Hot-dip galvanizing
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Presentation of the hot-dip galvanising process and of the different parameters that are important when choosing one product over another. There are two suggestions for different types of treatment lines: a fully acid line with enhanced protection for rough environments needing passivation and another line with alkaline degreasing for extremely greasy parts.
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Zinc Production and Galvanizing
Galvanization or galvanizing is the process of applying a protective zinc coating to steel or iron, to prevent rusting. The most common method is hot-dip galvanizing, in which the parts are submerged in a bath of molten zinc.
Galvanizing Methods
Galvanizing is a process that provides corrosion protection to steel by applying a zinc coating. There are three main galvanizing methods: hot dipping steel in molten zinc, electroplating zinc onto steel, and galvannealing which involves galvanizing followed by annealing. Hot dip galvanizing provides a thick, uniform zinc coating and is commonly used for construction applications. Electrogalvanizing produces a thinner coating suitable for parts that require shaping after coating. Galvannealing improves formability and paintability. Aluminized steel uses a hot dip process with aluminum instead of zinc to provide corrosion resistance at higher temperatures.
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This document discusses various ferrous materials including steels and cast irons. It describes the classification, properties and applications of different types of steels such as plain-carbon steels, mild steel, high-carbon steel, alloy steels, tool steels and stainless steels. It also discusses the effects of common alloying elements added to steel like manganese, chromium, nickel, molybdenum, and titanium.
Anodizing
Anodizing is an electrochemical process that converts the surface of metals like aluminum into a decorative, durable, corrosion-resistant finish through controlled oxidation. The metal acts as an anode in an electrolytic solution, forming a hard oxide layer on its surface. Depending on the process, this layer can be thicker than the natural oxide and provides benefits like improved aesthetics, hardness, and longevity. Common applications of anodized aluminum include architectural elements, appliances, vehicles, and aerospace and electronic components.
Aluminium and its alloys
This document discusses aluminium and its alloys. Key points include:
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- Aluminium alloys include heat treatable alloys like duralumin that can be strengthened via precipitation hardening as well as non heat-treatable alloys.
- Common fabrication methods for aluminium include casting, rolling, extrusion, and welding. Various heat treatments can further influence the properties of aluminium alloys.
- Applications of aluminium alloys span transportation, infrastructure, packaging, and more due to its combination of properties like strength, conductivity, and corrosion resistance
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Zinc Production and Galvanizing
Galvanization or galvanizing is the process of applying a protective zinc coating to steel or iron, to prevent rusting. The most common method is hot-dip galvanizing, in which the parts are submerged in a bath of molten zinc.
Galvanizing Methods
Galvanizing is a process that provides corrosion protection to steel by applying a zinc coating. There are three main galvanizing methods: hot dipping steel in molten zinc, electroplating zinc onto steel, and galvannealing which involves galvanizing followed by annealing. Hot dip galvanizing provides a thick, uniform zinc coating and is commonly used for construction applications. Electrogalvanizing produces a thinner coating suitable for parts that require shaping after coating. Galvannealing improves formability and paintability. Aluminized steel uses a hot dip process with aluminum instead of zinc to provide corrosion resistance at higher temperatures.
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This document discusses various ferrous materials including steels and cast irons. It describes the classification, properties and applications of different types of steels such as plain-carbon steels, mild steel, high-carbon steel, alloy steels, tool steels and stainless steels. It also discusses the effects of common alloying elements added to steel like manganese, chromium, nickel, molybdenum, and titanium.
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Anodizing is an electrochemical process that converts the surface of metals like aluminum into a decorative, durable, corrosion-resistant finish through controlled oxidation. The metal acts as an anode in an electrolytic solution, forming a hard oxide layer on its surface. Depending on the process, this layer can be thicker than the natural oxide and provides benefits like improved aesthetics, hardness, and longevity. Common applications of anodized aluminum include architectural elements, appliances, vehicles, and aerospace and electronic components.
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This document provides an overview of various non-ferrous alloys including copper alloys like brass and bronze, aluminium alloys like duralumin and silumin, titanium alloys like Ti-6Al-4V, magnesium alloys and their properties and applications. It discusses the alloying elements, strengthening mechanisms, microstructure and common types of each alloy. Key alloys and their uses in various industries are also summarized.
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In the world of flatroll steel, galvanized remains a top choice for corrosion protection, price, availability, and versatility. Galvanized steel is steel that has been applied with a protective zinc coating, which inhibits oxidation, or rusting and corrosion.
At Pacesetter, we offer a number of galvanized products.
LD process
The LD process, also called the basic oxygen process, is a steelmaking method where scrap metal and iron ore are refined in an LD vessel. Key steps include charging materials, blowing oxygen through a lance at high pressure and temperature to burn off impurities, sampling the molten steel, and tapping purified steel into a ladle. The process is much faster than open hearth and produces steel with low sulfur and phosphorus using ordinary raw materials without external heat or fuel. However, it is limited in scrap usage and can result in steel wastage from splashing.
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The document outlines the dry galvanization process which consists of three surface preparation stages - degreasing, acid pickling, and fluxing - followed by pre-heating, dipping in a molten zinc bath, and a chromating or passivation stage. It notes that dry process is most commonly used based on the author's experience. Standards for galvanization from various organizations are also cited.
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The document discusses the structure and properties of metallurgical slags. It states that slags comprise complex compounds of oxides from gangue minerals and sulphides that protect the metal melt. The structure and properties of slags, such as basicity and viscosity, are controlled by their composition. Network forming oxides like SiO2 form stable hexagonal networks, while network breaking oxides like CaO disrupt these networks. The fraction of ionic and covalent bonding in oxides determines their behavior in slags.
Extraction of Aluminum (Al)
The document summarizes the process of primary aluminum production. It involves two main steps:
1) Production of alumina (Al2O3) from bauxite ore using the Bayer process, which involves leaching the ore with sodium hydroxide followed by precipitation and calcination.
2) Electrolytic decomposition of the alumina in a cryolite bath using the Hall-Héroult process, where the alumina dissolves and aluminum plates out on the cathode. Large amounts of electric power are required. Additives such as calcium fluoride are used to reduce the melting point of the cryolite electrolyte.
Superalloys
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aluminium extraction
Aluminum is a lightweight metal that is widely used due to its properties and extraction process. It can be extracted from bauxite ore through the Bayer process, which involves dissolving the aluminum-containing minerals in sodium hydroxide to produce alumina, which is then electrolyzed to produce aluminum metal. Aluminum is commonly used in alloys to improve strength and is applied in transportation and construction due to its corrosion resistance, electrical conductivity, and high strength to weight ratio.
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This document provides information on advanced high strength steels (AHSS) used in the automotive industry. It defines AHSS as steels with yield strengths over 550 MPa and discusses various strengthening mechanisms employed. Different types of AHSS are described, including dual phase steels, ferritic bainitic steels, and complex phase steels. Their microstructures and properties are summarized. Key factors for material selection like crash performance, stiffness, and formability are also outlined. The document provides an overview of the evolution of steels in the automotive industry to enable lightweight design through improved strength-ductility combinations realized by AHSS.
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We are steel structure fabrication manufactory,
In our factory, we own two of 10 tons hoists work over a zinc kettle 13 meters long 3.5 meters deep and 2.8 meters wide. which boasts “North Zhejiang's largest operating kettle”• Guoxing products such as strucutural steel,wind tower,light poles, signal poles, high school and stadium bleachers, boat docks and boat trailers, bridge railing and retaining wall steel use Hot galvanizing anti-corrosion treatment.
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Hot-dip galvanizing
- 1. SOCOVRAI® Ptg. de la Masìa, 13 bxos LD6 08349 Cabrera de Mar – Barcelona (España) Tel: +34 93 754 17 47– Fax: +34 93 754 16 52 admin@angem.com
- 2. Protect steel & iron against corrosion Hot-dip galvanizing • A Zn layer is chemically attached to the steel surface. • Zn corrodes slower than iron and, thus, protects iron from corroding. • Very strong protection against corrosion. Electroplating • Different metals (Ni, Cr…) are attached to the base metal surface. • Used for high-gloss applications.
- 3. HDG is used in heavy-duty industries Building & Construction Street Furniture & Road Safety Wire frame Utilities & Piping Agricultural-used steel Transportation & Automotive Fasteners
- 4. Hot-dip galvanising stages Degreasing Etching Flux Galvanising • Acid (cold, pre-etching) • Alkaly (warmed, needs rinsing off) Rinsing • Mechanic • Water-based dilution: acid or alkaly • ZnCl2 and NH4Cl double and triple salts • ZnCl2 Rinsing • Protection against corrosion Drying Passivation • Protection against white corrosion
- 5. Our products
- 6. ANGEM proposes the full range of products DEGREASING ETCHING FLUX GALVANISING PS series PASSIVATION IC series Additives Salts Additives Additives Passivants
- 8. How to choose a degreaser Shape and quanity of parts Dirt type Process cost Alloy type Degre aser Form of application
- 9. Advantages of acid degreaser Acie Alkaly
- 11. A corrosion inhibitor improves etching Reduce Fe concentration Avoid overetching
- 12. Optimum etching requires a balance between HCl y Fe Difficult to control the acid attack on the metal • Higher temperature • Higher HCl concentration Etching speed • Higher Fe concentration Reduce bath activity
- 13. A CI enlarges the margin of etching Decapado óptimo en HCl a 20ºC Conc. de Hierro / (g/L) 300 250 Exhausted bath 200 Renovate bath 150 HCl attacks base A corrosion inhibitor enlarges margins metal 100 50 0 0 50 100 150 200 Conc. HCl / (g/L) Tiempos mayores Óptima Saturación 250
- 14. SOCOVRAI ® IC120: environmentally friendly No VOCs Low toxicity No APEs No ADR SOCOVRAI® IC 120 Environmentallyfriendly Has alcoxylated alcohol and phosphonated derivatives
- 15. SOCOVRAI® AH131N reduces process vapor Socovrai AH131N Etching with HCl + AH131N
- 19. Our suggestions
- 20. High-protection acid line DEGREASING ETCHING FLUX GALVANIZING PASSIVATION SOCOVRAI® PSAG 80 – 130 g/l 25ºC Yearly cleaning SOCOVRAI® IC120 (0,3%) + AH131N (2 l/m3) HCl] >100 g/L, [Fe3+]<140 g/L T: 25 ºC DE-ZINC SOCOVRAI® IC 33 Sel double + SOCOVRAI® AF132 (5 g/l) + ATH3 (0,5%) D: 1,2 – 1,26 g/l 65 -70ºC SOCOVRAI® AR32 ADL 3P 450ºC 50-70ºC
- 21. Line with alkaly degreaser DEGREASING RINSING ETCHING FLUX GALVANIZING SOCOVRAI® PSB 7 -20 % 55 - 60ºC Cleaning every 6 moths SOCOVRAI® IC120 (0,3%) + AH131N (2 l/m3) HCl] >100 g/L, [Fe3+]<140 g/L T: 25 ºC DE-ZINC SOCOVRAI® IC 33 Sel double + SOCOVRAI® AF132 (5 g/l) + ATH3 (0,5%) D: 1,2 – 1,26 g/l 65 -70ºC SOCOVRAI® AR32 450ºC
- 22. ANGEM Specialities is: Technology Product Proximity Technical support Specialized in metal Speed Bath analysis R+D Customized products Competitive prices Agility ISO 9001 Ley de envases –R.D.782/1998