This document discusses elements of research methodology. It defines research methodology as the specific procedures used to conduct research. The key elements of research methodology include framing a research question, developing hypotheses, choosing a research design, determining the population and sample, selecting tools and procedures for data collection, analyzing data, and identifying limitations. The document also discusses types of research questions, types of research studies such as longitudinal and cross-sectional studies, and factors to consider in assessing the feasibility of a research question, such as relevance, sample availability, and costs. It provides examples of well-framed research questions and gives tips for writing a clear research title from the research question.

1. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
PART 2
Dr. NELSON C ELIAS, Ph.D.

2. Dr.NELSON C ELIAS,Ph.D.(Psy.)
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3. OBJECTIVES
PART 2
DEFINE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
ELEMENTS OF RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
FRAMING A RESEARCH QUESTION
TURNING IT INTO A TITLE

4. DEFINITION
Research methodology is
the specific procedures
or techniques used to
identify, select, process,
and analyze information
about a topic.

5. ELEMENTS OF RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
1) RESEARCH
QUESTION
2) HYPOTHESIS
3) RESEARCH DESIGN
4) POPULATION &
SAMPLE
5) TOOLS
6) PROCEDURES
7) ANALYSIS OF DATA
8) LIMITATION &
DELIMITATION
9)Conclusion,
Recommendations
10) References

6. FRAMING A RESEARCH QUESTION

7. A FEW TERMS
VARIABLES
a) Independent
b) dependent
CONTROL GROUP(Comparison
group)
EXPERIMENTAL GROUP(treatment
group)
The independent variable is the variable that
is controlled and manipulated by the
experimenter.
The dependent variable is the variable that is
measured by the experimenter.
The control group is composed of
participants who do not receive the
experimental treatment.
An experimental group, receives the
treatment whose effect researchers wish to
study

8. TYPES OF RESEARCH
BASIC VS. APPLIED
QUANTITATIVE Vs. QUALITATIVE
QUANTITATIVE - Correlational, experimental and quasi-
experimental
QUALITATIVE - Descriptive (Observation, case study)

9. QUANTITATIVE
CORRELATIONAL design which measures a relationship between two or more variables
without the researcher controlling them. It aims to find out whether there is a positive or
negative correlation. It does not imply causation.
EXPERIMENTAL - involves manipulating one variable to determine whether
changes in one variable cause changes in another variable. It relies on controlled
methods, random assignment and the manipulation of variables to test a
hypothesis.
QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL - without the random assignment of
participants to conditions or orders of conditions

10. TYPES OF RESEARCH QUESTIONS
OPEN ENDED QUESTIONS
Descriptive
Exploratory
CLOSE ENDED QUESTIONS
Relational (Correlational)
Causal (includes Experimental)

11. TYPES OF RESEARCH STUDIES
LONGITUDINAL STUDY
Makes comparison over
time. It involves repeated
observation of the same
sample and variables over a
short or long periods of
time. Same group
compared.
CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY
Makes comparison at a
single point in time. Examine
different samples of the
population at one time in
point. Different groups
compared. Easy.

12. FEASIBILITY OF THE
RESEARCH
QUESTION

13. POINTS TO CONSIDER
● RELEVANT
● POPULATION AND SAMPLE
(Ethical issues, existing rules
and regulations, availability,
payment etc.)
● INCLUSION OF
INTERVENTION -Its
feasibility)
● EQUIPMENT
● AVAILABILITY OF
VALID TOOLS
● TIME
● COST

14. FRAME A RESEARCH QUESTION
Ask a few questions before you prepare the research questions -
TOPIC, WHO, WHAT , WHERE etc. For Example
Topic - stress Who - High School students What - Academic
achievement
Where - District of Palakkad
Research question - How does stress affect the academic achievement
among the high school students of palakkad district ?

15. Contd.
Ask a few more question yourself before proceeding
1) Are you planning for an interventional or relational study
2) Whether the sample will be available
3) Availability of valid tools
Besides it, think about the other points regarding the feasibility of the
research question.

16. A FEW EXAMPLES
● What is the role of social media on the
development of gender bias among adolescents in
India?
● What is the parenting styles among tribal primary
school children in the state of Madhya Pradesh?
● How does stress inoculation training influence the
emotional well being among working women ?
● What is the role of emotional intelligence on the
academic achievement among college students ?

17. CONVERTING A RESEARCH QUESTION
INTO A TITLE

18. TITLE
Avoid the use of articles (a,the). Eg. The impact of…..(avoid “The”)
Should not be more than 12 words in length
Should be self explanatory
Brief but should communicate the variables
It should communicate what the research paper is about.
Avoid using phrases like “A study on..”

19. A FEW TITLES
● Impact of social media on the development
of gender bias among adolescents.
● Parenting styles among tribal children in
Madhya Pradesh.
● Impact of stress inoculation training on
emotional well being among working
women.
● Emotional intelligence and academic
achievement among college students.
(Try to classify them - types of research)

20. Let us
recollect
Framing a
Research
question

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Dr. NELSON C ELIAS