in this presentation charge controller is discussed with good examples of taking load perfectly explanantion of the controller according to load MPPT PWM technique is also explained inthis presentation power calculations also done for better explanation

1. CHARGE CONTROLLER
By PUSHPENDRA
GAUTAM BUDDHA UNIVERSITY
GREATOR NOIDA UP201312

2. WHAT IS CHARGE CONTROLLER

3. A solar charge controller is fundamentally a voltage or current
controller to charge the battery and keep electric cells from
overcharging. It directs the voltage and current hailing from the
solar panels setting off to the electric cell. Generally, 12V
boards/panels put out in the ballpark of 16 to 20V, so if there is
no regulation the electric cells will damaged from
overcharging. Generally, electric storage devices require
around 14 to 14.5V to get completely charged. The solar charge
controllers are available in all features, costs and sizes. The
range of charge controllers are from 4.5A and up to 60 to 80A.

6. HARDWARE COMPONENT USED IN CONNECTION WITH
CHARGE CONTROLLER
1.AT89C2051 MICROCONTROLLER
2.SERIAL ADC 0831
3.VOLTAGE REGULATOR 7805
4.DUSK TO DAWN SENSOR
5. SOLAR PANEL
6. RECHARGEABLE BATTERY
7. LCD MODULE

7. •Microcontroller is powered up with 5V regulated DC supply from the battery. Ones the microcontroller is powered ON, it
continuously monitors the battery voltage with the help of ADC. A potential divider connected at the pin 2 of the ADC with
resistor arrangement, scale down the voltage from 0V-20V to 0V-05V. Then these values are accordingly displayed on LCD
display.
•This circuit is implemented with a parallel regulation technique which allows the charging current to flow into the battery and
once the battery is fully charged it stops charging. By making this charging as pulsed, wasting of current as heat is reduced to
keepthe battery topped-up.
Microcontroller continuously gets the input signals from dusk to dawn sensor and based on this input, it switches
the load or charging relay. When this sensor gives the input to microcontroller upon solar voltage presence, then
microcontroller drives the LCD to display the message as charging. Once battery is fully charged (reaches to 14V),
then microcontroller interrupts the charging by energizing the relay through the MOSFET. At this time,
microcontroller starts 5 minute timer and displays the message as Battery Full.
After the time elapsed, the relay reconnects the battery to solar panel. By this way solar charging current is pulsed
as long as the solar voltage is present.
Whenever the solar panel voltage falls below the zener diode voltage of the dusk-to-dawn sensor, then
microcontroller receives it and activates the load through MOSFET and accordingly displays the message as Load
ON. Similarly, when the voltage falls below the 10V of the dusk-to-dawn sensor then microcontroller turns OFF the
load through this MOSFET.

8. Features of Solar Charge Controller:
1.Protects the battery (12V) from over charging
2.Reduces system maintenance and increases battery
lifetime
3.Auto charged indication
4.Reliability is high
5.10amp to 40amp of charging current
Monitors the reverse current flow

9. •Multistage charging of battery bank - changes the amount of power
set to the batteries based on its charge level, for healthier batteries.
•Reverse current protection - stops the solar panels from draining the
batteries at night when there is no power coming from the solar panels.
•Low voltage disconnect - turns off attached load when battery is low
and turns it back on when the battery is charged back up.
•Lighting control - turns attached light on and off based on dusk and
dawn. Many controllers are configurable, allowing settings for a few hours
or all night, or somewhere in between.
•Display- may show voltage of battery bank, state of charge, amps
coming in from solar panel.

10. TYPES OF SOLAR CHARGE CONTROLLER
1.PWM(PULSE WIDTH MODULATED )
2.MPPT(MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING )

11. A PWM solar charge controller stands for “Pulse Width Modulation”. These operate
by making a connection directly from the solar array to the battery bank. During
bulk charging, when there is a continuous connection from the array to the battery
bank, the array output voltage is ‘pulled down’ to the battery voltage. As the battery
charges, the voltage of the battery rises, so the voltage output of the solar panel
rises as well, using more of the solar power as it charges. As a result, you need to
make sure you match the nominal voltage of the solar array with the voltage of the
battery bank. *Note that when we refer to a 12V solar panel, that means a panel
that is designed to work with a 12V battery. The actual voltage of a 12V solar panel,
when connected to a load, is close to 18 Vmp (Volts at maximum power). This is
because a higher voltage source is required to charge a battery. If the battery and
solar panel both started at the same voltage, the battery would not charge.

15. Maximum power point tracking (MPPT): The MPPT solar charge
controller is the sparkling star of today’s solar systems. These
controllers truly identify the best working voltage and amperage
of the solar panel exhibit and match that with the electric cell
bank. The outcome is extra 10-30% more power out of your sun
oriented cluster versus a PWM controller. It is usually worth the
speculation for any solar electric systems over 200 watts.

16. The MPPT charge controller ensures that the loadsreceive maximum current to
be used (by quickly chargingthe battery).
Maximumpower pointcouldbe understood as an ideal voltage at whichthe
maximum power is delivered tothe loads,with minimum losses.
This is alsocommonly referred to as peak power voltage.

18. PWM CHARGE CONTROLLER

19. MPPT CONTROLLER