This document discusses different types of educational research methods. It outlines historical research, which analyzes past events to understand present concepts. Experimental research involves controlling educational factors to observe their effects. Descriptive research collects data from a large sample to provide information about characteristics of a population or problem. Causal-comparative research examines the effect of an independent variable on a dependent variable without manipulation. Correlational research explores relationships between two or more variables. Qualitative research seeks detailed understanding of phenomena through words and pictures. The document provides examples of topics that could be researched with each method.

1. EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH
(837)
UNIT 4: CLASSIFICATION OF EDUCATIONAL
RESEARCH BY METHOD
Dr. Zaheer Ahmad
Course Coordinator

2. OBJECTIVES OF THE UNIT
 Discuss the classification of research
methods;
 Explain the historical research method;
 Describe the descriptive research;
 Specify the quasi experimental research;
 Evaluate the qualitative research

3.  As per the nature of the problem, the researcher
chooses one or two type of researches to achieve
the objective of the research.
 Selecting and conducting relevant research enables
the researcher to collect valid results and
appropriate conclusions regarding the phenomena
of interest.
 The major types of research are given below and
understanding of which are necessary for a good
researcher.

4. TYPES OF RESEARCH BY
METHOD
1. Historical research
2. Experimental research
3. Descriptive research
4. Causal Comparative research
5. Co-relational research
6. Qualitative research

5.  Historical research justifies itself when used to find
out the solutions of the present day problems on the
basis of the experiences of the past.
 It analyze the past events and develops present
concept and conclusion.
 It describe what occurs in the past.
Historical Research

9.  "Experimentation is the name given to the type of
educational research in which the investigator
controls the educative factors to which a child or
group of children is subjected during the period of
inquiry, and observes the resulting achievements."
Experimental Research

12.  It is concerned not with the characteristics, of
individuals but with characteristics of the whole
population or a sample thereof.
 It collects data from a relatively large number of
subjects.
 It provides information useful to the solution of local
problems.
 Its scope is very vast.
 Surveys may be qualitative of quantitative.
 Descriptions may be' either verbal or expressed in
mathematical terms.
Characteristics

14. CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE RESEARCH
 Causal comparative research is conducted to find
out the effect of at least one independent variable
on at least one dependent variable without any
manipulation.
 This research is used when independent variable
could not be, cannot be, or should not be
manipulated.
For example:
 Effect of Pre-Schooling on First Graders Confidence
Level
 Effect of Teachers’ Locality and Gender on Students’
Pronunciation and Accent

15. CO-RELATIONAL RESEARCH
 Co-relational research is conducted to explore the
relationship/ association between two or more
variables.
 Being positive or negative tells the direction of the
relationship
 Near to zero or near to one tell the strength of the
relationship
 Co-relation is measured by Pearson r co-relation
which results in coefficient whose values ranges from
-1 to 1
For example:
 Studying the Relationship between Students’ Achievement
and Motivation Level
 Studying the Relationship between Students’ Absenteeism
and Achievement

16. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
 Qualitative research seeks to explore the phenomena
in order to have a detailed picture which is not
possible by using other researches.
 The data is usually in the form of words and pictures
and the researcher spends substantial time with the
participants of the study to gauge their living styles,
their behavior, their tradition and implementation of
their values in the community.
For Example:
 Exploring the Teaching Styles and Interaction with Students
in a Village Classroom
 A Case Study of the Practices and Procedures of Top
Ranking Schools of the District

17. REVIEW
 List the types of research by method
 Differentiate between experimental research and causal
comparative research
 Name the instruments that are likely to be used in
descriptive research
 Name the variables of co-orelational research
 Explain the two types of criticism done in historical research
 Differentiate between primary and secondary sources of
data
 Write a topic that can be explored through qualitative
research