This project report summarizes computer simulations of power electronics circuits performed by three students - Ravi Shankar Singh, Byaktiranjan Pattanayak, and Shankar Kumar - under the guidance of Professor P.C. Panda at the National Institute of Technology in Rourkela, India. The report describes using PSpice and PSIM software packages to simulate various power electronics converters, including line-frequency diode rectifiers, phase-controlled converters, DC-DC converters, inverters, and resonant converters. The simulations aid in analyzing, designing, and educating about power electronics.
This document discusses methods for obtaining peak power from photovoltaic (PV) systems, including manual tracking and maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms. It describes how PV cells work to convert sunlight into electricity. MPPT algorithms like perturb and observe (P&O) and incremental conductance (INC) are used to automatically track the peak power point by matching the impedance of the solar module to the load. These algorithms help ensure PV systems operate efficiently without needing manual adjustment.
The document describes a maximum power point tracking system that uses a microcontroller and buck converter to vary the duty cycle of a PWM signal input to match the impedance of a solar panel to the load, allowing the system to extract maximum power at each point in time. A model sun simulates daylight over 96 seconds to change the solar panel characteristics and maximum power point. The system was designed and tested to demonstrate how varying the duty cycle through the day allows the solar panel to continuously operate at its maximum power point for high efficiency.
The document discusses maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques used with photovoltaic solar systems. MPPT algorithms aim to maximize solar panel output power by adjusting the load impedance to match the maximum power point. The summary is:
1) MPPT techniques aim to continuously track the maximum power point of solar panels under varying conditions to optimize power extraction.
2) Common MPPT methods include perturb and observe and incremental conductance, which adjust voltage and measure changes in power output to determine the maximum power point.
3) Other MPPT methods include current sweep, constant voltage/open circuit voltage tracking, and techniques using neural networks, fuzzy logic, or temperature measurements.
in this presentation charge controller is discussed
with good examples of taking load perfectly explanantion
of the controller according to load MPPT
PWM technique is also explained inthis presentation
power calculations also done for better explanation
The document discusses maximum power point tracking (MPPT) for photovoltaic systems. It begins with an introduction to MPPT and explains that MPPT is an algorithm included in solar charge controllers to extract the maximum available power from PV modules under different operating conditions. It then provides details on various MPPT techniques like perturb and observe method and incremental conductance method. The document also presents the mathematical model and system modeling of an MPPT system and discusses the advantages of using MPPT to increase energy extraction from solar panels.
This document discusses bio-batteries as a next generation fuel source. Bio-batteries generate electricity from renewable fuels like glucose through the use of enzymes or microorganisms. They work by using biological catalysts to break down fuels and produce electrons and protons, storing this energy for later use. Recent prototypes demonstrate improved power density and temperature stability. While still being researched, bio-batteries show promise as portable, renewable, and eco-friendly power sources for applications like medical devices.
The need of running AC Loads on solar energy leads us to the design of Solar Power Inverter.. Since the majority of modern conveniences all run on 220 volts AC, the Power Inverter will be the heart of the Solar Energy System. It not only converts the low voltage 12 volts DC to the 220 volts AC that runs most appliances, but also can charge the batteries if connected to the utility grid as in the case of a totally independent stand-alone solar power system. These are special inverters which are designed to draw energy from a battery, manage the battery charge via an onboard charger.
An inverter is an electrical device that converts direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC); the converted AC can be at any required voltage and frequency with the use of appropriate transformers, switching, and control circuits. Solid-state inverters have no moving parts and are used in a wide range of applications, from small switching power supplies in computers, to large electric utility high-voltage direct current applications that transport bulk power. Inverters are commonly used to supply AC power from DC sources such as solar panels or batteries.
FOUR QUADRANT DC MOTOR SPEED CONTROL WITH MICROCONTROLLERshiv kapil
This document presents a project on four quadrant speed control of a DC motor using a microcontroller. It describes the basic principles of four quadrant operation and components used including a transformer, rectifier, regulator, 8051 microcontroller, motor driver, and DC motor. The circuit diagram and working are explained where the microcontroller provides control signals to the motor driver to run the motor forward, backward, or apply brakes. Potential applications include industrial automation and robotics. Future work may include wireless control using transmitters and receivers.
This document discusses methods for obtaining peak power from photovoltaic (PV) systems, including manual tracking and maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms. It describes how PV cells work to convert sunlight into electricity. MPPT algorithms like perturb and observe (P&O) and incremental conductance (INC) are used to automatically track the peak power point by matching the impedance of the solar module to the load. These algorithms help ensure PV systems operate efficiently without needing manual adjustment.
The document describes a maximum power point tracking system that uses a microcontroller and buck converter to vary the duty cycle of a PWM signal input to match the impedance of a solar panel to the load, allowing the system to extract maximum power at each point in time. A model sun simulates daylight over 96 seconds to change the solar panel characteristics and maximum power point. The system was designed and tested to demonstrate how varying the duty cycle through the day allows the solar panel to continuously operate at its maximum power point for high efficiency.
The document discusses maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques used with photovoltaic solar systems. MPPT algorithms aim to maximize solar panel output power by adjusting the load impedance to match the maximum power point. The summary is:
1) MPPT techniques aim to continuously track the maximum power point of solar panels under varying conditions to optimize power extraction.
2) Common MPPT methods include perturb and observe and incremental conductance, which adjust voltage and measure changes in power output to determine the maximum power point.
3) Other MPPT methods include current sweep, constant voltage/open circuit voltage tracking, and techniques using neural networks, fuzzy logic, or temperature measurements.
in this presentation charge controller is discussed
with good examples of taking load perfectly explanantion
of the controller according to load MPPT
PWM technique is also explained inthis presentation
power calculations also done for better explanation
The document discusses maximum power point tracking (MPPT) for photovoltaic systems. It begins with an introduction to MPPT and explains that MPPT is an algorithm included in solar charge controllers to extract the maximum available power from PV modules under different operating conditions. It then provides details on various MPPT techniques like perturb and observe method and incremental conductance method. The document also presents the mathematical model and system modeling of an MPPT system and discusses the advantages of using MPPT to increase energy extraction from solar panels.
This document discusses bio-batteries as a next generation fuel source. Bio-batteries generate electricity from renewable fuels like glucose through the use of enzymes or microorganisms. They work by using biological catalysts to break down fuels and produce electrons and protons, storing this energy for later use. Recent prototypes demonstrate improved power density and temperature stability. While still being researched, bio-batteries show promise as portable, renewable, and eco-friendly power sources for applications like medical devices.
The need of running AC Loads on solar energy leads us to the design of Solar Power Inverter.. Since the majority of modern conveniences all run on 220 volts AC, the Power Inverter will be the heart of the Solar Energy System. It not only converts the low voltage 12 volts DC to the 220 volts AC that runs most appliances, but also can charge the batteries if connected to the utility grid as in the case of a totally independent stand-alone solar power system. These are special inverters which are designed to draw energy from a battery, manage the battery charge via an onboard charger.
An inverter is an electrical device that converts direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC); the converted AC can be at any required voltage and frequency with the use of appropriate transformers, switching, and control circuits. Solid-state inverters have no moving parts and are used in a wide range of applications, from small switching power supplies in computers, to large electric utility high-voltage direct current applications that transport bulk power. Inverters are commonly used to supply AC power from DC sources such as solar panels or batteries.
FOUR QUADRANT DC MOTOR SPEED CONTROL WITH MICROCONTROLLERshiv kapil
This document presents a project on four quadrant speed control of a DC motor using a microcontroller. It describes the basic principles of four quadrant operation and components used including a transformer, rectifier, regulator, 8051 microcontroller, motor driver, and DC motor. The circuit diagram and working are explained where the microcontroller provides control signals to the motor driver to run the motor forward, backward, or apply brakes. Potential applications include industrial automation and robotics. Future work may include wireless control using transmitters and receivers.
An inverter converts direct current (DC) from a solar panel into alternating current (AC) that can power household appliances and be fed into the electric grid. There are different types of inverters - string inverters connect multiple solar panels in series, microinverters convert power from individual panels, and central inverters are large units used for large commercial arrays. Inverters use maximum power point tracking technology to optimize power output from solar panels and may include additional functions like battery charging. Grid-tied inverters synchronize with utility power while off-grid inverters operate independently without grid connection.
Gsm based transformer fault detection systemKabilesh K
This document describes a GSM-based system for remotely monitoring and detecting faults in distribution transformers. The system uses sensors to monitor the transformer's voltage, temperature, power consumption, and oil level. It sends alerts via GSM if any of these exceed safe limits. A microcontroller processes the sensor data and triggers a relay to disconnect the transformer if a fault is detected, sending an SMS alert. This allows faults to be addressed before complete failure occurs, improving reliability while reducing costs compared to manual monitoring.
This document is a project report submitted by four students for their Bachelor of Technology degree. It discusses the development of a 500W, 12V to 220V solar inverter. The report includes chapters on the components used in the inverter such as solar panels, microcontrollers, transformers and more. It also provides a literature review on previous related projects and discusses implementing and testing the inverter hardware.
1) The document discusses maximum power point tracking (MPPT), a technique used to increase the efficiency of solar cells by up to 30%. MPPT works by operating solar panels at their maximum power point to extract more power.
2) Two common MPPT methods are described: perturb and observe and incremental conductance. Perturb and observe periodically changes the voltage to find the maximum power point, while incremental conductance uses voltage and current sensors to track changes in irradiance more accurately.
3) MPPT is typically implemented using a microcontroller to control sensors, interface with solar panels and batteries, and stop the panels at the voltage point that produces maximum power. This allows for more efficient use of solar energy
This document discusses maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques for solar panels. It begins with an introduction to MPPT and its objective to increase solar panel efficiency by extracting more power. Several MPPT techniques are described, including perturb and observe, incremental conductance method. The document provides mathematical models and diagrams to illustrate solar cell characteristics and how MPPT techniques work. It also discusses hardware implementation and the advantages of MPPT, concluding that incremental conductance performs best under varying conditions.
This presentation mainly focus on the different types of solar charge controllers. Here we try to present the working process of these charge controllers,circuit diagrams, advantages & applications.
The document discusses hybrid inverters, which are a new generation of uninterrupted power supply (UPS) that uses renewable energy sources like solar panels and batteries to provide home electricity and store excess energy for later use. Hybrid inverters intelligently manage energy storage and consumption from fluctuating renewable sources to meet household demand. They convert the direct current from solar panels and batteries to alternating current for home use, and only store additional energy when needed to bridge gaps between production and consumption.
GSM Based wireless energy meter/sanjeet-1308143sanjeet kumar
This document appears to be a project report submitted by three students for their Bachelor of Technology degree. It describes a project to create a GSM-based wireless energy meter. The report includes sections on acknowledgements, declarations, contents, and an introduction describing how the project will allow viewing energy usage and costs via cell phone. It also includes block diagrams and discussions of the hardware components used, including a digital energy meter, GSM modem, Arduino, transformer, voltage regulator, bridge rectifier, LCD display, resistors, and capacitors.
This document compares PID and fuzzy logic control methods for controlling brushless DC motors. It provides the mathematical model of a BLDC motor and describes the design and implementation of PID and fuzzy logic controllers. Experimental results show that while PID controllers perform adequately, fuzzy logic controllers can better handle nonlinearities and parameter variations. A fuzzy PID controller is also proposed to take advantage of both methods for robust BLDC motor speed control.
It consists of :
Introduction to Microgrid
Microgrid key Attributes
Interconnected Microgrid
How does it work ?
Microgrid : A Smart Choice for Tomorrow
Why Microgrid!
Conventional Grid V/s Microgrid
Advantages
Conclusion
With the development of industry and
agriculture, a great amount of energy such as coal, oil
and gas has been consumed in the world. Extensive
use of these fossil energies deteriorates a series of
problems like energy crisis, environmental pollution
and so on. Everybody knows that the fossil energy
reserves are finite, some day it will be exhausted.
It is possible that the world will face a
global energy crisis due to a decline in the
availability of cheap oil and recommendations to a
decreasing dependency on fossil fuel. This has led to
increasing interest in alternate power/fuel research
such as fuel cell technology, hydrogen fuel, biodiesel,
Karrick process, solar energy, geothermal energy,
tidal energy and wind. Today, solar energy and wind
energy have significantly alternated fossil fuel with
big ecological problems.
With the development of the science and
technology, power generation using solar energy and
wind power is gradually known by more and more
people. And it is widespread used in many developed
countries. The merits of the solar and wind power
generation are very obvious-infinite and nonpolluting.
The raw materials of the solar and wind
power generation derived from nature, and wind
power generation can work twenty-four hours a day,
solar power generation only works by daylight. In
addition, this kind of power generation has no
exhaust emission and there is no influence to the
nature. But it also has some shortcomings. Because
of the imperfect of the technology, equipment of the
solar and wind power generation is very expensive.
By far, it cannot be widely used.
In addition, solar and wind power
generation system affected by the changing of the
weather very much, so it has obvious defects in
reliability compared with fossil fuel, and it is difficult
to make it fit for practical use the lack of economical
efficiency .Because of these problems it needs to
increase the reliability of energy supply by
developing a system which interacts Solar and wind
energy. This kind of system is usually called windsolar
hybrid power generation system significantly
A solar charge controller regulates voltage and current from solar panels to batteries to prevent overcharging. It uses op-amps, MOSFETs, diodes and other components. Solar panels produce more than 12 volts, so the controller ensures batteries charge to 14-14.5 volts. It also protects against overcharging, deep discharge, and undervoltage. Charge controllers are used in solar home systems, street lights, hybrid power systems, and water pumps to store solar energy in batteries.
The document discusses a technical seminar on a buck converter fed by a PV array. It introduces PV systems and their applications. It describes the components of a PV system including PV modules, charge controllers, and buck converters. It explains that a buck converter connected between the PV array and battery uses maximum power point tracking to efficiently charge the battery by operating the PV array at its maximum power point. The document concludes that a buck converter increases the system efficiency when used with an MPPT technique in a PV system.
The document discusses solar panels and solar mobile chargers. It begins with an introduction to solar cells and how they work using the photovoltaic effect to generate electricity from sunlight. It then provides specifications for solar panels and chargers, and discusses the manufacturing process for solar cells. Applications are mentioned, including using solar chargers for phones in remote areas without electricity. Advantages include being portable, renewable, and reducing environmental pollution. Disadvantages include the initial cost and reliance on sunlight.
MPPT Based Optimal Charge Controller in PV systemMalik Sameeullah
The document presents information on solar photovoltaic systems including the solar power sector in India, types of solar PV systems, the need for charge controllers and maximum power point trackers, solar PV cells and batteries, charge controller models, buck-boost converters, maximum power point tracking models, optimal MPPT controller design, conclusions and future work. It discusses using MPPT algorithms for battery charging in solar PV systems and improving battery charging conditions through slight variations in MPPT design.
Modeling and simulation of dfig to grid connected wind power generation using...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study on modeling and simulating a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) connected to the power grid using MATLAB. It begins with an introduction to DFIGs and their advantages over other wind turbine generator types. It then describes the components and control of a DFIG system, including the AC/DC/AC converter. The document outlines the modeling of wind turbine and DFIG components in MATLAB/Simulink. It presents equations for calculating wind power capture and discusses modeling the variable speed capability of DFIGs. Finally, it summarizes simulation results showing DFIG operation and integration with the electric grid.
The document discusses battery management systems (BMS). It explains that a BMS monitors and controls batteries to ensure safe and optimal use by performing functions like cell protection, charge control, state of charge and health determination, and cell balancing. It provides examples of BMS applications in intelligent batteries, battery storage power stations, and automotive battery management systems.
Latest Electrical Mini Projects For EEE Studentselprocus
Simple Mini Projects For EEE Can Be Implemented By Using Microcontroller And Different Technologies. We Hope That Our Innovative Projects For EEE Students Offer Immense Help And Make Them Select Suitable Projects For Their Project Work.
https://www.elprocus.com
Visit our page to get more ideas on Electrical Mini Projects developed by professionals.
Elprocus provides free verified electronic projects kits around the world with abstracts, circuit diagrams, and free electronic software. We provide guidance manual for Do It Yourself Kits (DIY) with the modules at best price along with free shipping.
Reduction of Total Harmonic Distortion using Multipulse CycloconverterIRJET Journal
This document discusses reducing total harmonic distortion in cycloconverters by increasing the number of pulses. Cycloconverters are AC to AC converters used to control AC motors at low speeds, especially in high power applications. However, output power quality is a problem due to harmonic distortion. The document proposes a MATLAB/Simulink model of a cycloconverter with an increasing number of pulses to reduce total harmonic distortion. Comparison of simulation results with different pulse numbers will evaluate harmonic reduction. Firing pulses are controlled using cosine wave crossing. Increasing pulses rectifies the output waveform and nullifies harmonic effects, improving output power factor and power quality.
This document describes research on a three-phase inverter based on SPWM (sinusoidal pulse width modulation) control. It first provides background on wind energy and discusses using variable speed constant frequency technology in wind power systems. It then presents the overall design of a three-phase inverter, including the main circuit, DSP control system, and PWM inverter. Circuit parameters for a 10kW experimental system are designed, including choosing IGBT modules, filter capacitor and inductor sizing. Hardware design of the digital SPWM inverter control is also discussed, including an adjustment circuit to process voltage signals for the DSP.
An inverter converts direct current (DC) from a solar panel into alternating current (AC) that can power household appliances and be fed into the electric grid. There are different types of inverters - string inverters connect multiple solar panels in series, microinverters convert power from individual panels, and central inverters are large units used for large commercial arrays. Inverters use maximum power point tracking technology to optimize power output from solar panels and may include additional functions like battery charging. Grid-tied inverters synchronize with utility power while off-grid inverters operate independently without grid connection.
Gsm based transformer fault detection systemKabilesh K
This document describes a GSM-based system for remotely monitoring and detecting faults in distribution transformers. The system uses sensors to monitor the transformer's voltage, temperature, power consumption, and oil level. It sends alerts via GSM if any of these exceed safe limits. A microcontroller processes the sensor data and triggers a relay to disconnect the transformer if a fault is detected, sending an SMS alert. This allows faults to be addressed before complete failure occurs, improving reliability while reducing costs compared to manual monitoring.
This document is a project report submitted by four students for their Bachelor of Technology degree. It discusses the development of a 500W, 12V to 220V solar inverter. The report includes chapters on the components used in the inverter such as solar panels, microcontrollers, transformers and more. It also provides a literature review on previous related projects and discusses implementing and testing the inverter hardware.
1) The document discusses maximum power point tracking (MPPT), a technique used to increase the efficiency of solar cells by up to 30%. MPPT works by operating solar panels at their maximum power point to extract more power.
2) Two common MPPT methods are described: perturb and observe and incremental conductance. Perturb and observe periodically changes the voltage to find the maximum power point, while incremental conductance uses voltage and current sensors to track changes in irradiance more accurately.
3) MPPT is typically implemented using a microcontroller to control sensors, interface with solar panels and batteries, and stop the panels at the voltage point that produces maximum power. This allows for more efficient use of solar energy
This document discusses maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques for solar panels. It begins with an introduction to MPPT and its objective to increase solar panel efficiency by extracting more power. Several MPPT techniques are described, including perturb and observe, incremental conductance method. The document provides mathematical models and diagrams to illustrate solar cell characteristics and how MPPT techniques work. It also discusses hardware implementation and the advantages of MPPT, concluding that incremental conductance performs best under varying conditions.
This presentation mainly focus on the different types of solar charge controllers. Here we try to present the working process of these charge controllers,circuit diagrams, advantages & applications.
The document discusses hybrid inverters, which are a new generation of uninterrupted power supply (UPS) that uses renewable energy sources like solar panels and batteries to provide home electricity and store excess energy for later use. Hybrid inverters intelligently manage energy storage and consumption from fluctuating renewable sources to meet household demand. They convert the direct current from solar panels and batteries to alternating current for home use, and only store additional energy when needed to bridge gaps between production and consumption.
GSM Based wireless energy meter/sanjeet-1308143sanjeet kumar
This document appears to be a project report submitted by three students for their Bachelor of Technology degree. It describes a project to create a GSM-based wireless energy meter. The report includes sections on acknowledgements, declarations, contents, and an introduction describing how the project will allow viewing energy usage and costs via cell phone. It also includes block diagrams and discussions of the hardware components used, including a digital energy meter, GSM modem, Arduino, transformer, voltage regulator, bridge rectifier, LCD display, resistors, and capacitors.
This document compares PID and fuzzy logic control methods for controlling brushless DC motors. It provides the mathematical model of a BLDC motor and describes the design and implementation of PID and fuzzy logic controllers. Experimental results show that while PID controllers perform adequately, fuzzy logic controllers can better handle nonlinearities and parameter variations. A fuzzy PID controller is also proposed to take advantage of both methods for robust BLDC motor speed control.
It consists of :
Introduction to Microgrid
Microgrid key Attributes
Interconnected Microgrid
How does it work ?
Microgrid : A Smart Choice for Tomorrow
Why Microgrid!
Conventional Grid V/s Microgrid
Advantages
Conclusion
With the development of industry and
agriculture, a great amount of energy such as coal, oil
and gas has been consumed in the world. Extensive
use of these fossil energies deteriorates a series of
problems like energy crisis, environmental pollution
and so on. Everybody knows that the fossil energy
reserves are finite, some day it will be exhausted.
It is possible that the world will face a
global energy crisis due to a decline in the
availability of cheap oil and recommendations to a
decreasing dependency on fossil fuel. This has led to
increasing interest in alternate power/fuel research
such as fuel cell technology, hydrogen fuel, biodiesel,
Karrick process, solar energy, geothermal energy,
tidal energy and wind. Today, solar energy and wind
energy have significantly alternated fossil fuel with
big ecological problems.
With the development of the science and
technology, power generation using solar energy and
wind power is gradually known by more and more
people. And it is widespread used in many developed
countries. The merits of the solar and wind power
generation are very obvious-infinite and nonpolluting.
The raw materials of the solar and wind
power generation derived from nature, and wind
power generation can work twenty-four hours a day,
solar power generation only works by daylight. In
addition, this kind of power generation has no
exhaust emission and there is no influence to the
nature. But it also has some shortcomings. Because
of the imperfect of the technology, equipment of the
solar and wind power generation is very expensive.
By far, it cannot be widely used.
In addition, solar and wind power
generation system affected by the changing of the
weather very much, so it has obvious defects in
reliability compared with fossil fuel, and it is difficult
to make it fit for practical use the lack of economical
efficiency .Because of these problems it needs to
increase the reliability of energy supply by
developing a system which interacts Solar and wind
energy. This kind of system is usually called windsolar
hybrid power generation system significantly
A solar charge controller regulates voltage and current from solar panels to batteries to prevent overcharging. It uses op-amps, MOSFETs, diodes and other components. Solar panels produce more than 12 volts, so the controller ensures batteries charge to 14-14.5 volts. It also protects against overcharging, deep discharge, and undervoltage. Charge controllers are used in solar home systems, street lights, hybrid power systems, and water pumps to store solar energy in batteries.
The document discusses a technical seminar on a buck converter fed by a PV array. It introduces PV systems and their applications. It describes the components of a PV system including PV modules, charge controllers, and buck converters. It explains that a buck converter connected between the PV array and battery uses maximum power point tracking to efficiently charge the battery by operating the PV array at its maximum power point. The document concludes that a buck converter increases the system efficiency when used with an MPPT technique in a PV system.
The document discusses solar panels and solar mobile chargers. It begins with an introduction to solar cells and how they work using the photovoltaic effect to generate electricity from sunlight. It then provides specifications for solar panels and chargers, and discusses the manufacturing process for solar cells. Applications are mentioned, including using solar chargers for phones in remote areas without electricity. Advantages include being portable, renewable, and reducing environmental pollution. Disadvantages include the initial cost and reliance on sunlight.
MPPT Based Optimal Charge Controller in PV systemMalik Sameeullah
The document presents information on solar photovoltaic systems including the solar power sector in India, types of solar PV systems, the need for charge controllers and maximum power point trackers, solar PV cells and batteries, charge controller models, buck-boost converters, maximum power point tracking models, optimal MPPT controller design, conclusions and future work. It discusses using MPPT algorithms for battery charging in solar PV systems and improving battery charging conditions through slight variations in MPPT design.
Modeling and simulation of dfig to grid connected wind power generation using...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study on modeling and simulating a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) connected to the power grid using MATLAB. It begins with an introduction to DFIGs and their advantages over other wind turbine generator types. It then describes the components and control of a DFIG system, including the AC/DC/AC converter. The document outlines the modeling of wind turbine and DFIG components in MATLAB/Simulink. It presents equations for calculating wind power capture and discusses modeling the variable speed capability of DFIGs. Finally, it summarizes simulation results showing DFIG operation and integration with the electric grid.
The document discusses battery management systems (BMS). It explains that a BMS monitors and controls batteries to ensure safe and optimal use by performing functions like cell protection, charge control, state of charge and health determination, and cell balancing. It provides examples of BMS applications in intelligent batteries, battery storage power stations, and automotive battery management systems.
Latest Electrical Mini Projects For EEE Studentselprocus
Simple Mini Projects For EEE Can Be Implemented By Using Microcontroller And Different Technologies. We Hope That Our Innovative Projects For EEE Students Offer Immense Help And Make Them Select Suitable Projects For Their Project Work.
https://www.elprocus.com
Visit our page to get more ideas on Electrical Mini Projects developed by professionals.
Elprocus provides free verified electronic projects kits around the world with abstracts, circuit diagrams, and free electronic software. We provide guidance manual for Do It Yourself Kits (DIY) with the modules at best price along with free shipping.
Reduction of Total Harmonic Distortion using Multipulse CycloconverterIRJET Journal
This document discusses reducing total harmonic distortion in cycloconverters by increasing the number of pulses. Cycloconverters are AC to AC converters used to control AC motors at low speeds, especially in high power applications. However, output power quality is a problem due to harmonic distortion. The document proposes a MATLAB/Simulink model of a cycloconverter with an increasing number of pulses to reduce total harmonic distortion. Comparison of simulation results with different pulse numbers will evaluate harmonic reduction. Firing pulses are controlled using cosine wave crossing. Increasing pulses rectifies the output waveform and nullifies harmonic effects, improving output power factor and power quality.
This document describes research on a three-phase inverter based on SPWM (sinusoidal pulse width modulation) control. It first provides background on wind energy and discusses using variable speed constant frequency technology in wind power systems. It then presents the overall design of a three-phase inverter, including the main circuit, DSP control system, and PWM inverter. Circuit parameters for a 10kW experimental system are designed, including choosing IGBT modules, filter capacitor and inductor sizing. Hardware design of the digital SPWM inverter control is also discussed, including an adjustment circuit to process voltage signals for the DSP.
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Intelligent controlled UPQC for power quality improvement of grid supply conn...IJERA Editor
The issue of power quality has gained popularity in the recent years because of the widespread use of power electronic devices, larger inter-connected load networks and widespread use of non-conventional source of electrical energy like wind power, solar power etc. in the power system. The deterioration of the power quality may cause unwanted losses in the system, poor efficiency, interference with the communication lines, and faulty operation of devices and even may cause fault in some devices. In this paper the power quality issue because of the presence of non-linear load connected to the electric grid is discussed and an effort has been made to improve the power quality of the system using a device known as Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC). For this the intelligent controlled UPQC is developed and used with the Grid supply connected to the Non-linear load and percentage Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) of voltage and current waveforms is measured in order to determine the power quality at different locations in the system. The intelligent controlled method has been found to have superior performance over the conventional Proportional Integral (PI) controlled UPQC. The results obtained verified using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
Data Transmission Through Inductive Coupled SystemIRJET Journal
This document describes an inductive coupling system for data and power transmission between two coils. The system is designed for military applications to transmit time settings for fuzes in a safe and reliable manner without radio or infrared transmission. It consists of a fuze setter circuit and a fuze circuit. The fuze setter generates a high frequency sine wave that is transmitted through an inductive link to the fuze circuit. This powers the fuze microcontroller and allows the transmission of pulse amplitude modulated data to set the detonation time. Dual microcontrollers in the fuze provide redundancy. The system aims to qualify various military standards for safety and reliability.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
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Igbt based on vector control of induction motor driveeSAT Journals
Abstract
Generally, induction motor is fed by Current supply Inverter (CSI). During this project, hybrid model during which CSI area unit
accustomed feed the induction motor, are introduced. CSI employed in this work is SCR primarily based device. the standard gate
turn-off thyristor (GTO) primarily based CSI-fed induction motor drives suffer from draw- backs like low-frequency torsion pulsation,
harmonic heating and unstable operation at low-speed ranges. so as to beat these drawbacks, STATCOM is an efficient answer for
facing such power quality issues. This report deals with one in all the potential applications of Static Synchronous Compensator
(STATCOM) to industrial systems for mitigation of voltage dip drawback. The dip in voltage is mostly encountered throughout the
beginning of Associate in nursing induction motor. The model of STATCOM connected in shunt configuration to a 3 part supply
feeding dynamic motor masses is developed exploitation Simulink of MATLAB software package. Simulated results demonstrate that
STATCOM may be thought-about as a viable answer for finding such voltage dip issues. This thesis work aims at developing a
STATCOM for induction machines with reduced voltage dip.
Keywords: STATCOM, CSI,
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Design and Simulation of PFC Circuit for AC/DC Converter Based on PWM Boost R...IOSR Journals
This document describes the design and simulation of a power factor correction (PFC) circuit for an AC/DC converter using a PWM boost regulator. Non-linear loads draw non-sinusoidal current from the power supply, reducing power quality. The proposed PFC circuit utilizes current shaping techniques with the boost inductor to generate a sinusoidal input current and improve the power factor. Simulation results showed the input current was sinusoidal in phase with the line voltage, achieving near unity power factor. Harmonic analysis revealed the 3rd, 17th, and 19th harmonics were significantly reduced after PFC, improving the power factor from 62.3% to 98.8%. The PFC circuit demonstrated effective mitigation of current harmon
DC-AC Inverter using SRF Hysteresis Current Controller for Interfacing Photo-...IRJET Journal
This document describes a DC-AC inverter using a synchronous reference frame (SRF) hysteresis current controller to interface a photovoltaic (PV) source to the AC grid. The system consists of a PV source, boost converter, and inverter connected to a load. An SRF-based hysteresis current controller is used to regulate the inverter output current and minimize total harmonic distortion. It converts the measured load currents to a rotating reference frame to extract the fundamental components as DC signals. Simulation results show the controller effectively regulates current and eliminates harmonics from a nonlinear load, allowing the PV system to support a 3 kW load.
This document is a project report on a microcontroller based traffic light controller. It describes the development of a traffic light controller that uses a microcontroller and LEDs to automatically control traffic lights on a centralized basis. The microcontroller is programmed to adjust the timing and phasing of the traffic signals to meet changing traffic conditions. The circuit uses basic electronic components like an LED for the traffic lights and a microcontroller for automatic signal changing after a preset time interval. It aims to provide a reliable and cost-effective traffic light control solution.
Performance and High Robustness DPC for PWM Rectifier under Unstable VDC BusIJPEDS-IAES
This paper proposes a strategy de controlling a static AC / DC converter
based on direct power control (DPC). The instantaneous active and reactive
power is controlled in such a way to ensure the PWM rectifier with a
sinusoidal current absorption. This control has proven effective in terms of
reduction of total harmonic distortion (THD) of current absorbed. Offers a
good control of active and reactive power with an operation at unitary power
factor. The test of robustness carried out and the results have proven DPC
good performance with strong possibility of de integrate it into the field of
high voltage and high power as electric traction.
This document presents the construction of a 2KVA inverter by six students at the Federal Polytechnic in Ede, Osun State, Nigeria. It was submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for an Ordinary National Diploma in Electrical Electronics Engineering. The document discusses the background, aims and objectives, literature review on early inverter designs, basic design considerations, and the difference between sine wave and modified sine wave inverters. The overall goal of the project was to efficiently convert DC power from a battery to high voltage AC power that can be used to power appliances.
Harmonics analysis of single phase inverterBINOD PATEL
This document summarizes a project report on harmonic analysis of a single phase inverter with pulse width modulation (PWM). It includes the simulation of simple and practical inverter models in MATLAB. The output waveforms and harmonic analysis using FFT are presented. The hardware configuration of a single phase inverter circuit is described along with the future work of improving system stability and analyzing harmonics in three phase inverters.
Efficient Power Factor Correction For Multipulse Bridgeless Active Boost Conv...IRJET Journal
This document presents a modified power factor correction boost converter with a bridgeless active boost converter for a three-phase AC-DC converter system. The proposed design improves upon a conventional 24-pulse rectifier by using a bridgeless topology where the inductor current flows through only two semiconductor devices rather than three. Simulation results show that the proposed bridgeless boost 24-pulse converter improves the power factor from 0.715 to 0.982 compared to the conventional 24-pulse rectifier design.
Analysis of multi terminal hvdc transmission system feeding very weak ac netw...eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper presents a line commutated converter (LCC) based multi-terminal HVDC transmission (MTDC) system feeding very weak AC networks with hybrid reactive power compensators (RPC’s) at the inverter AC side. The hybrid compensator is accomplished by the equal mixing of any two of the following compensators: synchronous compensator (SC); static var compensator (SVC); static synchronous compensator (STATCOM). The four-terminal HVDC transmission system model is implemented in the Matlab with the firefly algorithm based optimal proportional integral (PI) controller for rectifiers and inverters control. The transient performances of hybrid RPC’s (SC+SVC, SVC+STATCOM and SC+STATCOM) are studied under various fault conditions and the results are compared with the performance of the SC, SVC and STATCOM to focus the high quality of the hybrid compensators. The simulation results authorize that the equivalent mixture of SC and STATCOM has a steady and fastest response. The results also reveal the supremacy of the firefly algorithm based optimal PI controller over the conventional PI controller. The harmonic present in the inverter side AC quantities is also calculated under steady state operation to assure the quality of power supply. Keywords: MTDC, Very weak AC system, Hybrid RPC, PI controller, Firefly Algorithm.
This document is a project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree in Electrical Engineering. The report details the simulation and implementation of a Fixed Capacitor Thyristor Controlled Reactor (FC-TCR) for improving power factor by compensating reactive power. It includes simulation of the FC-TCR circuit in Proteus software and MATLAB. The report provides background on power factor, describes the methodology used, and outlines the software and hardware components involved including Arduino, Proteus, and MATLAB. It also includes mathematical calculations, future applications, and conclusions.
Integration of artificial intelligence control to the unified power quality c...eSAT Journals
Abstract Modernization of the Industrial world is completely accompanied with growing power demands. It is very necessary to utilize the available power efficiently with as much less issues as possible rather than focusing on the excessive generation to meet the demand. UPQC consist of combined series active power filter that compensates voltage harmonics of the power supply, and shunt active power filter that compensates harmonic currents of a non-linear load. We need to focus on the control of UPQC to achieve the best results. Artificial Neural Networks is now considered as a tool for the design of controller for the Power Quality devices. In this paper, the ANN-based controller is designed for the current control of the shunt active power filter and trained offline using data from the conventional PI controller. An exhaustive simulation study is carried out to investigate the performance of the ANN controller and compare its performance with the conventional PI controller results. Index Terms: Power Quality, Unified Power Quality Conditioner, Artificial Neural Networks, Proportional Integral, CSI, VSI, Harmonics.
Integration of artificial intelligence control to the unified power quality c...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IRJET- Harnessing the Energy Generated from Staircase using Piezoelectric...IRJET Journal
This document discusses harnessing energy from staircases using piezoelectric technology. Piezoelectric materials produce electrical energy from mechanical stress. The document proposes attaching piezoelectric crystals to staircases to convert the dynamic pressure of human footsteps into electricity. The electricity generated would be collected and used to charge batteries. It describes the system in detail, including a rectifier to convert the AC output of the crystals to DC, a boost converter to increase the voltage, and an inverter to convert the DC to AC. Simulations and a potential hardware setup are presented. The system could harness wasted energy from high traffic areas like train stations to power small loads.
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This document describes experiments conducted using a programmable logic controller (PLC) to control various functions. The experiments include: 1) using a PLC to start and stop a motor via push buttons, 2) adding reverse direction control, 3) using timers to add on/off delays, and 4) combining on/off delays. The purpose is to understand and implement ladder logic programming of a PLC. Key components of a PLC like the power supply, processor, input and output modules are discussed. Ladder logic programming allows flexible control of industrial machinery.
This document provides an overview of electromagnetic interference (EMI) and electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). It defines EMI as an electromagnetic disturbance that can degrade equipment performance or cause malfunctions. EMC is described as a state where equipment functions satisfactorily in a common electromagnetic environment without intolerably disturbing other equipment. The document outlines common sources and effects of EMI and techniques to control EMI at its source, including proper grounding, shielding, filtering, and printed circuit board layout. It also discusses important EMI/EMC standards and the institutions that set these standards.
students can learn the operation and performance of an inverter
circuit. This senior design project aims to develop an inverter circuit experiment which addresses
several concepts and techniques used in covering DC to AC inverters.
Microelectronic technology
This report briefly discusses the need for Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors (MOSFETs), their structure and principle of operation. Then it details the fabrication and characterization of the MOSFETs fabricated at the microelectronic lab at University of Malaya
shows the simulation and analysis of a MOSFET device using the MOSFet tool. Several powerful analytic features of this tool are demonstrated, including the following:
calculation of Id-Vg curves
potential contour plots along the device at equilibrium and at the final applied bias
electron density contour plots along the device at equilibrium and at the final applied bias
spatial doping profile along the device
1D spatial potential profile along the device
1) The document discusses developing a Simulink model of a three-phase induction motor that takes test data as input and simulates motor parameters and characteristics. Standard tests like no-load, blocked rotor, and DC resistance tests are used to obtain input data.
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3) Parameter estimation methods not requiring standard tests are also discussed, using manufacturer data to estimate parameters offline for simulation purposes.
This document provides steps to calculate the β value for a half-wave rectifier circuit with an R-L load. It is given that Vs=240V, f=50Hz, R=100Ω, and L=0.1H. The document calculates the θ and ωτ values, then sets up and solves a function to find the value of β that satisfies the equation. Through iterative calculations using this function, it determines that the β value is approximately 3.4.
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3) There are two main Op-Amp configurations - open loop and closed loop. Open loop has stability issues while closed loop with negative feedback is more commonly used and has advantages like stabilized gain and reduced distortion.
4) Common closed loop Op-Amp circuits include the inverting amplifier, non-inverting amplifier, voltage follower, integrator, and differential amplifier. These are built using negative feedback techniques.
This document discusses different methods for discretizing a continuous time DC servo motor transfer function for use in digital control. It provides the transfer functions obtained when discretizing the motor model using various methods like zero order hold, impulse invariant mapping, Tustin's approximation, and zero pole matching at a sample time of 0.05 seconds. A plot compares the step responses of the closed loop system using these different discretization methods, showing they provide similar performance with small differences.
The document summarizes a COMSOL simulation of the eigenfrequency of a 3D cantilever beam. It describes defining the geometry of the cantilever beam as a 300 micrometer long, 20 micrometer wide, and 2 micrometer thick copper beam. It then details the 6 step simulation process and presents the results, including figures showing the bending shapes at different eigenfrequencies and graphs of the displacement field and total displacement.
This document discusses voltage sag analysis on a 14-bus power system network. It provides the Y-admittance and Z-impedance matrices of the network and calculates the voltage sag at buses 5 and 14 for various fault conditions. It finds that a three-phase fault at bus 5 results in the highest voltage sag of 1.57 p.u at bus 5, while a fault at bus 14 causes a sag of 1.39 p.u at bus 14. Opening certain lines or removing generators increases the voltage sag. Under expected fault rates, the estimated number of annual voltage sag events below 50% of nominal voltage is 4.65 for bus 5 and 6.55 for bus 14.
The document discusses selecting high efficiency motors to minimize operating costs and estimates potential energy and cost savings. It provides equations to calculate motor efficiency, annual energy cost savings, energy demand savings, and payback period for upgrading to an energy efficient motor. A case study estimates around 2.88% annual energy savings and a 9.5 year payback period for replacing a 37kW IE1 motor with an IE3 motor. In conclusion, upgrading the motor was found to be cost effective given its designed lifespan.
Ceiling fan is mostly driven by the single induction motor with an efficiency of 30%.
The BLDC motor is popular now a days for a high efficiency, compactness and controllability.
The document discusses drop-on-demand inkjet printhead technology. It begins by explaining how inkjet printers use nozzles to spray ink drops directly onto paper, either through thermal or piezoelectric means. It then provides details on the advantages of different printer types and describes the history and development of both continuous and drop-on-demand inkjet technologies. A key development was the invention of thermal and piezoelectric inkjet methods. The document concludes by describing Memjet printhead technology, which uses MEMS and allows for faster, higher resolution printing compared to traditional inkjet methods.
This document presents a valveless piezoelectric micropump for drug delivery applications. It describes the components of the micropump including the piezoelectric actuator, diffuser/nozzle elements, and power supply module. Simulation results show the actuator membrane achieves a maximum deflection of 0.176μm under 50V excitation. Diffuser element simulations examine efficiency and flow rate for variations in divergence angle and length. Proposed work involves simulating diffuser element performance for gentamicin delivery. The micropump aims to provide a controlled drug delivery system through further optimization and study.
This document summarizes key aspects of smartphone antenna design and the challenges associated with electromagnetic radiation. It discusses that smartphones have multiple antennas to support various wireless technologies. The different frequency bands used can interfere with each other, posing a major challenge. It also describes efforts to reduce electromagnetic interference and evaluate radiation absorption, known as Specific Absorption Rate (SAR). Regulatory bodies set safe SAR limits for public health as excessive radiation from phones is known to generate heat in human tissues.
certanily we can not today dispense with mobile phones where they have became part of our lives each person now have mobile phone as result it is quick way to connect with other ,with this technological development must not forget that the most important factor ,it is health
Abstract
This report focuses on controlling the speed of a DC motor using PWM technique.
Direct current (DC) motors have been widely used in many industrial applications such as electric vehicles, steel rolling mills, electric cranes, and robotic manipulators due to precise, wide, simple, and continuous control characteristics
The dc motor speed in general is directly proportional to the supply voltage, so if reduce the voltage from 12 volts to 6 volts then our speed become half of what it originally had. But in practice, for changing the speed of a dc motor we cannot go on changing the supply voltage all the time. Rather than simply adjusting the voltage sent to the motor, we can switch the motor supply on and off where switching is done so much fast that the motor only notices the average voltage effect and not the switching operation.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
artificial intelligence and data science contents.pptxGauravCar
What is artificial intelligence? Artificial intelligence is the ability of a computer or computer-controlled robot to perform tasks that are commonly associated with the intellectual processes characteristic of humans, such as the ability to reason.
› ...
Artificial intelligence (AI) | Definitio
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
An improved modulation technique suitable for a three level flying capacitor ...IJECEIAES
This research paper introduces an innovative modulation technique for controlling a 3-level flying capacitor multilevel inverter (FCMLI), aiming to streamline the modulation process in contrast to conventional methods. The proposed
simplified modulation technique paves the way for more straightforward and
efficient control of multilevel inverters, enabling their widespread adoption and
integration into modern power electronic systems. Through the amalgamation of
sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) with a high-frequency square wave
pulse, this controlling technique attains energy equilibrium across the coupling
capacitor. The modulation scheme incorporates a simplified switching pattern
and a decreased count of voltage references, thereby simplifying the control
algorithm.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
6. AAABBBSSSTTTRRRAAACCCTTT:::
Power electronics is interdisciplinary and is at the confluence of three fundamental
technical areas - power, electronics and control, .and is used in a wide variety of
industries from computers to chemical plants to rolling mills. The importance of
power electronics has grown over the years due to several factors.
Computer simulation can greatly aid in the analysis, design and education of Power
Electronics. A computer simulation (or "sim") is an attempt to model a real-life or
hypothetical situation on a computer so that it can be studied to see how the system
works. By changing variables, predictions may be made about the behavior of the
system. In our work towards this we have ensured to bring out the different
responses of current and voltage in the power electronics circuits. However,
simulation of power electronics systems is made challenging by the following factors:
1) Extreme non-linearity presented by switches,
2) Time constants within the system may differ by several orders of magnitude and
3) A lack of models.
Therefore, it is important that the objective of the computer analysis be evaluated
carefully and an appropriate simulation package be chosen.
In view of the above considerations, a SPICE based simulation package PSpice and
PSIM have been chosen by us for this very purpose. They have had the detailed
device models and have been able to represent the controller portion of the
converter system by its functional features in as simplified a manner as possible.
7. CONTENTS
Page No.
ABSTRACT i
1. INTRODUCTION TO POWER ELECTRONICS 01
2. SIMULATION TECHNIQUES
PSIM 04
PSPICE 05
COMPARISON OF PSIM AND PSPICE 06
3. SIMULATION SECTIONS
3.1 LINE- FREQUENCY DIODE RECTIFIERS 11
3.2 LINE- FREQUENCY PHASE- CONTROLLED CONVERTERS 22
3.3 DC-TO-DC SWITCH-MODE CONVERTERS 31
3.4 SWITCH-MODE DC-TO-SINUSOIDAL INVERTERS 37
3.5 RESONANT CONVERTERS:
ZERO VOLTAGE/ CURRENT SWITCHING 43
3.6 SWITCH-MODE DC POWER SUPPLIES WITH ISOLATION 48
3.7 MOTOR DRIVES 51
3.8 SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES 55
4. CONCLUSION 58
5. FUTURE WORK 59
REFERENCES 60
8. 1 INTRODUCTION
TO POWER ELECTRONICS:
POWER ELECTRONICS-
Power electronics is the applications of solid-state electronics for the control and conversion
of electric power.
Power electronic converters can be found wherever there is a need to modify the electrical
energy form (i.e. modify its voltage, current or frequency). Therefore, their power range from
some mill watts (as in a mobile phone) to hundreds of megawatts.
The power conversion systems can be classified according to the type of the input and output
power
AC to DC (rectification)
DC to AC (inversion)
DC to DC (chopping)
AC to AC (cycloconvertion)
RECTIFIER:
A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC) to direct current
(DC), a process known as rectification. Rectifiers have many uses including as components
of power supplies and as detectors of radio signals. Rectifiers may be made of solid state
diodes, vacuum tube diodes, mercury arc valves, and other components.
INVERTER:
An inverter is an electrical or electro-mechanical device that converts direct current (DC) to
alternating current (AC); the resulting AC can be at any required voltage and frequency with
the use of appropriate transformers, switching, and control circuits.
Static Inverters have no moving parts and are used in a wide range of applications, from
small switching power supplies in computers, to large electric utility high-voltage direct
current applications that transport bulk power. Inverters are commonly used to supply AC
power from DC sources such as solar panels or batteries.
The electrical inverter is a high-power electronic oscillator. It is so named because early
mechanical AC to DC converters was made to work in reverse, and thus was "inverted", to
convert DC to AC. The inverter performs the opposite function of a rectifier.
9. CHOPPER:
Essentially, a chopper is an electronic switch that is used to interrupt one signal under the
control of another. Most modern uses also use alternative nomenclature which helps to clarify
which particular type of circuit is being discussed. These include:
Switched mode power supplies, including DC to DC converters.
Speed controllers for DC motors
Class D Electronic amplifiers
Switched capacitor filters
Variable Frequency Drive
CYCLOCONVERTER:
A cycloconverter or a cycloinverter converts an AC waveform, such as the mains supply, to
another AC waveform of a lower frequency, synthesizing the output waveform from
segments of the AC supply without an intermediate direct-current link.
They are most
commonly used in three phase applications. In most power systems, the amplitude and the
frequency of input voltage to a cycloconverter tend to be fixed values, whereas both the
amplitude and the frequency of output voltage of a cycloconverter tend to be variable. The
output frequency of a three-phase cycloconverter must be less than about one-third to one-
half the input frequency .The quality of the output waveform improves if more switching
devices are used (a higher pulse number). Cycloconverters are used in very large variable
frequency drives, with ratings of several megawatts.
APPLICATIONS OF POWER ELECTRONICS:
10. Power electronics applications in power systems are growing very rapidly and promise to
change the landscape of future power systems in terms of generation, operation and control.
There are basically three most important application areas – distributed generation, flexible
AC transmission systems (FACTS) and power quality. It is widely accepted that distributed
generation is a very important energy option in the near future. Most of the distributed
energy resources require a power electronic converter to interface with the load and utility.
FACTS are important due to two main reasons:
deregulation of utility requires precise control of power flow by FACTS
and growing energy demand coupled with difficulty in constructing more
transmission lines requires FACTS devices to enable increased power flow in existing
lines.
11. 2 SIMULATION
TECHNIQUES:
The different simulating software applications that have been undertaken by us
for the evaluation of the power electronics circuits are as follows:
PSIM-
PSPICE STUDENT VERSION 9.1-
1) PSIM:
PSIM is a simulation software specifically designed for power electronics and motor
drives. With fast simulation and friendly user interface, PSIM provides a powerful
simulation environment for power electronics, analog and digital control, magnetics,
and motor drive system studies. Powersim develops and markets leading simulation
and design tools for research and product development in power supplies, motor drives,
and power conversion and control systems.
Circuit Structure:
A circuit is represented in PSIM in four blocks: power circuit, control circuit, sensors,
and switch controllers. The figure below shows the relationship between these blocks
12. The power circuit consists of switching devices, RLC branches, transformers, and coupled
inductors. The control circuit is represented in block diagram. Components in s-domain
and z domain, logic components (such as logic gates and flip flops), and non-linear
components (such as multipliers and dividers) are used in the control circuit. Sensors are
used to measure power circuit quantities and pass them to the control circuit. Gating signal
is then generated from the control circuit and sent back to the power circuit through switch
controllers to control switches.
2) PSPICE STUDENT VERSION 9.1:
SPICE is an acronym for Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis and was
inspired by the need to accurately model devices used in integrated circuit design. It has now
become the standard computer program for electrical and electronic simulation. The majority
of commercial packages are based on SPICE2 version G6 from the University of California at
Berkeley although development has now progressed to SPICE3. The increased utilization of
PCs has led to the production of PSPICE, a widely available PC version distributed by the
MicroSim Corporation whilst HSPICE from Meta-Software has been popular for
workstations and is now also available for the PC. One of the reasons for the popularity of
Pspice is the availability and the capability to share its evaluation version freely at no cost.
This evaluation version is very powerful for power electronics simulations.
PSpice, now developed towards more complex industry requirements, is integrated in the
complete systems design flow from OrCAD and Cadence Allegro. It also supports many
additional features, which were not available in the original Berkeley code like Advanced
Analysis with automatic optimization of a circuit, encryption, a Model Editor, support of
parameterized models, has several internal solvers, auto-convergence and checkpoint restart,
magnetic part editor and Tabrizi core model for non-linear cores.
13. COMPARISON BETWEEN PSIM AND PSPICE:
Advantage of PSPICE:
PSpice allows multiple plots to be viewed simultaneously, such as voltage, power, etc.
Also, specific points, such as a voltage at a certain time, can be selected and marked
on the output plot in PSpice
PSpice contains libraries full of specific components with manufacturer
specifications. These components are included so the user may obtain realistic
simulation results.
Very simple to represent any electrical circuit, in particular power-electronic circuits.
A wide library of commercial electric components is available.
Disadvantage of PSPICE:
PSpice allows the user to select specific components with industry standard part
numbers and specifications. Searching for these components can take up more of the
user’s time when constructing the circuit,
PSpice is a much more complex circuit simulator
The setting of the simulation parameters can be critical and difficult to do in order to
avoid numerical convergence problems.
PSpice does not allow data visualization during simulation.
14. Advantage of PSIM:
With PSIM's interactive simulation capability, you can change parameter values and
view voltages/currents in the middle of a simulation. It is like having a virtual test
bench running on your computer.
You can design and simulate digital power supplies using PSIM's Digital Control
Module. The digital control can be implemented in either block diagram or custom C
code.
PSIM has a built-in C compiler which allows you to enter your own C code into PSIM
without compiling. This makes it very easy and flexible to implement your own
function or control methods.
You can use the Thermal Module to calculate semiconductor device losses
(conduction losses and switching losses) based on the device information from
manufacturers' datasheet.
Disadvantage of PSIM:
The complexity of the block diagram used to simulate the power circuit can increase
drastically with the number of semiconductors in the circuit.
Now let’s compare one of the circuits using both the simulation softwares i.e. PSIM and
PSPICE.
We have taken a basic circuit of 3-phase diode bridge rectifier.
First by using PSIM and then we will go for the PSPICE simulation.
.
17. 3. SIMULATION
SECTIONS:
Different power electronics circuits have been categorized into different sections and
simulations have been carried out for them. What the circuit is all about, the circuit
diagram and different voltage and current responses have been mentioned under each
section.
Categorization have been done according to the power electronics devices ,starting
from the very basic circuits consisting of diodes, then thyristors and then we have
moved towards some of the applications of power electronics which basically consists
of power supply applications and motor-drive application.
The different sections are as follows:
3.1. Line Frequency Diode Rectifiers
3.2. Line-Frequency Phase-Controlled Converters
3.3 DC-to-DC Switch Mode Converters
3.4 Switch-Mode DC-to-Sinusoidal Inverters
3.5 Resonant Converters: Zero Voltage/Current Switching
3.6 Switch Mode DC Power Supplies with Isolation
3.7 Motor Drives
3.8 Semiconductor Devices
They have been studied in the pages to follow.
18. 3.1. Line Frequency Diode Rectifiers:
Line frequency diode rectifiers convert line frequency ac. into dc. in an uncontrolled manner.
In most power electronic applications, the power input is in the form of a 50-60 hz sine wave
ac voltage provided by the electric utility, that is first converted to a dc voltage. Increasingly,
the trend is to use the inexpensive rectifiers with diodes to convert the input ac into dc in an
uncontrolled manner, using rectifiers with diodes. In such diode rectifiers, the power flow can
be only from the utility ac side to the dc side. A majority of the power electronics
applications use such as switching dc power supplies, ac motor drives, dc servo drives and so
on use such uncontrolled rectifiers.
Circuits-
1) Basic concepts in diode rectification
2) Basic concepts of current commutation in rectifiers.
3) 1-phase diode bridge rectifier
4) 1-phase voltage doubler rectifier.
5) Mid-point rectifier.
6) Current in neutral wire due to power electronic loads.
7) 3-phase diode bridge rectifier.
19. 1) BASIC CONCEPTS IN DIODE RECTIFICATION:
Rectification is the process of conversion of alternating input voltage to direct output voltage.
Rectification of ac voltages and currents is accomplished by means of diodes.In diode based
rectifiers, the output voltage cannot be controlled
GRAPH-1
20. 2) BASIC CONCEPTS OF CURRENT COMMUTATION IN RECTIFIERS-
This is for an insight into the effect of a finite ac side inductance Ls on the circuit operation.
We assume that the dc side can be represented by a constant dc current Id as shown in the
circuit diagram given below. Due to a finite Ls, the transition of the ac-side current Is from a
voltage +Id to –Id (or vice versa) will not be instantaneous. The finite time interval required
for such a transition is called the current commutation time and this process where the current
conduction shifts from one diode to the other is called the current commutation process.
21. The following two graphs shows the response of both current and voltage of this particular
circuit.
GRAPH 2.1 (CURRENT)
GRAPH 2.2 (VOLTAGE)
22. 3) 1-PHASE DIODE BRIDGE RECTIFIER:-
A diode bridge or bridge rectifier is an arrangement of four diodes in a bridge configuration
that provides the same polarity of output voltage for either polarity of input voltage. When
used in its most common application, for conversion of alternating current (AC) input into
direct current (DC) output, it is known as a bridge rectifier. A bridge rectifier provides full-
wave rectification from a two-wire AC input, resulting in lower cost and weight as compared
to a center-tapped transformer design.
The essential feature of a diode bridge is that the polarity of the output is the same regardless
of the polarity at the input.
GRAPH-3
23. 4) 1-PHASE VOLTAGE DOUBLER RECTIFIER:
In many applications, the input line voltage magnitude may be insufficient to meet the dc
output voltage requirement. More importantly, the equipment may be required to operate with
a line voltage of 115 V as well as 230 V. Therefore, a voltage doubler rectifier may be used
to avoid a voltage step-up transformer.
GRAPH-4
24. 5) MID-POINT RECTIFIER:-
A rectifier with midpoint feed, comprising:
a first and a second input terminal (A,B), which form an input of the rectifier,
a first and a second output terminal (P,M), which form a first output of the rectifier,
the first output terminal (P) forming the positive pole and the second output terminal
(M) forming the negative pole of the first output of the rectifier, wherein a series
circuit comprising a first and a second coupling capacitor (C1, C2) is arranged in
parallel with the first output, the midpoint of the series circuit being connected to the
second input terminal (B),wherein a storage capacitor (C3) is arranged in parallel with
a series circuit comprising a first and a second diode (D1, D2), the midpoint of the
series circuit made up of the first and the second diodes (D1, D2) being connected to
the first input terminal (A), and the first diode (D1) being connected to the first
coupling capacitor (C1) via a first inductor, and the second diode (D2) being connected
to the second coupling capacitor (C2) via a second inductor (L2).
26. 6) DIODE CHARACTERISTICS:-
The graph below shows the electrical characteristics of a typical diode. When a small voltage
is applied to the diode in the forward direction, current flows easily.
Because the diode has a certain amount of resistance, the voltage will drop slightly as current
flows through the diode. A typical diode causes a voltage drop of about 0.6 - 1V (VF) (In the
case of silicon diode (in this case 0.6 v). This voltage drop needs to be taken into
consideration in a circuit which uses many diodes in series. Also, the amount of current
passing through the diodes must be considered. When voltage is applied in the reverse
direction through a diode, the diode will have a great resistance to current flow. Different
diodes have different characteristics when reverse-biased.
.
28. 7) 3-PHASE DIODE BRIDGE RECTIFIER:-
In industrial applications where three-phase ac voltages are available, it is preferable
to use three-phase rectifier circuits, compared to single-phase rectifiers, because of
their lower ripple content in the waveforms and a higher power-handling capability.
The 3-phase, 6-pulse, full bridge diode rectifier is commonly used circuit
arrangement. A filter capacitor is connected at the dc side of the rectifier.
GRAPH 7
29. 3.2 Line frequency phase controlled converters:
In some applications such as battery chargers and a class of ac and dc motor drives, it is
necessary for the dc voltage to be controllable. The ac to controlled dc conversion is
accomplished in line frequency phase controlled converters by means of thyristors. These
thyristor converters nowadays are primarily in use in 3-phase high power applications. The
line frequency voltages are present on their ac side.in these converters, the instant the
thyristor begins or ceases to conduct depends on the line-frequency ac voltage waveforms
and the control inputs.
Circuits-
8) Basic concepts in thyristor converters.
9) 1-phase half-controlled bridge rectifier
10) 1-phase thyristor rectifier bridge
11) 1-phase thyristor inverters
12) Basic concepts in 3-phase thyristor converters
13) 3-phase thyristor rectifier bridge
14) 3-phase half-controlled bridge rectifier
15) 3-phase thyristor inverter
30. 8) BASIC CONCEPTS IN THYRISTOR CONVERTERS:-
For given ac input voltages, the magnitude of the average output voltage in thyristor
converters can be controlled by delaying the instants at which the thyristors are
allowed to start conduction.
GRAPH-8
31. 9) 1-PHASE HALF-CONTROLLED BRIDGE RECTIFIER:
A single-phase semi converter bridge consists of two diodes and two thyristors. The
load is of RLE type. With T1 on, load gets connected to source through T1 and D1.
For the period wt=45 to 180, load current flows through T1 and D1 and output Vo is
of same wave shape as Vs. after wt=180 load voltage tends to reverse as ac voltage
changes polarity. There is limited control over the level of dc output voltage.
GRAPH-9
32. 10) 1-PHASE THYRISTOR RECTIFIER BRIDGE:
A single phase full converter bridge consists of four SCRs as shown.Thyristor pair T1
and T2 is simultaneously triggered and 180 later, pair T3 and T4 is gated together.
Voltage at the output terminals can be controlled by adjusting the firing angle delay of
the thyristor. There is a wider control over the level of dc output voltage.
GRAPH-10
33. 3.3 DC-to-DC Switch Mode converters:
The dc-dc converters are widely used in regulated switch mode dc power supplies and in dc
motor drive applications. Often the input to these converters is an unregulated dc voltage,
which is obtained by rectifying the line voltage. Switch mode dc-to-dc converters are used to
convert the unregulated dc input into a controlled dc output at a desired voltage level.
Switch mode dc-dc converters utilize one or more switches to transform dc from one level to
another. The average output voltage is controlled by controlling the switch on-off durations.
Circuits-
16) Step-up (Boost) dc-dc converter
17) Step-down (Buck) dc-dc converter using Average-Switch Model
18) Step-down /up (Buck/Boost) dc-dc converter Average-Switch Model
19) Full-Bridge, bipolar-voltage-switching dc-dc converter
20) Full-Bridge, unipolar-voltage-switching dc-dc converter
34. 11) STEP-UP (BOOST) DC-DC CONVERTER:
Its main application is in regulated dc power supplies and the regenerative braking of dc
motors. As the name implies, the output voltage is always greater than the input voltage.
When the switch is on, the diode is reverse biased, thus isolating the output stage. The
input supplies energy to the inductor. When the switch is off, the output stage receives
energy from inductor as well as from the input.
CIRCUIT-16
GRAPH-16
35. 12) STEP-DOWN(BUCK) DC-DC CONVERTER USING AVERAGE
SWITCH MODEL:
As the name suggests, a step down converter produces a lower average output voltage
than the dc input voltage. Its main application is in regulated dc power supplies and dc
speed motor control.
CIRCUIT-17
36. GRAPH-17
13) STEP-DOWN/UP (BUCK/BOOST) DC-DC CONVERTER USING
AVERAGE SWITCH MODEL:
A buck-boost converter can be obtained by the cascade connection of two basic
converters, the step down and the step-up converter. The main application of this
converter is in regulated dc power supplies where a negative output may be desired
with respect to common terminal of the input voltage. The output voltage can be
greater than or less than the input voltage.
CIRCUIT-18
37. GRAPH-18
14) FULL-BRIDGE,BIPOLAR-SWITCHING DC-DC CONVERTER:
PWM with bipolar voltage switching, where (TA+,TB-) and (TA-,TB+) are treated as two switch
pairs; switches in each pair are turned on and off simultaneously. One of the two pairs is
always on. The switching signals are generated by comparing a switching-frequency
triangular waveform with the control voltage.
CIRCUIT-19
38. GRAPH-19
15) FULL-BRIDGE,UNIPOLAR SWITCHING DC-DC CONVERTER:
PWM with unipolar voltage switching is also referred to as the double PWM
switching. Here the switches in each inverter leg are controlled independently of the
other leg. Regardless of the direction of the Io, Vo=0 if TA+ and TB+ are both on or if
both TA- and TB- are both on.
CIRCUIT-20
39. GRAPH-20
3.4 Switch-Mode DC-to-Sinusoidal Inverters:
Switch mode dc-to-ac inverters are used in ac motor drives and uninterruptible ac power
supplies where the objective is to produce a sinusoidal ac output whose magnitude and
frequency can both be controlled. The input to switch mode inverters will be assumed to be a
dc source. Such inverters are referred to as voltage source inverters (VSIs).
Circuits-
21) PWM, bipolar-voltage-switching, 1-phase.
22) PWM, unipolar-voltage-switching, 1-phase
23) Square Wave, 1-phase
24) Voltage-Cancellation Control, 1-phase
25) PWM Inverter, 3-phase
40. 16) 1-PHASE, BIPOLAR-VOLTAGE SWITCHING INVERTER:
PWM with bipolar voltage switching, where (TA+,TB-) and (TA-,TB+) are treated as two switch
pairs; switches in each pair are turned on and off simultaneously. One of the two pairs is
always on. The switching signals are generated by comparing a switching-frequency
triangular waveform with the control voltage.
41. CIRCUIT-21
GRAPH-21
17) 1-PHASE UNIPOLAR-VOLTAGE SWITCHING INVERTER:
PWM with unipolar voltage switching is also referred to as the double PWM
switching. Here the switches in each inverter leg are controlled independently of the
other leg. Regardless of the direction of the Io, Vo=0 if TA+ and TB+ are both on or if
both TA- and TB- are both on.
42. CIRCUIT-22
GRAPH-22
18) 1-PHASE, SQUARE WAVE INVERTER:
In these inverters, the input dc voltage is controlled in to control the magnitude of the
output ac voltage, and therefore the inverter has to control only the frequency of the
output voltage. The output ac voltage has a waveform similar to a square wave, and
hence these inverters are called square wave inverters.
43. CIRCUIT-23
GRAPH-23
19) 1-PHASE VOLTAGE CANCELLATION INVERTER:
In case of inverters with single phase output, it is possible to control the magnitude
and the frequency of the inverter output voltage, even though the input to the inverter
is a constant dc voltage and the inverter switches are not pulse width modulated. It is
to be remembered that the voltage cancellation techniques work only with single
phase inverters and not with three phase inverters.
45. GRAPH-25
3.5 Resonant Converters: Zero Voltage/Current Switching:
in all the pulse width modulated dc-to-dc and dc-to ac converter, the controllable switches are
operated in a switch mode where they are required to turn on and turn off the entire load
current during each switching. In such operation the switches are subjected to high switching
stresses and high switching power loss. If each switch in a converter changes its status from
on to off or vice versa when the voltage across it is zero at the switching instant, then the
above mentioned shortcomings can be minimised. The converter topologies which result in
zero voltage and zero current switching require some form of LC resonance so they are
known as “resonant converters”.
Circuits-
26) Series loaded Resonant converters, Discontinuous conduction mode.
27) Parallel loaded Resonant DC-DC converter operating above resonant
frequency.
28) Zero Current Switching, Quasi Resonant Buck Converter.
29) Zero Voltage Switching, Clamped Voltage Converter.
46. 26) SERIES LOADED RESONANT (SLR) DC-DC CONVERTER IN
DISCONTINUOUS MODE:
In this mode of operation, the switches turn off naturally at zero current and at zero voltage,
since the inductor current goes through zero. The switches turn on at zero current but not at
zero voltage. Also the diode turns on at zero current and turn off naturally at zero current.
The disadvantage of this mode is relatively large peak current in the circuit, so higher
conduction losses.
CIRCUIT-26
47. GRAPH-26
27)PARALLEL LOADED RESONANT DC-DC CONVERTER ABOVE RESONANT
FREQUENCY:
PLR converters appear as a voltage source and are better suited for multiple outlets. They
dont possess inherent short-circuit protection capability. These converters can step-up as well
as step down the voltage.
CIRCUIT-27
48. GRAPH-27
28) ZERO CURRENT SWITCHING, QUASSI RESONANT BUCK CONVERTER:
In such converters, the current produced by LC resonance flows through the switch, thus
causing it to turn on and off at zero current. The peak switch voltage remains the same. One
drawback of such a converter is that the switch peak current rating required is significantly
higher than the load current. Moreover, the conduction losses would also be higher.
CIRCUIT-28
49. GRAPH-28
29) ZERO VOLTAGE SWITCHING, CLAMPED VOLTAGE DC-DC CONVERTER:
Here the switch turns on and off at zero voltage.. In this converter, at least one converter leg
is made up of two such switches. The peak switch voltage remains the same as in its switch
mode counterpart, but the peak switch current is generally higher.
CIRCUIT-29
50. GRAPH-29
3.6 Switch-Mode DC power Supplies with Isolation:
Regulated dc power supplies are needed for most analog and digital electronic systems.
Advances in the semiconductor technology have led to switching power supplies, which are
smaller and much more efficient than the linear power supplies. In switching power supplies,
the transformation of dc voltage from one-level to another is accomplished by using dc-to dc
converter circuits. These circuits employ solid-state devices which operate as a switch.
In a switching supply with electrical isolation the input ac voltage is rectified into an
unregulated dc voltage by means of a diode rectifier.
Circuits-
30) Flyback DC-DC Converters.
31) Forward Converters.
51. 30) FLYBACK DC-DC CONVERTER:
Flyback converters are derived from buck boost converter. By placing a second winding
on the inductor, it is possible to achieve electrical isolation.
In the circuit given below, when the switch is on, due to winding polarities, the diode D
becomes reverse biased. The continuous current conduction mode in buck-boost
converter corresponds to the incomplete demagnetisation of the inductor core in the
flyback converter. Therefore, the inductor core flux increases linearly.
CIRCUIT-30
52. GRAPH-30
31) FORWARD DC-DC CONVERTER:
Initially assuming a transformer to be ideal, when the switch is on, D1 becomes forward
biased and D2 reverse biased. Therefore current increases. When the switch is off, the
inductor current circulates through diode D2 and current decreases linearly.
CIRCUIT-31
53. GRAPH-31
3.7 Motor Drives:
Motor-drives are used in a very wide power range, from a few watts to many thousand of
kilowatts, in applications ranging from very precise, high performance position controlled
drives in robotics to variable speed drives for adjusting flow rates in pumps. In all drives
where the speed and the position are controlled, a power electronic converter is needed as an
interface between the input power and the motor.
A motor drive basically consists of an electric motor, a power electronic converter, and
possibly a speed and/or position sensor.
Circuits-
32) Start up of a Squirrel Cage Induction Machine.
33) Induction Motor with Constant-Power Load.
34) Induction Motor with Constant Torque Load.
54. 32) START-UP OF A SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MACHINE:
Induction motors with squirrel cage rotors are the workhorse of industry because of their low
cost and rugged construction. When operated directly from the line voltages, an induction
motor operates at a nearly constant speed. However, by means of power electronic
converters, it is possible to vary the speed of an induction motor.
CIRCUIT-32
55. GRAPH-32
33) INDUCTION MOTOR WITH CONSTANT POWER LOAD:
By increasing the stator frequency above its nominal value, it is possible to increase the
motor speed beyond the rated speed. In most adjustable-speed drive applications; the motor
voltage is not exceeded beyond its rated value.
56. 34) INDUCTION MOTOR WITH CONSTANT TORQUE LOAD:
If flux is maintained constant, the motor can deliver its rated torque on a continuous basis by
drawing its rated current at a constant frequency. The region below the rated speed is called
the constant-torque region
.
57. 3.8 Semi-Conducting Devices:
The increased power capabilities, ease of control, and reduced costs of modern power
semiconductor devices compared to those of just a few years ago have made converters
affordable in a large number of applications and have opened up a host of new converter
topologies for power electronic applications. And to understand the feasibility of these new
topologies and applications, it is essential to be aware of the characteristics of these devices.
Circuits-
35) POWER MOSFET Switching Characteristics.
36) Bipolar Junction Transistor Test Circuit.
58. 35) POWER MOSFET SWITCHING CHARACTERISTICS:
MOSFET is a voltage controlled device. It approximates a closed switch when the gate-
source voltage is below the threshold value. It requires continuous application of a gate-
source voltage of appropriate magnitude to be in on state. The switching times are very short,
being in the range of a few tens of nanoseconds to a few hundred nanoseconds.
59. CIRCUIT-35
GRAPH-35
36) BIPOLAR JUNCTION TRANSISTOR TEST CIRCUIT:
BJT is a current controlled device. A BJT requires a sufficiently large base current to be in
fully on-state. The on-state voltage is usually in the 1-2 V range so that the conduction power
loss in BJT is quite small.
CIRCUIT-36
60. 4 CONCLUSION
Power Electronics is an enabling technology for all kinds of alternative energy utilization,
sustainable mobility, high productivity manufacturing and energy efficiency. The highly
dynamic developments in the field bring new challenges like interdisciplinary research,
collaboration in international teams and international hiring. These could all benefit from
insight into the power electronics and the required extensions to related domains like power
systems, mechanical engineering, and material science. Power electronics is an area where
simulation aids provide many advantages, both in engineering design and in engineering
education.
Today’s computer technology enables a new approach to this work which has not been
considered feasible before. Simulation programs will run on inexpensive machines and be
widely available. Circuits will be specified in a simple graphical format which is self-
documenting. Models will be available to meet today’s needs and yet be sufficiently versatile
to be adapted to new devices as they appear. By means of a suitable choice of simulator
elements, even the inexpert user will be able to customize his package to incorporate future
device developments. The simulation models of various power electronic circuits have been
developed by using PSpice and PSim software.
61. PSIM is a simulation package specifically designed for Power Electronics and motor control.
PSIM provides fast simulation and friendly user interface. The basic PSIM package consists
of three programs: circuit schematic program, PSIM Simulator, and waveform display
program SIMVIEW. In addition, there are three add-on modules for PSIM: Motor Drive
Module for motor drives, Digital Control Module for discrete systems and digital control, and
SimCoupler Module for co-simulation with Matlab/Simulink.
PSpice and PSim models of single and three-phase rectifiers, PWM choppers and inverters,
AC choppers, Resonant Converters and DC Drives are developed. With the aid of Simulation
package a menu has been prepared to classify the power electronic networks. The simulation
method has been found to be simple and versatile, since governing equations and functions of
each power electronics circuit can easily be represented in blocks. The developed software
enables the designer to change the parameters or the modulation methods of the circuit. The
input and output current and voltage waveforms could be seen momentarily for number of
different operation conditions. This study would be useful for obtaining the performance
waveforms of numerous power electronic circuits and for more complex systems containing
power electronic circuits.
5 FUTURE WORK
"In today's market, there is a huge demand for more automated, functional and higher-
performing products. In order to satisfy this demand, engineers must now address the
convergence of electronics, mechanics and control engineering when designing a product -
whereas in the past they could concentrate solely on a single discipline. Using the software's
modelling features and communication backplane technology, engineers are able to construct
virtual prototypes of all aspects of a system including the electronics, sensors/actuators,
motors, generators, power converters, controls and embedded software. The software enables
engineers to investigate system functionality and performance and to verify overall design.
The result is a reduction in development time and cost, increased system reliability and
performance optimization.
62. REFERENCES
1. Power Electronics: Computer Simulation, Analysis and Education Using PSpice
Schematics by Prof. NED MOHAN.
2. Power Electronics: converters, applications and design by
MOHAN.UNDELAND.ROBBINS.
3. Electric Drives: An Integrative Approach by Prof. NED MOHAN.
4. Professor NED MOHAN, Minnesota University, USA.
5. Professor ANDREA VEZZINI, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Switzerland.
6. Power Electronics by Prof. P.S.Bhimbhra.