This document explains the function and principles of various electrical measuring instruments, including ammeters, voltmeters, wattmeters, and power factor meters. It describes how each device measures current, voltage, power, and power factor with examples, classifications of types, and the underlying principles of their operation. Additionally, it presents numerical examples to illustrate calculations related to power measurement.

1. Ammeter, Voltmeter, Wattmeter,
Power Factor Meter

2. Ammeter
 An ammeter is a measuring instrument used to
measure the current in a circuit.
 Ammeters are either connected in series with the
circuit carrying the current to be measured (for small
fractional amperes), or have their shunt resistors
connected similarly in series. To measure larger
currents, a resistor called a shunt is placed in parallel
with the meter.

3. Working Principle of ammeter
 The main Principle of ammeter is that it must have a
very low resistance and also inductive reactance.
 Due to very low impedence the power loss will be low
 If it is connected in parallel it becomes almost a short
circuited path and all the current will flow through
ammeter as a result of high current the instrument
may burn.

5. Classification of Ammeter
Depending on the constructing principle, there are
many types of ammeter we get, they are mainly
 -Permanent Magnet Moving Coil (PMMC) ammeter.
 Moving Iron(MI) Ammeter.
 Electrodynamometer type Ammeter.
 Rectifier type Ammeter.

6. Three Ammeter method

7. Numerical
 Example 1:
 The following readings were obtained from three
ammeters used for a single phase power measurement:
An inductive load takes a current of 2.5 A; a non-
inductive resistor connected in parallel takes 2.4 A,
when connected across 250 V supply. The total current
taken from the supply is 4.5 A. Calculate:
 a) Power absorbed by the load.
 b) Load impedance.
 c) Power factor of the load.

8. Solution
 Given: I3 = 2.5 A; I2 = 2.4 A; I1 = 4.5 A; V = 250 V.
 Non-inductive resistance, R = (V/I2) = 250/2.4 = 104.17
 i) Power absorbed by the load, P:
 P = (R/2)*(I1^2 – I2^2 – I3^2)
 = (104.17/2)((4.5^2)-(2.4^2)-(2.5^2)) = 429.2 W
 ii) Load impedance, Z:
 Z = (V/I3) = (250/2.5) = 100
 iii) Power factor of the load, cos ? = (I1^2 – I2^2
– I3^2) /2I2I3
 = [(4.5^2)-(2.4^2)-(2.5^2)]/(2*2.4*2.5) = 0.687 (Ans.)

9. Voltmeter
Voltmeter is an instrument
used for measuring
electrical potential
difference between two
points in an electric circuit.
A voltmeter is connected in
parallel with a device to
measure its voltage.
.

10. Working principle of voltmeter
 The main principle of voltmeter is that it is connected
in parallel.
 Parallel connection is used because a voltmeter is
constructed in such a way that it has a very high value
of resistance. So if that high resistance is connected in
series than the current flow will be almost zero which
means the circuit has become open.

12. Classification of Voltmeter
 Permanent Magnet Moving coil (PMMC) Voltmeter.
 Moving Iron (MI) Voltmeter.
 Electro Dynamometer Type Voltmeter.
 Rectifier type Voltmeter
 Induction type Voltmeter.
 Electrostatic type Voltmeter.
 Digital Voltmeter (DVM).

13. Three Voltmeter method

14. Numerical Example:
 Example 1:
 The following readings were obtained from three
voltmeters used for a single phase power measurement:
 V2 = 180 voltas across a non-inductive resistaor; V3 = 200
volts across an inductive load; V1 = 300 volts across the two
in series.
 Calculate the power factor of the inductive load.
 Solution:
 Given: V2 = 180 V; V3 = 200 V; V1 = 300 V
 Power factor, cos ? = (V1^2 – V2^2 – V3^3)/2V2V3
 Or cos ? = [(300^2) – (180^2) – (200^2)]/(2*180*200) =
0.244 (Ans.)

15. Watt Meter
 Wattmeter is an instrument used to measure the
power in an electrical circuit.
 The traditional form of wattmeter is called as
dynamometer wattmeter.
 The dynamometer wattmeter works on the motor
principle.

16. Working Principle
 The wattmeter has two sets of coils. One coil is fixed
and is made in two identical parts.
 It is made upon heavy gauge copper wire. So it has low
resistance. This is named as current coil.
 The other coil which is known as voltage coil, is wound
from fine gauge wire. So it has relatively high
resistance.
 The voltage coil is mounted on a circular manner. It is
placed between the two parts of the current coil.

17. Working Principle

18. Classification
There are following types
of Wattmeter
 Dynamometer type
wattmeter
 Induction type
wattmeter
 Electrostatic type
wattmeter

19. Power Factor Meter
 Power factor measurement provides us the knowledge
of type of loads that we are using, helps in calculation
of losses happening during the power transmission
system and distribution.
 Hence We need a separate device for calculating the
power factor accurately and more precisely.

20. Construction
 General construction of any power factor meter circuit
include two coils pressure coil and current coil.
 Pressure coil is connected across the circuit.
 while current coil is connected such it can carry
circuit current, by measuring the phase difference
between the voltage and current .

21. Construction
 Usually the pressure coil is splits into two parts
 inductive part
 non-inductive part or pure resistive part. There is no
requirement of controlling system because at
equilibrium there exist two opposite forces which
balance the movement of pointer without any
requirement of controlling force.

22. Classification
Now there are two types of
power factor meters:
 Electrodynamometer
type
 Moving iron type

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