This document discusses various techniques for purifying solid and liquid organic compounds. The common methods for purifying solids include crystallization, recrystallization, sublimation, and use of drying agents. Liquid organic compounds can be purified through distillation techniques like simple distillation, fractional distillation, and vacuum distillation. Other techniques mentioned are extraction, chromatography, and checking criteria like melting point and boiling point to confirm purity.
Separation techniques are those techniques that can be used to separate two different states of matter such as liquids and solids.
Separation is an important asset to purify component of interest from a mixture.
What is Gravimetric analysis, stepes invloved in gravimetry, Filteration medium in gravimetry, gravimetric factor, application, organic and inorganic prepecating agents
Separation techniques are those techniques that can be used to separate two different states of matter such as liquids and solids.
Separation is an important asset to purify component of interest from a mixture.
What is Gravimetric analysis, stepes invloved in gravimetry, Filteration medium in gravimetry, gravimetric factor, application, organic and inorganic prepecating agents
The important methods for separation and purification of organic compounds are: Crystallization, Sublimation, Distillation, Differential extraction and chromatography.
Class 9 Separation techniques
Evaporation , Sublimation, chromatography, Distillation, Fractional distillation, Crystallization; Are the various methods being talked abut in detail in the ppt along with their applications with the help of activities.
By this We can separate the non-volatile component (solute) from its volatile solvent
The lecture covers separation of organic binary mixtures as a guidelines to be used by beginners in organic chemistry. Tips are also given for teachers /teacher associates for proper laboratory management and preparation of samples of binary mixtures that should be given to students.
my slideshare consist of various activities that can easily understand by the pupils and also videos which can be visualize and guide pupils how to do the hands on activity.
This presentation covers data science buzz words, big data introduction, predictive analytics, and model building methods. Structured vs unstructured. Supervised learning vs unsupervised learning.
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Certainly! "Some Basic Principles and Techniques" is a crucial topic in the field of organic chemistry, especially for Class 11 students. This topic covers fundamental principles and techniques that are essential for understanding the behavior of organic compounds.
Basic Principles and methodology of distillationAkankshaPatel55
What is distillation?
Distillation is a physical separation process that utilizes the differences in boiling points of various components within a liquid mixture. It involves selectively boiling and condensing these components to achieve greater purity or isolate specific desired fractions. Imagine separating salt from saltwater: distillation boils the water away, leaving behind concentrated salt.
How does it work?
Heating: The mixture is heated in a container called a still. As the temperature rises, components with lower boiling points start to vaporize first.
Vaporization: These vapors rise and travel through a condenser, a cooled tube or chamber.
Condensation: When the vapors encounter the cool surfaces, they lose heat and condense back into a liquid form.
Collection: This collected liquid, called the distillate, is usually richer in the more volatile component(s).
Fractional distillation: This technique involves multiple condensers at different temperatures, collecting separate fractions based on their boiling points. For example, distilling crude oil separates gasoline, kerosene, and other fractions.
Applications of distillation:
Purification: Distillation is widely used to purify water, removing impurities and producing drinkable water. It also purifies alcohol, removing water and other impurities to get higher-proof spirits.
Separation: Distillation is essential in separating various chemicals and compounds, like essential oils from plants, fragrances from flowers, and specific chemicals from crude oil.
Desalination: Distillation can be used for desalination, converting saltwater into freshwater, although other methods are more common now.
Types of distillation:
Simple distillation: Used for mixtures with significant boiling point differences. The distillate is less pure than other methods.
Fractional distillation: Used for complex mixtures with closer boiling points, collecting different fractions based on their volatility.
Vacuum distillation: Used for heat-sensitive materials that decompose at normal boiling points. It lowers the boiling point by reducing pressure.
Recrystallization is the most convenient method for purifying organic compounds that are solids at room temperature.
Compounds obtained from natural sources, or from reaction mixtures, almost always contain impurities.
The impurities may include some combination of insoluble, soluble, and colored impurities. To obtain a pure compound these impurities must be removed.
Each type of impurity is removed in a separate step in the recrystallization procedure.
WASHING, DRYING AND STERILIZATION OF GLASSWARES.pptxAVINASH K
Good laboratory technique demands clean glassware, because the most carefully executed piece of work may give an erroneous result if dirty glassware is used.
In all instances, glassware must be physically clean; it must be chemically clean; and in many cases, it must be bacteriologic ally clean or sterile.
All glassware must be absolutely grease-free.
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Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
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The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
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Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
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2. Purification of solid organic compounds
• Purification of organic compounds is
important because, organic compound
made in the laboratory contains
impurities.
• The common methods for purification are
crystallisation, sublimation, distillation,
chromatography, etc.
3. CrystallizationCrystallization
• Crystallization is the process of forming crystals
Crystallization by Cooling a Hot Concentrated SolutionCrystallization by Cooling a Hot Concentrated Solution
• In this method the impure substance is dissolved in water or
some other suitable organic solvent such as alcohol, petrol, etc.,
• The solution is filtered to remove any suspended impurities. The
filtrate is heated over a water bath so that the vapors of the
solvent may not catch fire.
• Then the hot solution of the organic compound is cooled, so that
the crystals begin to separate out.
• The crystals are removed by filtration and the impurities are
passed on to the filtrate.
4. Crystallization by Cooling a HotCrystallization by Cooling a Hot
Concentrated SolutionConcentrated Solution
5. Recrystallisation
• Recrystallisation: It is a method used to
purify an organic solid.
• A small amount of the solvent is added to a
flask containing an impure solid. The
contents of the flask are heated until the
solid dissolves. Then the solution is cooled. A
more pure solid separates out, leaving
impurities dissolved in the solvent.
6. Example for recrystallisation:
1.0 g of crude benzoic acid is taken in a 50 ml flask.
Add a little water and boil
Some contaminants will not dissolve
Transfer to a conical flask and cool
Filter the crystals and allow to dry for 5-10 mins
Impure benzoic acid Benzoic acid after
recrystallisation
7. Drying agents
• A drying agent is an inorganic salt which readily
takes up water to become hydrated.
• Example: LiAlH4, CaCl2, CaSO4, K2CO3, Na2SO4
LiAlH4 : It reacts violently with water liberating
hydrogen and is a powerful drying agent for
organic compounds. It is widely used for drying
ethers. It finds extensive application in purifying
organic chemical substances by the removal of
water and carbonyl containing impurities.
8. Use of drying agents and their properties
S.No Drying agent Properties Uses
1 CaCl2 Neutral
Good preliminary drying agent. It has
large water absorption capacity giving
the hexahydrate.
2 Sodium sulphate Neutral
It has large water absorption capacity
for the absorption of water forming the
decahydrate.
3 Barium oxide Basic Suitable for drying organic bases
4 Sulphuric acid Acidic
It is suitable for drying bromine,
saturated hydrocarbons, etc.,
9. SublimationSublimation
Sublimation is the direct change of
• a solid to vapour on heating
• without going through the liquid state
Used to separate volatile organic compounds
from non volatile impurities e.g. Naphthalene,
benzoic acid, anthracene, camphor.
10. Sublimation
• The substances that sublime can be purified by
this method, provided the impurities present
does not sublime.
• Many organic compounds directly form
vapours, when solid compounds are heated,
without becoming a liquid at any stage. On
cooling the vapours the solid is directly
obtained.
12. Purification of Liquid organic compounds
• Organic compounds in the liquid state are purified by
distillation.
• Distillation involves the heating of a liquid to boiling
and then collecting their vapours to condense them in
liquid state.
13. Simple Distillation
Simple distillation is designed to evaporate a volatile
liquid from a solution of non-volatile substances; the
vapor is then condensed in the water condenser and
collected in the receiver.
14. • 2-Fractional Distillation
If the boiling point of the liquids in the mixture are very
close to each other then such mixtures can be purified
by fractional distillation. The difference in boiling points
of the mixture is usually less than 40ºC.
e.g. – acetone(b.p. 56ºC)and methyl alcohol(b.p. 65ºC).
For fractional distillation, a suitable fractionating column
is placed between the flask and the condenser.
16. Distillation under reduced Pressure
(or) Vaccum distillation
• Vacuum distillation- It is used for organic
compounds which decompose at or below
their boiling points.
Example: Glycerol
The boiling point of a liquid is the
temperature at which the total vapour
pressure is equal to the external pressure.
This means that by lowering the pressure the
boiling point of the liquid can be lowered.
17. Vaccum distillation
• If we have an organic substance which
decompose at its boiling point, we can make
it to boil at a temperature lower than its
boiling point. All that we have to do is to
create a partial vaccum. Under reduced
pressure, the substance boils at a much
lower temperature and distils over
undecomposed.
19. Extraction
• Extraction is a very common laboratory procedure
used when isolating or purifying a product
• In organic laboratory, liquid-liquid extraction is most
commonly used. Liquid-liquid extraction requires two
immiscible liquids known as the organic phase and the
aqueous phase. The aqueous phase is water-based
and the organic phase is an organic solvent.
20.
21. General extraction procedure
• Place the solution to be extracted in the separatory
funnel. As the organic solvent and water are not
miscible with each other, you should be able to see the
two layers (organic and aqueous layers) clearly.
• Now, shake the separatory funnel to increase the
contact between these substances and the water.
When finished, the funnel can be returned to the
stand and the layers are allowed to separate.
• You should also have two beakers ready, one labelled
"organic layer" and the other labelled "aqueous layer".
22. Solvent ExtractionSolvent Extraction
• Extraction with solvents is used as a method of
separation of dissolved substances from
solutions.
• The common solvent which is used for the
extraction are diethyl ether, benzene, etc.,
• A good solvent for extraction should satisfy two
important conditions.
• (a) The substance to be extracted should be highly
soluble in the solvent.
• (b) After the extraction the solvent should be easily
separable from the solute.
23. Solvent ExtractionSolvent Extraction
• The mixture of urea and benzoic acid can be separated
using solvent extraction process.
• The mixtures are taken in a separating funnel, to the
substances(Urea and benzoic acid) which is solid,
diethyl ether is added.
• The two mixtures are shaken well to get a solution.
• Only benzoic acid is soluble in ether, while urea is not.
• Urea is at the bottom of the separating funnel, and it is
collected.
• Now the benzoic acid in ether is left, which on heating,
we get benzoic acid.
25. Criteria and test for purity
• The following physical properties are used
for checking the purity of substances
(a) Melting point
(b) Boiling point
(d) Density
These properties have long been utilized in
identification and characterisation of organic
compounds
27. Criteria and test for purity
• Melting point: The melting point of a pure
substance is a constant. The presence of impurities
in a substance lowers the melting point and hence if
the melting point of a substance is correct then the
substance is taken as pure
• Boiling Point: The boiling point of a pure substance
under a particular pressure is a constant and
therefore this property can be used to check the
purity of a liquid.
28. Criteria for purity
• The purity of an organic compound can be
checked by the following criteria:
(a) Sharp melting point which does not change
on further purification.
(b) In case of solids, mix the solid with known
sample of pure compound and its melting point
is noted. The m.pt should remain the same.
(c) Concordant boiling point
(d) Definite crystalline shape.
