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Preparation and standardization of various molar and normal solutions
1. Oxalic acid is used as a primary standard to standardize solutions of sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide by titration. 2. Sodium hydroxide is standardized by titrating against potassium acid phthalate, which is a primary standard. The reaction between NaOH and KHP is used to calculate the concentration of the NaOH solution. 3. Hydrochloric acid, sodium thiosulfate, sulfuric acid, ceric ammonium sulfate, and potassium permanganate are all standardized against primary standards using titration reactions. Their concentrations are calculated based on the titration results.
