Three key points about the document:
1. The document discusses correlational research and survey research. It defines correlational research as studying relationships between two or more variables without influencing them. Survey research involves collecting data through questionnaires or interviews to answer hypotheses or questions about populations.
2. The basic steps of correlational research are discussed, including problem selection, sampling, instrumentation, design/procedures, data collection/analysis. Threats to internal validity like subject characteristics and mortality are also covered.
3. The different types of surveys - cross-sectional, longitudinal (trend, cohort, panel), are defined. The key steps of conducting survey research are outlined, such as defining the problem, identifying the
Definition of terms is usually an annex to a work (book, research paper, pamphlet,etc.) either at the beginning or more likely near the end with a list of acronyms, jargon, credits, etc. This is an important part of Research paper or report is that in which the key or important terms in the study are clearly defined.
Types and Functions
CONCEPTUAL
-Is the universal meaning that is attributed to a word or group of words and which is understood by many people.
CONCEPTUAL
It is abstract and most general in nature. The usual source of conceptual definition is the DICTIONARY which is the reference book of everyday language.
OPERATIONAL DEFINITION
-Is the meaning of the concept or term as used in a particular study. Unlike the conceptual definition, it is stated in concrete term in that it allows measurement.
The usual practice when using both types of definition is to state first the conceptual followed by the operational.
FUNCTIONS
FUNCTIONS
It establishes the rules and procedures the investigators will use to measure variables
It provides unambiguous meaning to terms that otherwise can be interpreted in different ways.
EXAMPLES
EXAMPLES
OPERATIONAL DEFINITION:
Reference:Basic Concepts and Methods in Research by Venancio B. ArdalesBest, John W. Research in Education Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey:Prentice Hall, 1970.Chen, Paul C.Y. “Traditional and Modern Medicine in Malaysia” Social Sciencee and Medicine 15A(1981):127-136
Definition of terms is usually an annex to a work (book, research paper, pamphlet,etc.) either at the beginning or more likely near the end with a list of acronyms, jargon, credits, etc. This is an important part of Research paper or report is that in which the key or important terms in the study are clearly defined.
Types and Functions
CONCEPTUAL
-Is the universal meaning that is attributed to a word or group of words and which is understood by many people.
CONCEPTUAL
It is abstract and most general in nature. The usual source of conceptual definition is the DICTIONARY which is the reference book of everyday language.
OPERATIONAL DEFINITION
-Is the meaning of the concept or term as used in a particular study. Unlike the conceptual definition, it is stated in concrete term in that it allows measurement.
The usual practice when using both types of definition is to state first the conceptual followed by the operational.
FUNCTIONS
FUNCTIONS
It establishes the rules and procedures the investigators will use to measure variables
It provides unambiguous meaning to terms that otherwise can be interpreted in different ways.
EXAMPLES
EXAMPLES
OPERATIONAL DEFINITION:
Reference:Basic Concepts and Methods in Research by Venancio B. ArdalesBest, John W. Research in Education Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey:Prentice Hall, 1970.Chen, Paul C.Y. “Traditional and Modern Medicine in Malaysia” Social Sciencee and Medicine 15A(1981):127-136
Research methods and paradigms is a topic from the subject Methods of Research (FC 402) of the degree Master of Arts in Educational Management, quantitative research, descriptive, survey, developmental, correlational, causal-comparative, experimental, true experimental, quasi-experimental, qualitative research, mixed methods research
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH VERSUS QUALITATIVE RESEARCHJimnaira Abanto
Content:
I. When to use Qualitative versus Quantitative Research
II. Differences: Qualitative Research versus Quantitative Research
III. Similarities: Qualitative Research and Quantitative Research
IV. The Kinds of Research Across Fields
You can watch here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0k7QqwBEvGE&t=919s
Research methods and paradigms is a topic from the subject Methods of Research (FC 402) of the degree Master of Arts in Educational Management, quantitative research, descriptive, survey, developmental, correlational, causal-comparative, experimental, true experimental, quasi-experimental, qualitative research, mixed methods research
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH VERSUS QUALITATIVE RESEARCHJimnaira Abanto
Content:
I. When to use Qualitative versus Quantitative Research
II. Differences: Qualitative Research versus Quantitative Research
III. Similarities: Qualitative Research and Quantitative Research
IV. The Kinds of Research Across Fields
You can watch here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0k7QqwBEvGE&t=919s
At the end of this lecture, the students should be able to
1.Understand structure of research study appropriate for ANOVA test
2.Understand how to evaluate the assumptions underlying this test
3. interpret SPSS outputs and report the results
An overview of, and introduction to, survey-based research in the social sciences.
http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Survey_research_and_design_in_psychology/Lectures/Survey_research
LASA 1 Final Project Early Methods Section3LASA 1.docxDIPESH30
LASA 1 Final Project Early Methods Section3
LASA 1: FINAL PROJECT EARLY METHODS SECTION
THE ROLE OF INTROVERSION AND EXTRAVERSION
PERSONALITY TRAITS ON MARITAL BLISS
STUDENT
_______ UNIVERSITY
PSY302-A01 Research Methods
Professor
April 15, 2015
Author Note:
This research was carried out as a partial fulfillment towards research methods course by.
Correspondence concerning this paper should be addressed to
1. What is your research question?
What is the significance of extroversion and introversion in marriage?
1. What is your hypothesis or hypotheses? What is the null hypothesis?
Null Hypothesis: Extroversion brings along successful family institution and marital bliss.
Alternate hypothesis: Extroversion does not bring along successful family institution and marital bliss.
1. How many participants would you like to use and why? What are the inclusion characteristics, i.e., what must they have in order to be included in your study (for example, gender, diagnosis, age, personality traits, etc.)? Are there any exclusion characteristics, i.e. are there certain characteristics that would exclude them from being in your study? Does the sample need to be diverse? Why or why not?
20 participants will be engaged in the research study. This is a small number that is easier to manage as well as coordinate their activities during the data collection exercise. Ideally, participants are required and are normally sampled from a large population to be a representative. The nature of the study will require the researcher to get participants who have experiences in marriage. On gender, I will sample equal number of men and women to act as the representative of the general population. The approach is guided by the population in the community where the number of women and men is at par. On age, I will pick individuals from across ages although the highest percentage will constitute of married individuals between the age of 30 and 40 years. Further, I will also pick four individuals who have divorced with the aim of understanding whether introversion or extroversion contributed to their divorce. I will also look at the personal traits of individuals; hence will both social and anti-social individuals. The target participants will precise, representative and homogeneous. They will then be divided into different sets or strata that are mutually exclusive in order to aid it obtaining a systematic process of research.
1. What sampling technique will be used to collect your sample? What population does yoursample generalize to?
Being a qualitative research, the research will utilize the sampling method in the collection of data. Surveying and questionnaire are the main data collection methods that are normally used in quantitative research. The methods aids in understanding the behavior and effects from different members of the focus groups. The approach helps to reduce biases that may emerge when using a bigger population size while at the same time gu ...
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Correlational n survey research
1. EDU 702
RESEACH METHODOLOGY
CORRELATIONAL & SURVEY RESEARCH
MOHD FIRDAUS BIN ABDUL AZIZ
MOHAMAD SHANIZAM BIN JASMANI
ZURA BINTI IBERAHIM
FARAH IZYAN BT SHAMSURI
NOOR HASMIDA BINTI MOHD KHAIR
2013204736
2013475344
2013458564
2013486496
2013895956
2. CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH
Definition
The relationships among two or more variables are studied without
any attempt to influence them.
Investigate the possibility of relationships between only two
variables, although investigations of more than two variables are
common.
A form of descriptive research because it describes an existing
relationship between variables.
4. Is done when there is already a hypothesis as to why something is
happening. Questions and tests are designed to support that hypotheses, and
prove if it is correct or not. It usually performed in relation to marketing or
when studying social phenomenon. For example, the current belief that
smoking causes lung cancer, although based in part on experimental studies
of animals, rests heavily on correlational evidence of the relationship
between frequency of smoking and incidence of lung cancer.
PREDICTION STUDIES
If a relationship of sufficient magnitude exists between the two
variables, it becomes possible to predict a score on one variable if a
score on the other variable is known. For example, high school grades
are highly related to college grades. We would predict that a person
with a high GPA in high school would be likely to have a high GPA in
college.
5. PROBLEM SELECTION
Correlational study should be based on a sound rationale growing
out of experience or theory.
Clarity in defining variables will avoid many problems later. In
general, three major types of problems are the focus of correlational
studies and one of the example is, “what are the relationships among a
large number of variables, and what predictions can be made that are
based on them?”
6. SAMPLE AND INSTRUMENTS
The minimum acceptable sample size for a correlational
study is considered by most researchers to be no less than 30.
Samples larger than 30 are much more likely to provide
meaningful results.
Instruments used to measure the two or more variables
involved in a correlational study may take any one of a number
of form, but they must yield quantitative data.
Most correlational studies involve the administration of some
type of instrument and that is tests, questionnaires and so on,
and sometimes observation.
7. DESIGN AND PROCEDURES
Two or more scores are obtained from each individual in the
sample, one score for each variable of interest.
The pairs of scores are then correlated, and the resulting correlation
coefficient indicates the degree of relationship between the variables.
8. Basic Steps in Correlational Research
1.
Problem Selection
There are 3 major types of problems:
Is variable X related to variable Y?
How well does variable P predict variable C?
What are the relationship among a large number of variables
and what predictions can be made?
2.
Sample
Should be selected carefully and if possible, randomly
Not less than 30
9. BASIC STEPS IN CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH
3.
Instruments
Most correlational studies involve the administration of some
types of instruments (tests, questionnaire and so on)
4.
Design and Procedures
Design used quite straightforward
5.
Data Collection
Data on both variables will usually be collected in a short time
Instruments used are administered in a single session or two
sessions
6.
Data Analysis and Interpretation
10. THREATS TO INTERNAL VALIDITY IN
CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH
There are some threats identified in conducting
correlational research:
1.
2.
3.
Subject Characteristics
Individual or groups have two or more characteristics; might be a cause
of variation in the other two variables.
Location
Location is different for different subject
One location may be more comfortable compared to others
Instrumentation
Instrument decay; care must be taken to ensure the observers don’t
become tired, bored or inattentive
Data collector characteristics; different gender, age or ethnicity may
affect specific response
11. THREATS TO INTERNAL VALIDITY IN CORRELATIONAL
RESEARCH
4. Testing
Experience of responding to the first instrument may
influence subject responses to the second instrument
5. Mortality
Loss of subjects may make a relationship more (or less) likely
in the remaining data
12. EVALUATING THREATS TO INTERNAL VALIDITY
Follows a procedure similar to the experimental research:
1.
Subject Characteristics
Four of many possible characteristics
i.
severity of disability
ii.
socioeconomic level of parents
iii. physical strength and coordination
iv. physical appearance
2.
Mortality
Loss of subjects can be expected to reduce magnitude of correlation
13. EVALUATING THREATS TO INTERNAL VALIDITY
3. Location
Threats could be controlled by independently assessing the
job-site environments
4. Instrumentation
Instrument decay; observations should scheduled
Data collector characteristics; interaction of data collectors
and supervisors is a necessary parts
Data collector bias; observers should have no knowledge of
job ratings
14. HOW DO WE EVALUATE A CORRELATIONAL STUDY?
To evaluate correlational study, we might follow the criteria given
below:
Adequacy of sampling for hypothesis testing
Display the results in matrices and graphs
Assessment of the magnitude of the relationship based on the
coefficient of determination, values, effect size
Form of relationships and appropriate statistics
Identify predictor and criterion variables
Predicted the direction of relationship among variables based on
observed data
Statistical procedures
15. WHAT IS A SURVEY?
Survey research is one of the most important areas of measurement
in applied social research. The broad area of survey research
encompasses any measurement procedures that involve asking
questions of respondents.
SURVEY RESEARCH involves collecting data to test hypotheses /to
Answer Q about people’s opinions on some topics or issue.
A SURVEY : instrument to collect data that describe one or more
characteristics of a specific population.
A SURVEY : consists of a predetermined set of questions that
is given to a sample.
17. Cross-Sectional survey
A cross-sectional study describes characteristics of that
population at one time, but cannot give any insight as to the
causes of population characteristics because it is a
predictive, correlational design.
Data are collected from selected individuals at a single point
in time.
Effective for providing a snapshot of a current behaviors,
attitudes, and beliefs in a populations.
18. Longitudinal Surveys
Information is collected at different point in time in order to
study change over time.
Require an extended commitment by the researcher and
participants.
Three longitudinal design are commonly employed in survey
research : trend studies, cohort studies and panel studies.
Trend study
• Examines changes over time in a particular
population defined by some particular
trait/traits.
• Researcher can analyze changes in attitudes,
beliefs, behaviours within that particular
population over time.
19. Cohort Survey
• is a form of longitudinal study (a type of observational study)
•Involves one population selected at a particular time period but multiple samples taken
and surveyed at different points of time
•Cohort studies are largely about the life histories of segments of populations, and the
individual people who constitute these segments.
Panel Survey
• The same individuals are studies over time.
• The researcher survey the same sample of individuals at
different time during the courses of the survey.
20. Conducting Survey Research
Aim: collection of standardized, quantifiable information from all
members of a population or a sample.
To describe the characteristic of a population
For example :
• age
•Ethnicity
•Religious preference and others
Methods of survey research:
• Mail surveys
•In-person interviews
•Telephone interviews
•Internet survey
21. SURVEY RESEARCH &
CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH
Examine relationship of responses to one
question in a survey to another or of score base
on one set of survey questions to a score based
on another set
Questionnaire of the variables are prepared,
then the relationship determined by calculating
correlation coefficients.
22. STEP IN SURVEY RESEARCH
1. Defining the Problem
2. Indentifying the Target Population
3. Choosing the Mode of Data Collection
4. Selecting Sample
5. Preparing Instrument
6. Preparing Cover Letter
7. Training Interviews
8. Using an Interview to Measure Ability
23. 1. Defining the Problem
Should be interesting and important to
motivate individuals to respond.
Define clearly the objective, each question
relate to survey’s objective.
Using Hierarchical approach : identify large
categories of issues ending with more specific
issues within each category.
24. 2. Identifying the Target
Population
The focus of the study in a survey is called
Unit of analysis.
in other types of research, the focus of study
is called target population.
Unit of analysis can be objects, companies,
classroom, school, government agencies etc.
25. 3. Choosing the Mode of Data
Collection
Direct Administration to a Group
Web-Based Survey
Mail Survey
Telephone Survey
Personal Interview
26. 4. Selecting The sample
The researcher must know the right sample
to answer the questionnaire.
And the researcher know the sample have the
information about the question.
27. 5. Preparing The Instrument
Questionnaire
- Self administered by respondent
- Attractive, not too long, easy to answer
Interview Schedule
- Ministered verbally by researcher
Avoid unusual words
Same Q must be asked of all respondent
28. Types of Question
Closed- Ended Q
Open-Ended Q
Improving Closed Ended Q
- Unambiguous, simple, short, common
language, avoid terms that might bias
responses, leading Q and double Negative.
29. •Pretesting The Q’naire
Overall Format
- How the Q look is very important in
encouraging the respondent to
respond.
Follow up Q
- Called as contingency Q
30. 6. Preparing Cover Letter
For mail survey
Purpose of CV: Explain the purpose of the
survey
Content of CV: Brief, emphasize the
importance of topic, willing to share the
result, Their respondent name will be kept
confidential, specific date to returned,
signed, enclosing a stamped n self addressed
envelope…
31. 7. Training Interviews
Need to be trained 1st
- Telephone
How to engage their interviewees, explain and
ask Q
-Face to Face
How to establish rapport, move on a new Q and
previous, when n how to follow up, Training in
gestures, manner, facial expression and dress.
32. Training interview should
include the general topic to
be covered such as:
- Procedures for contacting
respondent, introducing study, how
to design the Q’naire, recording
answer, rules n guidelines for
handling the interpersonal aspects.