1. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a chemical found in the nuclei of living cells that controls chemical changes and determines cell and organism type.
2. DNA is a long molecule composed of nucleotides, each containing a sugar (deoxyribose), phosphate group, and organic base (adenine, thymine, cytosine, or guanine).
3. DNA replicates before cell division by unwinding its double helix structure and using each strand as a template to make a new partner strand, resulting in two identical DNA molecules for each daughter cell after division.
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this presentation covers about all the topics of nucleic acids.I made this presentation by combining too many presentations. and I also presented the same in the university and I got an A++ :).
best of luck!
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Biochemistry of nucleic acids DNA RNA structures with the comparison chart between them chemistry of nucleic acids structures and composition and protein synthesis nucleotides and nucleosides
DNA Synthesis: Bio-Synthesis world’s leading Supplier providing commercial Synthetic DNA, custom DNA synthesis services and developer of new technologies for unmodified DNA synthesis.
this presentation covers about all the topics of nucleic acids.I made this presentation by combining too many presentations. and I also presented the same in the university and I got an A++ :).
best of luck!
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Biochemistry of nucleic acids DNA RNA structures with the comparison chart between them chemistry of nucleic acids structures and composition and protein synthesis nucleotides and nucleosides
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This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
2. DNA stands for deoxyribose nucleic acid
This chemical substance is present in the nucleus
of all cells in all living organisms
DNA controls all the chemical changes which
take place in cells
The kind of cell which is formed, (muscle, blood,
nerve etc) is controlled by DNA
The kind of organism which is produced (buttercup,
giraffe, herring, human etc) is controlled by DNA
DNA 2
3. DNA is a very large molecule made up of a long
chain of sub-units
The sub-units are called nucleotides
Each nucleotide is made up of
a sugar called deoxyribose
a phosphate group -PO4 and
an organic base
DNA molecule 3
4. Ribose is a sugar, like glucose, but with only five
carbon atoms in its molecule
Deoxyribose is almost the same but lacks one
oxygen atom
Both molecules may be represented by the symbol
Ribose & deoxyribose 4
5. The most common organic bases are
Adenine (A)
Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C)
Guanine (G)
The bases 5
6. The deoxyribose, the phosphate and one of the bases
adenine
deoxyribose
PO4
Combine to form a nucleotide
Nucleotides 6
7. A molecule of
DNA is formed
by millions of
nucleotides
joined together
in a long chain
PO4
PO4
PO4
PO4
sugar-phosphate
backbone
+ bases
Joined nucleotides 7
8. In fact, the DNA usually consists of a double
strand of nucleotides
The sugar-phosphate chains are on the outside
and the strands are held together by chemical
bonds between the bases
8
10. The bases always pair up in the same way
Adenine forms a bond with Thymine
and Cytosine bonds with Guanine
Bonding 1 10
Adenine Thymine
Cytosine Guanine
16. Before a cell divides, the DNA strands unwind
and separate
Each strand makes a new partner by adding
the appropriate nucleotides
The result is that there are now two double-
stranded DNA molecules in the nucleus
So that when the cell divides, each nucleus
contains identical DNA
This process is called replication
replication 16
19. The sequence of bases in DNA forms the
Genetic Code
A group of three bases (a triplet) controls
the production of a particular amino acid in
the cytoplasm of the cell
The different amino acids and the order in
which they are joined up determines the
sort of protein being produced
Genetic code 1 19
22. This is known as the triplet code
Each triplet codes for a specific amino acid
CGA - CAA - CCA - CCA - GCT - GGG - GAG - CCA -
Ala Val Gly Gly Arg Pro Leu Gly
Ala Val Gly Gly Arg Pro Leu Gly
The amino acids are joined together in the correct
sequence to make part of a protein
Triplet code 22
23. The proteins build the cell structures
They also make enzymes
The DNA controls which enzymes are made and
the enzymes determine what reactions take place
The structures and reactions in the cell determine
what sort of a cell it is and what its function is
So DNA exerts its control through the enzymes
DNA and enzymes 23
24. A sequence of triplets in the DNA molecule may
code for a complete protein
Such a sequence forms a gene
There may be a thousand or more bases in
one gene
Genes 24
25. Question 1
Which of the following are components of
nucleotides?
(a) deoxyribose
(b) amino acids
(c) phosphate
(d) enzymes
(e) organic bases
26. Question 2
Which of the following represent a correct
pairing of bases?
(a) adenine with thymine
(b) adenine with guanine
(c) thymine with adenine
(d) guanine with cytosine
(e) thymine with thymine
27. Question 3
DNA molecules are formed from
(a) organic bases
(b) amino acids
(c) deoxyribose
(d) nucleotides
28. Question 4
Which of the following are organic bases?
(a) Valine
(b) Guanine
(c) Thymine
(d) Serine
29. Question 5
Replication of DNA occurs
(a) During cell division
(b) before cell division
(c) at any time
30. Question 6
A nucleotide triplet codes for
(a) a protein
(b) an amino acid
(c) an enzyme
(d) an organic base
