mucous secretions,
including tears, saliva, colostrum and secretions from the
genitourinary tract, gastrointestinal tract, prostate and
respiratory epithelium.
It is also found in small amounts in blood. The secretory
component of sIgA protects the immunoglobulin from being
degraded by proteolytic enzymes,
thus sIgA can survive in the harsh gastrointestinal tract
environment and provide protection against microbes that
multiply in body secretions.
Oral vaccines: Polio drops give mucosal immunity

24. It is also possible to increase and maintain a healthy
bacterial gut flora by increasing the amounts of
prebiotics in the diet such as inulin, raw oats, and
unrefined wheat.
As probiotics are mainly active in the small intestine and
prebiotics are only effective in the large intestine, the
combination of the two may give a synergistic effect.
Appropriate combinations of pre- and probiotics are
synbiotics
Synbiotics

26. Japanese probiotic milk-like product
made by fermenting a mixture of
skimmed milk with a special strain of
the bacteria Lactobacillus casei
Shirota.
By Minoru Shirota in 1930
Standard Yakult (excludes variations such as in
Yakult Light) contains :
Sugar (sucrose) to balance sourness with
sweetness.
Skim milk powder
Dextrose
Natural flavours
Live Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota , 6.5
billions per 65 mL bottle (concentration of 108
CFU/mL)
Water

27. • physiological state of the added probiotic in the food
• physicochemical conditions of food processing
• physical conditions of product storage, like temperature
• chemical composition of the product, such as content of
nutrients, oxygen (Bifidobacterium) or pH
• interactions with other product components, that can be
inhibitory or protective
Effect of factors on Survival of probiotics in FOOD

28. Live probiotic cultures are available in fermented dairy
products and probiotic fortified foods.
However, tablets, capsules, powders and sachets
containing the bacteria in freeze dried form are also
available.
Industrial Use

29. Some additional forms of lactic acid bacteria include:
1.Lactobacillus bulgaricus
2.Streptococcus thermophilus
3."Lactobacillus bifidus" - became new genus Bifidobacterium
Some fermented products containing similar lactic acid bacteria
include:
1.Pickled vegetables
2.Fermented bean paste such as tempeh,
3. miso and doenjang
4.Kefir
5.Buttermilk or Karnemelk
6.Kimchi
7.Pao cai
8.Sauerkraut
9.Soy sauce
10.Zha ca