This document discusses analytical chemistry techniques for precipitation titrations, specifically the determination of chloride ions. It describes two methods - Mohr's method and Volhard's method. Mohr's method titrates a chloride solution against silver nitrate using potassium chromate as an indicator. When all chloride ions are removed, the solution color changes from yellow to reddish brown. Volhard's method also uses silver nitrate but titrates any excess silver ions with ammonium thiocyanate, forming a reddish brown precipitate. The document provides step-by-step procedures for both methods to calculate the concentration of chloride ions in a water sample.
This is a general presentation about Argentometric Titration or well known as Precipitation Titration. Contain Mohr Methods, Volhard Methods, and Fajans Methods.
This is a general presentation about Argentometric Titration or well known as Precipitation Titration. Contain Mohr Methods, Volhard Methods, and Fajans Methods.
Precipitation formation
Precipitation condition and precipitation purity
Methods in Precipitation titration
Mohr method
Volhard method
Fajans method
Titrations with precipitating agents are useful for determining certain analytes e.g. Cl- can be determined when titrated with AgNO3.
Detection of end point:
Chemical
-Precipitation Type - Mohr’s method
-Adsorption – Fajan’s method
-For silver analyses –Volhard method
Sensors –Potentiometric or amperometric
The chemical types are also classified into:
1.Indicators reacting with titrant forming specific color.
2.Adsorption indicators.
Neutralization curves in acid base analytical titrations, indicators.nehla313
Neutralization curves in acid base analytical titrations, indicators,
strong acid strong base
weak acid strong bse
strong acid weak base
weak acid and weak base
This presentation gives us idea about Gravimetric Analysis which is widely used in chemistry. Hope This Helps !
For More Information - 19103083@student.hindustanuniv.ac.in
Learning objectives
Introduction
Conditions For Volumetric Analysis
Terms In Volumetric Analysis
Primary Standard
Methods Of Expressing Concentrations In Volumetric Analysis
Types of Titration Methods
Classification Of Titrimetric Or Volumetric Methods
Conclusion
References
Precipitation formation
Precipitation condition and precipitation purity
Methods in Precipitation titration
Mohr method
Volhard method
Fajans method
Titrations with precipitating agents are useful for determining certain analytes e.g. Cl- can be determined when titrated with AgNO3.
Detection of end point:
Chemical
-Precipitation Type - Mohr’s method
-Adsorption – Fajan’s method
-For silver analyses –Volhard method
Sensors –Potentiometric or amperometric
The chemical types are also classified into:
1.Indicators reacting with titrant forming specific color.
2.Adsorption indicators.
Neutralization curves in acid base analytical titrations, indicators.nehla313
Neutralization curves in acid base analytical titrations, indicators,
strong acid strong base
weak acid strong bse
strong acid weak base
weak acid and weak base
This presentation gives us idea about Gravimetric Analysis which is widely used in chemistry. Hope This Helps !
For More Information - 19103083@student.hindustanuniv.ac.in
Learning objectives
Introduction
Conditions For Volumetric Analysis
Terms In Volumetric Analysis
Primary Standard
Methods Of Expressing Concentrations In Volumetric Analysis
Types of Titration Methods
Classification Of Titrimetric Or Volumetric Methods
Conclusion
References
Determine the strength in grams per litre of a given ag no3 solution being pr...Mithil Fal Desai
Mohr’s method is used to determine the chloride ion concentration by titrating with silver nitrate. Using pure sodium chloride the strength of silver ions can be also determined as the Ag(I) ions react with chloride ions, quantitatively, to form a precipitate of silver chloride.
Determine the strength in grams per litre of a given AgNO3 solution being pro...Mithil Fal Desai
Mohr’s method is used to determine the chloride ion concentration by titrating with silver nitrate. Using pure sodium chloride the strength of silver ions can be also determined as the Ag(I) ions react with chloride ions, quantitatively, to form a precipitate of silver chloride.
Precipitation titrations
Fundamentals of Precipitation titrations
Distinguished between mohar,vohalard and vacant method
Advantages of Precipitation titrations
Derive the precipitation titrations curve
Evaluate the precipitation titrations
Disadvantage of Precipitation titrations
Solubility is the amount of solute that will dissolve in a given amount of solution at a particular temperature (in grams or moles)
•
The molar solubility (mol/L) is the number of moles of solute that will dissolve in 1L of a saturated solution.
•
The molarity of the dissolved solute in a saturated solution.
•
Solubility (g/L) is the number of grams of solute dissolved in 1 L of a saturated solution.
•
A saturated solution contains the maximum amount of solute possible at a given temperature in equilibrium with an undissolved excess of the substance.
Which titration technique is best fit to detect what type of analyte?Zubayar Rahman
The act of adding standard solution in small quantities to the test solution till the reaction is complete is termed titration.
The basis of this process is the reaction between the analyte and solution of known concentration(titrant).
The analyte is taken in a conical flask using a pipette and the standard solution of known concentration is taken in a calibrated burette.
Handling of chemicals, handling of acids, ethers, calibration of burette, pipette, Heating methods, stirring methods, filtratio techniques, chemical balance and single pan balance
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
2. Precipitation titration
• Titrations with precipitating agents are useful for
determining certain analyte. Example: Cl–
can be
determined when titrated with AgNO3
3. Determination of chloride
Principle
• Chlorides are present in all types of water resources at
a varying concentration depending on the geo-chemical
conditions in the form of CaCl2, MgCl2 and NaCl.
• Chlorides are introduced into the water resources from
the discharge of effluents from chemical industries,
sewage disposal and seawater intrusion in coastal
region.
• The concentration of chloride ions more than 250 ppm
is not desirable for drinking purpose. The total chloride
ions can be determined by argentometric method.
(Mohr’s Method)
4. Estimation of chloride (by Mohr’s method)
• In this method Cl‒
ion solution is directly titrated against
AgNO3 using potassium chromate (K2CrO4 ) as the indicator.
AgNO3 + Cl‒
AgCl ↓ + NO3
‒
(in water) (White precipitate)
• At the end point, when all the chloride ions are removed.
The yellow colour of chromate changes into reddish brown
due to the following reaction.
2AgNO3 + K2CrO4 Ag2CrO4 ↓ + 2KNO3
(yellow) (Reddish brown)
5. Estimation of chloride
Titration
Estimation of Chloride ion:
20 ml of the given water sample is pipette
out into a clean conical flask. 1 ml of
freshly prepared potassium chromate
solution is added as an indicator and
titrated against standard AgNO3 solution
taken in the burette. The end point is the
change of colour from yellow to reddish
brown colour. Repeat the titration for
concordant values.
6. Calculation:
Volume of AgNO3 used V1 = -------- ml (Burette Reading)
Normality of AgNO3 N1 = -------- N (From Standardisation)
Volume of water sample V2 = 20 ml
Normality of water sample N2 = ?
N2 = V1 x N1
V2
Normality of water sample(chloride ion) N2 = ------ N
Amount of Cl–
ions present in 1 litre = Normality (N1) X Equivalent
weight
Amount of Cl–
ions present in 100 ml = Normality X 35.46 X
the given water sample
=
----------- gms.
1000
100
7. Estimation of chloride (Volhard’s Method)
• Volhard’s method is used in the estimation of chloride
ions with standard solution of AgNO3
• It is an example of titration in which indicator forms a
coloured complex ion with the titrant(i.e) silver nitrate.
8. Determination of chloride by Volhard Method
This is an indirect method for chloride determination where
an excess amount of standard Ag+
is added to the chloride
solution containing Fe3+
as an indicator. The excess Ag+
is then
titrated with standard SCN-
solution until a reddish brown
color is obtained which results from the reaction:
NaCl + AgNO3 → AgCl + NaNO3 + excess Ag+
Excess Ag+
+ SCN-
→ AgSCN ↓
Fe3+
(Yellow) + SCN-
= Fe(SCN)2+
(Reddish brown)
9. Determination of Chloride ion
Preparation of standard ammonium thiocyanate
• By weighing appropriate quantity of ammonium
thiocyanate, its 250ml of 0.1M solution is prepared
in distilled water.
10. Determination of unknown chloride ions
Given chloride solution is diluted to 250ml using
distilled water. From this 20ml solution is pipetted out
into a conical flask to which 20ml of 0.1M AgNO3 is
added.
After shaking the solution,2ml of nitrobenzene and 5ml
of 30% HNO3 and ferric alum are added as indicator.
It is then titrated with standard NH4SCN till reddish
brown colour is obtained to supernatant solution.
Suppose the reading is ‘x’ ml, Then (20-x)ml will be the
amount of NH4SCN required to precipitate Cl–
ions.
Then the amount of Cl–
ions in given solution can be
calculated.
