This document discusses three types of research methodologies: survey research, correlation research, and causal-comparative research. Survey research involves collecting data from a sample population at one or more points in time to describe characteristics. Correlation research investigates relationships between two variables to help explain behaviors or predict outcomes. Causal-comparative research attempts to determine the causes or consequences of existing differences between groups by comparing them. Examples of research objectives and questions are provided for each methodology.

1. EDU 702
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
SURVEY, CORRELATION & CAUSAL
COMPARITIVE RESEARCH
Prepared for:
DR. JOHAN @ EDDY LUARAN
Prepared by:
Akmal Binti Ahamed Kamal 2013518657
Fatin Athirah Binti Ismail 2013374739
Maryam Solehah Binti Zakaria 2013932773
Nor Nadia Bt Abdul Razak 2013168885
Nur Nabihah Binti Mohd Nizar 2013151033
Nurul Aina Binti Che Arifin 2013110407

2. What?
Determine specific
characteristic.
Descriptive survey
Interview
SURVEY RESEARCH

3. Describe characteristic of
a population
Distribute themselves on
one or more variables
Why are survey conducted?

4. Type of
survey
Cross
sectional
survey
Collect information
from a sample at
just one point in time
Longitudinal
survey
Collect information
at different point in
time
1) Trend study
2) Cohort study
3) Panel study

5. 1. Trend Study
~ A populations whose members may
changer over the time
2. Cohort Study
~ A particular populations whose
members do not change
3. Panel Study
~ use the same sample at different times

6. Is means a survey should be sufficiently interesting & important
to motivate individuals to respond.
Researcher need to define clearly their objective in conducting
a survey.
Each question should relate to one or more of the survey
objective.
One strategy for defining survey questions is use a hierarchical
approach.
What is hierarchical approach?
Steps in survey research

7. The focus of study in a survey is called the unit of
analysis.
What is unit of analysis?
As in other types of research, the group of person
that is the focus of the study called the target
population.
There are four basic ways to collect data in a survey
such as:
By direct administration to a group
By mail
By telephone
By personal interview

8. What?
Investigate the possibility of relationships
between only two variables.
Descriptive research- describe an existing
relationship between variables.
Carried out for one or two basic purposes
either to help explain important human
behaviour or to predict likely outcomes.
CORRELATION RESEARCH

9. To carried out to help explain
important human behaviours
or to predict likely outcomes.
Purposes of correlational research

10. Explanatory studies
It is to clarify out understanding of
important phenomena by identifying
relationship among variables.
Always investigate a number of
variables they believe are related to a
more complex variables such as
motivation or learning.
Types of correlational research

11. Selecting a problem
Choosing a sample
Selecting or
developing instrument
Determining
procedures
Collecting and
analyzing data
Interpreting result
Basic steps

12. Teacher about to study the causes
of the amount of descriptive
behaviours display in class.
Student having difficulty in
mathematic subject. Teacher about
to study the causes of student does
not perform in the subject.
Example

13. What?
Investigator attempt to determine the cause
or consequences of differences that already
exist between or among group of individuals.
Sometimes viewed, along with correlational
research, as a form of associational
research, since both describe conditions that
already exist.
CAUSAL COMPARATIVE
RESEARCH

14. That two groups of individuals
differ on some variable ( such as
teaching style) and then interrupt
to determine the reason for, or the
result of this difference.
Example

15. Group Differences
The group difference variable in a causal comparative
study is:
Either a variable that cannot be manipulated (such
as ethnicity) or one that might have been
manipulated but for one reasons or another has not
been (such as teaching style)
Example: in the effects of a new diet on very young
children

16. It is about one of the type of research method that using
comparison between cause and effect. Comparisons can
establish whether something can be explained by the same
causes or not. The difference can be a conclusion but not for
the cause of difference. Interpretation of this kind of method is
limited because these studies are of value in identified possible
causes of observed variation in the behaviour pattern of
students.
This kind of research can be used in prediction about problem
such as, the different achievements of student in the class. If it
about teaching methods, it can be research either it is related
with art multimedia method or the self-learning methods.
Type Of Research

17. Research objectives are:
To identify the meaning of survey, correlation and
causal comparative research.
To examine the types of survey, correlation and
causal comparative research.
To identify the purposes of this three research
method.
Example Of Research Objectives

18. Research questions are:
What are the meaning of survey, correlation and
causal comparative research?
What are the types of survey, correlation and causal
comparative research?
What are the purposes of this three research
method?
Example Of Research Questions

19. What are three (3) longitdinal designed are
commonly employed in survey research?
What are advantages and disadvantages to
collect data in a survey by web- based survey ?
What will you find when you handle correlational
research?
What is purpose of correlational research?
What differences in abilities are caused by
gender?
Do you think casual comparative-research can
avoid the bias judgement?
Question