Inquiries, Investigation, Immersion

1. HYPOTHESIS
OF THE
STUDY

2. What is hypothesis?
Hypothesis is a tentative
explanation which serve as basis
of the solutions of the identified
problems in the investigation.

4. Alternative
Hypothesis

7. What is the IV?
What is the DV?

9. Independent Variables:
Dependent Variables:

19. Null Hypothesis it indicates no
relationship between and among the
variables under investigation (not
correlated, no difference, no effect).
Alternative Hypothesis indicates
a significant relationship.

20. Example:
Research Situation: A researcher is interested in whether the order of
questions in a multiple choice test affects the number of items
answered correctly. The researcher makes three forms of test: one
with easy items first and difficult items last; another difficult items first ,
easy items last and third with no order at all, easy difficult items
mixed together. Three forms of test were given to 60 students, with
each student getting only one form of test (20 students taking each
form of test). The researcher then compares the scores of the
students taking the three forms of test.
Null Hypothesis: There is no significant difference in the
test scores of the students when grouped according
to the test form taken.
Alternative Hypothesis: There is significant difference in
the test scores of the students when grouped
according to the test form taken.

21. Example:
Research Situation: The researcher
would like to know the effect of private
tutoring in the academic performance
of the students availing it.
Null Hypothesis: There is no significant difference in the
test scores of the students when grouped according
to the test form taken.
Alternative Hypothesis: There is significant difference in
the test scores of the students when grouped
according to the test form taken.

22. Note:
� There should only one claim
per hypothesis, either there is a
relationship or no relationship.
The types of hypothesis are
mutually exclusive, which
means that only one is
probably true.

23. Note:
� A researcher should take into
consideration what the
literature is conveying before
deciding on the form of
hypothesis to use in the study.

24. Create two examples of the following and identify
the independent and dependent Variables.
Research Hypothesis
� Directional Hypothesis
� Non Directional Hypothesis
Null Hypothesis
� Simple Null Hypothesis
� Complex Null Hypothesis
Alternative Hypothesis
� Complex Alternative Hypothesis

25. SUBJECT OF THE
STUDY
(POPULATION & SAMPLING DESIGN)

26. Things to include
Who are your respondents?
Why are they the most appropriate
individuals for your research study?
What sampling did you use to obtain these
respondents?

27. The Sampling Design
�What the researcher has to do here is to write
about the complete procedure s/he used in
determining his sample.
a. The size of the population
b. The study population
c. The margin of error and the proportion of
the study population used
d. The type of technique of sampling used
e. The actual computation of the sample
f. The sample

28. � Probability Sampling. The sample is a
proportion of the population (selected
by means of some systematic way in
which every element of population has
a chance of being included in the
sample.)
� Non-probability Sampling. The
sample is not a proportion of the
population and there is no system in
selecting the sample. The selection
depends on the situation.
General Types of Sampling

29. �Accidental Sampling. There is no system of
selection but only those whom the researcher or
interviewer meet by chance are included in the
sample.
�Quota Sampling. Specified numbers of
persons of certain types are included in the
sample.
�Convenience Sampling. A process of picking
out people in the most convenient and fastest
way to immediately get their reaction to a certain
hot and controversial issue.
Types of Non-Probability Sampling

30. � Pure Random Sampling. When everyone in the
population is given an equal chance of being
selected through lottery type of sampling. This may
be used if the population has no differentiated
levels, sections, or classes.
�Systematic Sampling. This is used when the
subjects are systematically arranged (alphabetical,
residential, geographical). Suppose 20% of the
population is the sample size. If 100% is divided by
20%, the answer is 5. Hence every 5th name in the
list is selected.
�Stratified Sampling. It is the process of selecting
randomly, samples from the different strata of the
population.
Types of Probability Sampling

31. RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

32. Things to include
What was the main research
instrument used?
Describe the research instrument?
Were the questions structured or
unstructured? Did you use a scale?
Were the questions divided into sets?
How?

33. DATA GATHERING
PROCEDURE

34. Things to include
When was it collected?
How was it distributed?
What kind of method (survey) was used?
Why this method?
What makes you say that your respondents
are qualified to answer your Survey
Questionnaire?

35. Types of survey technique/approach
Total population survey. The entire population is
involved in the survey.
Sample survey. Only a sample or portion of the
population is involved in the survey.
Social survey. Researches on the attitudes and
behavior of different groups of people
School survey. Used to gather data for and about
schools and to assess educational achievement and
education itself
Public opinion survey. Used to gauge the reactions of
people towards certain issues or persons
Poll survey. Regarding voting for a certain candidate
Market survey. Finds out the way that people
purchase products

36. Types of survey technique/approach
Evaluation survey. Evaluates the results whether
they are satisfactory or not, with the end in view of
making improvements
Comparative survey. The results from two
different groups, techniques, or procedures are
compared
Job Analysis survey. Provides information on
the general duties and responsibilities of
workers, their education, training experiences,
salaries, etc.
Community survey. Provides information on
the various aspects of the community

37. It helps the researcher in determining the validity
and reliability of his research instruments.
� Statistical manipulations organize raw data
systematically to make the latter appropriate for study.
It is used to test the hypotheses.
Statistical treatments give meaning and
interpretation to data.
Statistical procedures are indispensable in
� determining the levels of significance of vital statistical
measures.
Statistical Treatment of Data

38. Statistical Treatment of Data:
Guidelines
1. What was the formula used?
2. Why this formula?
2. Show the formula
2. How can this be the most appropriate
formula for your term paper?
2. How was this formula applied in your term
paper? Please illustrate