Research

2. Broad Topic Specific Topic
Relevance/ Significance
to immediate community/
society
Gaps identified
from other similar
research papers
Research Questions
(3 questions that are
measurable)
Education The Use of
Computer-
based
Simulations in
Teaching
Chemistry 10
1. The use of computer-
based instructions to
improve teaching
Chemistry concepts
2. Improvement in
students’ academic
achievement
1. Availability of
resources
2. Teachers’ skills
3. Students’
technical skills
4. Use of proper
tools
5. Tracking
6. Balance in
Traditional and
Online Methods
7. Internet
connectivity
factor
1. What is the level of
technical skills of
students and
teachers?
2. What is the level of
achievement scores
of students in the pre-
test and post-test?
3. Is there a significant
difference in the
achievement scores
of the students in the
pre-test and post-
test?
ACTIVITY TIME: Matrix for Research Topic Presentation

3. Types of Research
INVESTIGATORY PROJECT-MAKING 10
Sir Fern

4.  Describe and discuss the characteristics of research
 Explain the purposes of research
 Classify research based on a set of criteria
 Differentiate the various types of research
Intended Learning Outcomes

5. Connecting concepts
Linking Old and New Knowledge
ACTIVITY 1: MAKING WORDS MEANINGFUL
Directions: INDIVIDUAL WORK. Relying on your stock knowledge,
write the meaning of the following words used in the selection that
you will read later. Be guided by some clues in the given sentences.

6. 1. Absolute_______________________________________________________________________
Man has no absolute power over something; God has.
2. Abstract_______________________________________________________________________
A stone is concrete; intelligence is abstract.
3. Portrayal_______________________________________________________________________
Give a clearer portrayal of what is in your mind by drawing it on that paper.
4. Adopt_________________________________________________________________________
Adopt a lawful procedure in adopting those orphans.
5. Hallmark_______________________________________________________________________
One hallmark you ought to treasure is your golden trophy.
6. Perspective____________________________________________________________________
Change your sitting position to have a better perspective about the whole thing.
7. Hone_________________________________________________________________________
Hone your reading skills by spending more time in reading books.
8. Superb________________________________________________________________________
For the actor’s superb performance, he won an award.
9. Ins and outs____________________________________________________________________
First, know the ins and outs of marriage before deciding to tie the knot with him.
10. Trigger_______________________________________________________________________
Say a line on love to trigger off a conversation between those two people.

7. Probing Questions:
1. What are the characteristics of research?
2. What are the purposes of research?

8. Types of Research
1. Based on Application of Research Method
2. Based on Purpose of the Research
3. Based on the Types of Data

9. 1. Based on Application of Research Method
Pure Research: Also known as “basic” or “fundamental” research, is
exploratory in nature and is conducted without any practical end-use in
mind. It simply aims to advance knowledge and to identify/explain
relationships between variables. However, as the term “fundamental”
suggests, pure research may provide a foundation for further, sometimes
applied research.
Applied Research: Designed to solve practical problems of the
modern world, rather than to acquire knowledge for knowledge's sake.
Carried out in order to solve specific, practical questions or problems.

10. Basic science or pure research
investigations probe for answers to
questions such as:
• How did the universe begin?
• What are protons, neutrons, and
electrons composed of?
• How do slime molds reproduce?
• What is the specific genetic code of the
fruit fly?
Applied researchers may
investigate ways to:
• improve agricultural crop
production
• treat or cure a specific disease
• improve the energy efficiency of
homes, offices, or modes of
transportation
As Dr. George Smoot of LBNL says, "People cannot foresee the future well enough to predict
what's going to develop from basic research. If we only did applied research, we would still be
making better spears."
*Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Pure and Applied Research

11. 2. Based on the purpose of the research
PURPOSE
DESCRIPTIVE
CORRELATIONAL
EXPLANATORY
EXPLORATORY
ACTION

12. A. Descriptive Research
Descriptive research is research used to “describe” a situation, subject,
behavior, or phenomenon. It is used to answer questions of who, what,
when, where, and how associated with a particular research question or
problem.
It attempts to gather quantifiable information that can be used to
statistically analyze a target audience or a particular subject. Descriptive
research is used to observe and describe a research subject or problem
without influencing or manipulating the variables in any way.
**These types of experiments are often used by anthropologists, psychologists and social
scientists to observe natural behaviors without affecting them in any way. It is also used by
market researchers to judge the habits of customers, or by companies wishing to judge the
morale of staff.

13. This type of research is conclusive in nature, rather than
exploratory. Therefore, descriptive research does not attempt to answer “why”
and is not used to discover inferences, make predictions or establish causal
relationships.
Descriptive Research
Following is a list of research questions or problems that may lend themselves to
descriptive research:
• Market researchers may want to observe the habits of consumers.
• A company may be wanting to evaluate the morale of the staff.
• A school district may research whether or not students are more likely to access online
textbooks than to use printed copies.
• A school district may wish to assess teachers’ attitudes about using technology in the
classroom.
• An educational software company may want to know what aspects of the software make it
more likely to be used by students.
• A researcher may wish to study the impact of hands-on activities and laboratory
experiments on students’ perceptions of science.
• A researcher could be studying whether or not the availability of hiking/biking trails
increases the physical activity levels in a neighborhood.

14. In some types of descriptive research, the researcher does not interact with the
subjects. In other types, the researcher does interact with the subjects and collects
information directly from them. Some descriptive studies may be cross-sectional,
whereby the researcher has a one-time interaction with the test subjects. Other
studies may be longitudinal, where the same test subjects are followed over
time. There are three main methods that may be used in descriptive research:
A. Observational Method – Used to review and record the actions and behaviors
of a group of test subjects in their natural environment. The research typically does
not have interaction with the test subject.
B. Case Study Method – This is a much more in-depth study of an individual or
small group of individuals. It may or may not involve interaction with the test
subjects.
C. Survey Method – Researchers interact with individual test subjects by collecting
information through the use of surveys or interviews.

15. B. Correlational Research
Shows the relationship or connection of two factors,
circumstances, or agents called variables that affect the
research. It is only concerned in indicating the existence of a
relationship, not the causes and ways of the development of
such relationship.

16. It does not describe the nature of the relationship as in
descriptive research and it cannot be used to determine
causation as experimental research. Rather, it measures the
extent to which two variables are related. The purpose of the
research is to determine which variables are interacting and
what type of interaction is occurring. This allows the
researcher to make predictions based on the relationship
found. For example, if a change in variable A consistently
resulted in a change to variable B, a correlational relationship
could be described.
Correlational Research

17. EXAMPLE:
Consider hypothetically, a researcher is studying a correlation
between cancer and marriage. In this study, there are two
variables: cancer and marriage.
Let us say marriage has a negative correlation with cancer. This
means that people who are married are less likely to develop
cancer.
However, this doesn’t necessarily mean that marriage directly
avoids cancer. In correlational research, it is not possible to
establish the fact, what causes what.
Correlational Research

18. Types of Correlational Research
1. Positive correlation: ”an increase in one variable leads to an increase in the other
variable and a decrease in one variable will see a decrease in the other variable.”
For example, the amount of money a person has might positively correlate with the number of cars
he has.
2. Negative correlation: ”if there is an increase in one variable, the second variable will
show a decrease and vice versa”
For example, the level of being educated might negatively correlate with the crime rate when an
increase in one variable leads to a decrease in another and vice versa. This means if in some
ways the level of education in a country is improved, it can lead to lowering the crime rates. Please
note, that this doesn’t mean that lack of education leads to crimes. This means lack of education
and crime is believed to have a common reason: poverty.
3. No correlation: In this third type, two variables are not correlated. This means a change in
one variable may not necessarily see a change in the other variable. For example, being a
millionaire and happiness is not correlated. This means an increase in money doesn’t lead to
happiness.
Correlational Research

19. Data Collection in Correlational Research
The distinctive
feature of
correlational
research is that
neither of the
variable
involved is
manipulated.
There are three common data collection methods that are
used to collect information in correlational research.
1. Naturalistic Observation
3. Archival Data
2. Survey
Correlational Research

20. C. Explanatory Research
This type of research elaborates or explains not just the
reasons behind the relationships of two factors, but also the
ways by which such relationship exists.
Explanatory research, also known as Causal research,
is conducted in order to identify the extent and nature of
cause-and-effect relationships. Causal research can be
conducted in order to assess impacts of specific
changes on existing norms, various processes etc.

21. Examples
• To assess the impacts of foreign direct investment
on the levels of economic growth in the PH
• To analyze the effects of re-branding initiatives on
the levels of customer loyalty
• To identify the nature of impact of work process
re-engineering on the levels of employee
motivation
Explanatory Research

22. D. Exploratory Research
Exploratory research is defined as a research used to investigate a
problem which is not clearly defined. It is conducted to have a better
understanding of the existing problem, but will not provide conclusive
results.

23. Types and methodologies of exploratory research
There are two ways in which research can be
conducted namely, primary and secondary.
Under these two types, there are multiple
methods which can used by a researcher. The
data gathered from these research can
be qualitative or quantitative.
Exploratory Research

24. Some of the widely used research methods in exploratory research
Primary Research Methods
Primary research is information gathered directly
from the subject. It can be through a group of people
or even an individual. Such a research can be carried
out directly by the researcher himself or can employ
a third party to conduct it on their behalf. Primary
research is specifically carried out to explore a
certain problem which requires an in-depth study.
Exploratory Research

25. Surveys/polls: Surveys/polls are used to gather information from a predefined group of respondents.
For example: A survey is sent to a given set of audience to understand their opinions about the size of
mobile phones when they purchase one. Based on such information organization can dig deeper into
the topic and make business related decision.
Interviews: Interviews are carried out in person or on telephone which have open-ended questions to
get meaningful information about the topic.
For example: An interview with an employee can give you more insights to find out the degree of job
satisfaction, or an interview with a subject matter expert of quantum theory can give you in-depth
information on that topic.
Focus groups: A focus group helps a research identify the opinions of consumers if they were to buy a
phone. Such a research can help the researcher understand what the consumer value while buying a
phone. It may be screen size, brand value or even the dimensions.
Primary Research Methods
Exploratory Research

26. Observations: Such a research is done to observe a person and draw the finding
from their reaction to certain parameters. In such a research, there is no direct
interaction with the subject.
For example: An phone company wants to know how its consumer react to the new
shape of their product. The researcher observes the customers first reaction and
collects the data, which is then used to draw inferences from the collective
information
Exploratory Research

27. Secondary research methods
Secondary research is gathering information from previously
published primary research. In such a research you gather
information from sources likes case studies, magazines,
newspapers, books, etc.
•Case studies: Health of an all-vegan diet
•Literature reviews: Preexisting research about students’ eating habits and how
they have changed over time
•Online polls, surveys, blog posts, or interviews; social media: Have other
schools done something similar?
Exploratory Research

28. The main difference between explanatory and
exploratory research is that explanatory research explains
why certain phenomena work in the way that they do,
whereas exploratory research explores and investigates a
problem that is not clearly defined.
A researcher conducts exploratory research when he or she has just
begun researching and wants to understand and explore the topic
generally. A researcher will use explanatory research when he or she
wants to explain why a certain phenomenon happens.

31. E. Action Research
Action research can be defined as “an approach in which the
action researcher and a client collaborate in the diagnosis of
the problem and in the development of a solution based on
the diagnosis”. In other words, one of the main characteristic
traits of action research relates to collaboration between
researcher and member of organization in order to solve
organizational problems.

32. The following features of action research need to be taken into
account when considering its suitability for any given study:
• It is applied in order to improve specific practices.
• Action research is based on action, evaluation and critical
analysis of practices based on collected data in order to
introduce improvements in relevant practices.
• This type of research is facilitated by participation and
collaboration of number of individuals with a common purpose
• Such a research focuses on specific situations and their context
Action Research

33. 3. Based on the Types of Data
Qualitative: Requires non-numerical data. It is largely an
investigation of data that cannot be measured but are
reflective of people’s thoughts, beliefs, feelings, views and
lifestyle.
Quantitative: Uses numbers and statistics to understand
frequencies, averages and correlations (in descriptive studies)
or cause-and-effect relationships (in experiments).

34. How do I decide which research methods to use?
The research methods you use depend on the type of data you need to
answer your research question.
• If you want to measure something or test a hypothesis, use quantitative
methods. If you want to explore ideas, thoughts and meanings,
use qualitative methods.
• If you want to analyze a large amount of readily-available data, use
secondary data. If you want data specific to your purposes with control
over how it is generated, collect primary data.
• If you want to establish cause-and-effect relationships between variables,
use experimental methods. If you want to understand the characteristics of
a research subject, use descriptive methods.

36. https://www.iedunote.com/research-process

37. https://www.scribbr.com/category/methodology/
https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/experimental-
design/

38. Identify the specific type of
research for each given topic
by writing the letter of the
research type on the line
before the number.
a. Action
b. Pure
c. Applied
d. Descriptive
e. Explanatory
f. Correlation
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3. Landline vs. Cellphone
4. Reasons Behind Tuition Fee Increases
5. Manila Flash Flood Solutions
6. College Assessment Practices
7. Critical Thinking and Creative Thinking
in Learning-Teaching Situations
8. The Why and How of Internet Use
9. Effects of Korean Telenovelas on
Filipino TV Viewers
10. Digital Age
11.Teaching Through PowerPoint
Presentations
12.Archimedes’ Principle of Buoyancy