This document discusses voltage sag analysis on a 14-bus power system network. It provides the Y-admittance and Z-impedance matrices of the network and calculates the voltage sag at buses 5 and 14 for various fault conditions. It finds that a three-phase fault at bus 5 results in the highest voltage sag of 1.57 p.u at bus 5, while a fault at bus 14 causes a sag of 1.39 p.u at bus 14. Opening certain lines or removing generators increases the voltage sag. Under expected fault rates, the estimated number of annual voltage sag events below 50% of nominal voltage is 4.65 for bus 5 and 6.55 for bus 14.
The document provides an overview of industrial training at the Wagon Repair Workshop in Kota, Rajasthan, India. It discusses that the workshop was commissioned in 1960, and is the only workshop on Indian Railways that undertakes Periodic Overhaul of LPG wagons. It has over 2,400 employees and handles an annual budget of 84 crore rupees. The workshop repairs various types of wagons using various shops like wheel, lifting, tank, and bogie repair shops. It also describes the air brake system used in wagons.
about indian railway, history of indian railway, mechanical workshop, painting shop, welding shop, heat treatment shop, spring section, machine shop, inspection shop etc.
It’s Time for a QMS Revolution with Quality 4.0PECB
This webinar provides insightful information on how Quality 4.0 will revolutionize the QMS implementation process. Moreover, the presenter discusses on how the emergence of social media platforms will play a role in the organization`s ability to achieve results.
Main points covered:
• Why it’s time for a QMS revolution?
• How do IoT and IIoT serve as enablers for the next generation of QMS across industries?
• What skills do quality professionals need to develop to meet the challenges of the digital age?
• How does the emergence of social media platforms and an increasingly transparent landscape impact the organizations’ ability to achieve optimal results and what can organizations do about it?
Presenter:
Peter-Elias Alouche is the Quality Practice Manager at Intelex Technologies, specialized on Quality and Supply Chain management system solutions. He has worked in a variety of industries, ranging from the power generation and utility sectors to manufacturing of industrial inkjet systems and injection molding systems. Moreover, Peter has been involved with addressing nonconformance from ISO 9001 compliance audits, developing nonconformance processes, incoming inspections, internal audits, Six Sigma Green Belt projects, root cause analysis workshops, Kaizen events, FMEA workshops, supplier quality initiatives, ISO 9001 compliance, and new product development initiatives.
Link to the recorded webinar: https://youtu.be/C-0od9gf2cU
A pressure test is performed on the cooling system to check for leaks. An adapter attaches a hand pump to the radiator cap to pressurize the system equal to the cap rating. The pressure should hold steady - if it drops, it indicates a leak. Technicians check for leaks in components like hoses, radiator, heater core, engine heads, and plugs if the pressure drops during testing.
Single phase induction motor Design.pptxFaisalSheraz4
This document provides information on the construction and design of a three phase induction motor. It discusses the main components of the stator and rotor, including the laminated steel cores, windings, and squirrel cage construction. Design considerations covered include the selection of specific magnetic and electric loadings to determine dimensions, number of slots, tooth width, and air gap length. Equations are provided for calculating motor ratings and dimensions based on power, voltage, and other specifications.
This document describes the design and fabrication of a stair climbing trolley. It uses a tri-star wheel design with three wheels arranged in an equilateral triangle to allow the trolley to climb stairs. The trolley is designed to transport loads up stairs and uneven surfaces using less effort than conventional trolleys. It was modeled in CATIA software and fabricated through operations like grinding, welding, and drilling. Testing showed it can satisfactorily carry various loads up to its designed capacity.
Design, Analysis and Manufacturing of Braking system for an Universal Terrain...EditorIJAERD
This document summarizes the design, analysis, and manufacturing of the braking system for a universal terrain vehicle. Key aspects of the braking system designed include hydraulic disc brakes, brake rotors made of SS410 steel, Vespa brake calipers, DOT4 brake fluid, a Maruti M800 tandem master cylinder, and a brake pedal with a 6:1 leverage ratio. Calculations were performed to analyze weight distribution, torque requirements, and dynamic weight transfer. The design was validated through testing, which showed the braking system could stop the vehicle within the required 15 feet from speeds up to 70 km/h.
The document provides an overview of industrial training at the Wagon Repair Workshop in Kota, Rajasthan, India. It discusses that the workshop was commissioned in 1960, and is the only workshop on Indian Railways that undertakes Periodic Overhaul of LPG wagons. It has over 2,400 employees and handles an annual budget of 84 crore rupees. The workshop repairs various types of wagons using various shops like wheel, lifting, tank, and bogie repair shops. It also describes the air brake system used in wagons.
about indian railway, history of indian railway, mechanical workshop, painting shop, welding shop, heat treatment shop, spring section, machine shop, inspection shop etc.
It’s Time for a QMS Revolution with Quality 4.0PECB
This webinar provides insightful information on how Quality 4.0 will revolutionize the QMS implementation process. Moreover, the presenter discusses on how the emergence of social media platforms will play a role in the organization`s ability to achieve results.
Main points covered:
• Why it’s time for a QMS revolution?
• How do IoT and IIoT serve as enablers for the next generation of QMS across industries?
• What skills do quality professionals need to develop to meet the challenges of the digital age?
• How does the emergence of social media platforms and an increasingly transparent landscape impact the organizations’ ability to achieve optimal results and what can organizations do about it?
Presenter:
Peter-Elias Alouche is the Quality Practice Manager at Intelex Technologies, specialized on Quality and Supply Chain management system solutions. He has worked in a variety of industries, ranging from the power generation and utility sectors to manufacturing of industrial inkjet systems and injection molding systems. Moreover, Peter has been involved with addressing nonconformance from ISO 9001 compliance audits, developing nonconformance processes, incoming inspections, internal audits, Six Sigma Green Belt projects, root cause analysis workshops, Kaizen events, FMEA workshops, supplier quality initiatives, ISO 9001 compliance, and new product development initiatives.
Link to the recorded webinar: https://youtu.be/C-0od9gf2cU
A pressure test is performed on the cooling system to check for leaks. An adapter attaches a hand pump to the radiator cap to pressurize the system equal to the cap rating. The pressure should hold steady - if it drops, it indicates a leak. Technicians check for leaks in components like hoses, radiator, heater core, engine heads, and plugs if the pressure drops during testing.
Single phase induction motor Design.pptxFaisalSheraz4
This document provides information on the construction and design of a three phase induction motor. It discusses the main components of the stator and rotor, including the laminated steel cores, windings, and squirrel cage construction. Design considerations covered include the selection of specific magnetic and electric loadings to determine dimensions, number of slots, tooth width, and air gap length. Equations are provided for calculating motor ratings and dimensions based on power, voltage, and other specifications.
This document describes the design and fabrication of a stair climbing trolley. It uses a tri-star wheel design with three wheels arranged in an equilateral triangle to allow the trolley to climb stairs. The trolley is designed to transport loads up stairs and uneven surfaces using less effort than conventional trolleys. It was modeled in CATIA software and fabricated through operations like grinding, welding, and drilling. Testing showed it can satisfactorily carry various loads up to its designed capacity.
Design, Analysis and Manufacturing of Braking system for an Universal Terrain...EditorIJAERD
This document summarizes the design, analysis, and manufacturing of the braking system for a universal terrain vehicle. Key aspects of the braking system designed include hydraulic disc brakes, brake rotors made of SS410 steel, Vespa brake calipers, DOT4 brake fluid, a Maruti M800 tandem master cylinder, and a brake pedal with a 6:1 leverage ratio. Calculations were performed to analyze weight distribution, torque requirements, and dynamic weight transfer. The design was validated through testing, which showed the braking system could stop the vehicle within the required 15 feet from speeds up to 70 km/h.
This document describes a plastic shredding machine. The machine is designed to shred plastic waste into small pieces to facilitate waste management and recycling. Specifically, the machine aims to provide a cheaper option for processing plastic waste locally rather than transporting large amounts of packaged waste to processing plants. The document discusses the design and mechanism of the plastic shredding machine, including different generations of shredding machines and the types of shredding machines commonly used to process municipal solid waste.
Design optimization of excavator bucket using Finite Element MethodIjripublishers Ijri
An excavator is a typical hydraulic heavy-duty human-operated machine used in general versatile construction operations,
such as digging, ground leveling, carrying loads, dumping loads and straight traction. Normally backhoe excavators
are working under worst working conditions. Due to severe working conditions, excavator parts are subjected to
high loads and must work reliably under unpredictable working conditions. Thus, it is necessary for the designers to
provide not only an equipment of maximum reliability but also of minimum weight and cost, keeping design safe under
all loading conditions.
This document is an industrial training report submitted by Piyushkumar Tiwari to the North Eastern Railway Gorakhpur workshop. It provides an overview of the various departments within the workshop including the machine shop, painting shop, wheel shop, spring shop, heat treatment shop, and jig and fixture shop. It describes the various machines, processes, and activities carried out in each department to repair and maintain railway equipment and rolling stock.
The Gorakhpur mechanical workshop was established in 1903 to repair and overhaul steam locomotives. It now maintains and overhauls 180 coaches per month. The workshop covers 29.8 hectares and has facilities like inspection, machine, painting, wheel/shaft, spring, heat treatment, jig/fixture, braking, and shell shops that repair and maintain different components of coaches using various machines and processes like welding, machining, and heat treatment. The workshop is staffed by 19 officers and 378 supervisors and supports the maintenance of Northeast Railway coaches.
Training report on railways (all workshop)anand prasad
The document discusses corrosion in Indian railway coaches. Corrosion is a major problem that reduces structural integrity and needs to be addressed during periodic overhauls. Key areas prone to corrosion include sole bars, body pillars, turn unders, and areas below lavatories. During overhauls, all underframe members are inspected for corrosion and repaired using approved steel sheets, electrodes, primers, and other treatments as specified by standards.
The Gorakhpur mechanical workshop was established in 1903 to repair steam locomotives. It now overhauls 180 coaches per month, including AC and non-AC coaches. The workshop has several shops for inspection, machine work, painting, wheel and shaft repair, spring production, heat treatment, jigs and fixtures. It is located in Gorakhpur and employs 19 officers and 378 supervisors.
The document discusses the design and analysis of a C-clamp using different materials. It analyzes the C-clamp design using both structural steel and aluminum alloy to determine the most suitable material. The analysis includes modeling the C-clamp in ANSYS, applying loads, and evaluating stresses and safety factors. The results show that structural steel performs better with higher safety factors and lower stresses under load compared to the aluminum alloy. Specifically for the handle part, the aluminum alloy shows higher stresses due to greater deflection, making structural steel preferable for withstanding the applied forces in the C-clamp.
Introduction to Smart Manufacturing & Manufacturing as a Service presentation.
Three important concepts are presented: Cloud computing, internet of things and advanced data analytics.
DESIGN MODIFICATION OF DISC BRAKE AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF IT BY VARYING T...ijsrd.com
Automobile braking system is one of the most important mechanical devices among the others. The disc brake is a device that slows or stops the rotation of a wheel by converting the friction to heat. But if the brakes get too hot, they will cease to work as they cannot dissipate enough heat. This condition of failure is known as brake fade. Disc brakes are exposed to large thermal stresses during routine braking and extraordinary thermal stresses during hard braking. Ventilation applications on disc brake can significantly improve the brake system performance by reducing the heating of the discs. In this study, the thermal behavior as well as the performance of ventilated brake discs using different pattern of holes will be investigated at continuous brake conditions with finite element analysis and the results will be compared with a solid disc.
Walking E-Bike is a project which focuses on the design and fabrication of a totally new way of moving. The idea is to create economic and ecological exercise machine/transport. The bike responds to walking input on the treadmill belt and powers it. Alternative power is given to the wheel using a motor. The transmission is done using a series of chain drives. The structure is well balanced and strongly built to withstand higher loads. The motor supports the vehicle to move in difficult terrains and steep slopes.
Air springs use compressed air inside a rubber bellow to provide suspension for coaches. This allows the coach to maintain a constant height regardless of passenger load. Air springs were introduced for hybrid coaches because heavy passenger loads would compress main springs and damage coil springs, compromising passenger comfort. The air spring system uses a height monitoring valve to add or release air as needed to maintain the required buffer height. When loads change, the air spring initially adjusts its distance from the coach body and then the valve adjusts air pressure until the proper height is reached. Maintenance of the air spring system requires trained staff and spare parts available at stations.
This document summarizes the design, modeling, and analysis of an excavator arm. It discusses calculating the pin diameter of the arm, increasing the bucket volume, and modeling the arm and bucket in CAD software. A finite element analysis is conducted to analyze stresses on the arm under different digging forces and deformation of the bucket under load. The analysis shows reducing the digging force eliminates stress failures while increasing the bucket volume maintains productivity. The proposed design is found to be safer and more efficient than the existing design.
We know that our world is facing fuel crisis nowadays. All kind of conventional source of fuel is on the verge of exhaustion. We are confident that AIR POWERED TECHNOLOGY holds the key to the automobile’s future.
The document discusses the key processes involved in tyre manufacturing, including compounding and mixing rubber and other materials, milling and calendaring the rubber into sheets, extruding tread and other components, assembling the components on a tyre building machine, curing and vulcanizing the assembled tyre, and final inspection and finishing of the cured tyre. Tyre manufacturing requires combining many raw materials like various rubber compounds, carbon black, fabric, and steel wires and cables through mixing, shaping, building, and curing processes to produce the final product.
introduction, types of scissor lift, advantages and disadvantages design of different components and calculation based of selected material. generated 3d model in solidworks.
This document summarizes a structural analysis of a brake disc conducted by students. They modeled a disc brake in ANSYS, applied appropriate loads and boundary conditions, and analyzed the results. Von Mises stresses were highest at the inner area where the shaft connects. Deflections and stresses obtained indicate the cast iron disc can withstand the applied pressure. The analysis can be improved by modifying the material or design, or adding ventilated areas to withstand thermal variations.
The fourth industrial revolution Industry 4.0 represents a new paradigm shift from “centralized” to “decentralized” industry relies on cyber-physical based automation where sensors send data directly to the cloud and services such as monitoring, control and optimization automatically subscribe to necessary data in real-time. In the coming years, these technologies will be seen as a viable alternative to current manufacturing processes. According to a recent report by Markets and Markets, smart factory technology will have global market size of 74.80 Billion USD by 2022. The talk provides a comprehensive introduction to Industry 4.0 and Smart Factory. Technical challenges and social implications of smart factory will be discussed. The applicability of these emerging technologies in developing economies is highlighted in this talk as well.
Quality Function Deployment (QFD) is a technique used to understand customer needs and translate them into engineering specifications to help develop a product. QFD uses a tool called the House of Quality (HOQ) which contains information about customers, their requirements, how important each requirement is, engineering specifications to meet the requirements, and the relationships between requirements and specifications. Using QFD, Toyota was able to reduce development costs and time for new car models while improving quality.
Distance Algorithm for Transmission Line with Mid-Point Connected STATCOMIRJET Journal
This document presents an adaptive zone selection algorithm for distance protection of a transmission line with a midpoint connected STATCOM device. The algorithm aims to address challenges to distance protection posed by the presence of the STATCOM. It investigates the impact of the STATCOM on apparent impedance seen by distance relays under different fault conditions using EMTDC/PSCAD software. An adaptive setting is proposed that calculates a new reach based on system and STATCOM parameters to ensure proper operation of distance relays for both underreach and overreach scenarios. The performance of the proposed adaptive algorithm is evaluated through simulations of various single line to ground and three phase fault cases with different fault locations, resistances and system load angles.
This document appears to be an exam paper for a power system simulation laboratory course. It contains 17 questions related to power flow analysis, transmission lines, fault analysis and load-frequency control. The questions involve both manual calculations and computer simulations. Students are asked to calculate transmission line parameters, form bus admittance and impedance matrices, perform load flow analysis using Gauss-Siedel and decoupled methods, determine fault currents, simulate load-frequency response and control systems, calculate economic generation dispatch, and more.
This document describes a plastic shredding machine. The machine is designed to shred plastic waste into small pieces to facilitate waste management and recycling. Specifically, the machine aims to provide a cheaper option for processing plastic waste locally rather than transporting large amounts of packaged waste to processing plants. The document discusses the design and mechanism of the plastic shredding machine, including different generations of shredding machines and the types of shredding machines commonly used to process municipal solid waste.
Design optimization of excavator bucket using Finite Element MethodIjripublishers Ijri
An excavator is a typical hydraulic heavy-duty human-operated machine used in general versatile construction operations,
such as digging, ground leveling, carrying loads, dumping loads and straight traction. Normally backhoe excavators
are working under worst working conditions. Due to severe working conditions, excavator parts are subjected to
high loads and must work reliably under unpredictable working conditions. Thus, it is necessary for the designers to
provide not only an equipment of maximum reliability but also of minimum weight and cost, keeping design safe under
all loading conditions.
This document is an industrial training report submitted by Piyushkumar Tiwari to the North Eastern Railway Gorakhpur workshop. It provides an overview of the various departments within the workshop including the machine shop, painting shop, wheel shop, spring shop, heat treatment shop, and jig and fixture shop. It describes the various machines, processes, and activities carried out in each department to repair and maintain railway equipment and rolling stock.
The Gorakhpur mechanical workshop was established in 1903 to repair and overhaul steam locomotives. It now maintains and overhauls 180 coaches per month. The workshop covers 29.8 hectares and has facilities like inspection, machine, painting, wheel/shaft, spring, heat treatment, jig/fixture, braking, and shell shops that repair and maintain different components of coaches using various machines and processes like welding, machining, and heat treatment. The workshop is staffed by 19 officers and 378 supervisors and supports the maintenance of Northeast Railway coaches.
Training report on railways (all workshop)anand prasad
The document discusses corrosion in Indian railway coaches. Corrosion is a major problem that reduces structural integrity and needs to be addressed during periodic overhauls. Key areas prone to corrosion include sole bars, body pillars, turn unders, and areas below lavatories. During overhauls, all underframe members are inspected for corrosion and repaired using approved steel sheets, electrodes, primers, and other treatments as specified by standards.
The Gorakhpur mechanical workshop was established in 1903 to repair steam locomotives. It now overhauls 180 coaches per month, including AC and non-AC coaches. The workshop has several shops for inspection, machine work, painting, wheel and shaft repair, spring production, heat treatment, jigs and fixtures. It is located in Gorakhpur and employs 19 officers and 378 supervisors.
The document discusses the design and analysis of a C-clamp using different materials. It analyzes the C-clamp design using both structural steel and aluminum alloy to determine the most suitable material. The analysis includes modeling the C-clamp in ANSYS, applying loads, and evaluating stresses and safety factors. The results show that structural steel performs better with higher safety factors and lower stresses under load compared to the aluminum alloy. Specifically for the handle part, the aluminum alloy shows higher stresses due to greater deflection, making structural steel preferable for withstanding the applied forces in the C-clamp.
Introduction to Smart Manufacturing & Manufacturing as a Service presentation.
Three important concepts are presented: Cloud computing, internet of things and advanced data analytics.
DESIGN MODIFICATION OF DISC BRAKE AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF IT BY VARYING T...ijsrd.com
Automobile braking system is one of the most important mechanical devices among the others. The disc brake is a device that slows or stops the rotation of a wheel by converting the friction to heat. But if the brakes get too hot, they will cease to work as they cannot dissipate enough heat. This condition of failure is known as brake fade. Disc brakes are exposed to large thermal stresses during routine braking and extraordinary thermal stresses during hard braking. Ventilation applications on disc brake can significantly improve the brake system performance by reducing the heating of the discs. In this study, the thermal behavior as well as the performance of ventilated brake discs using different pattern of holes will be investigated at continuous brake conditions with finite element analysis and the results will be compared with a solid disc.
Walking E-Bike is a project which focuses on the design and fabrication of a totally new way of moving. The idea is to create economic and ecological exercise machine/transport. The bike responds to walking input on the treadmill belt and powers it. Alternative power is given to the wheel using a motor. The transmission is done using a series of chain drives. The structure is well balanced and strongly built to withstand higher loads. The motor supports the vehicle to move in difficult terrains and steep slopes.
Air springs use compressed air inside a rubber bellow to provide suspension for coaches. This allows the coach to maintain a constant height regardless of passenger load. Air springs were introduced for hybrid coaches because heavy passenger loads would compress main springs and damage coil springs, compromising passenger comfort. The air spring system uses a height monitoring valve to add or release air as needed to maintain the required buffer height. When loads change, the air spring initially adjusts its distance from the coach body and then the valve adjusts air pressure until the proper height is reached. Maintenance of the air spring system requires trained staff and spare parts available at stations.
This document summarizes the design, modeling, and analysis of an excavator arm. It discusses calculating the pin diameter of the arm, increasing the bucket volume, and modeling the arm and bucket in CAD software. A finite element analysis is conducted to analyze stresses on the arm under different digging forces and deformation of the bucket under load. The analysis shows reducing the digging force eliminates stress failures while increasing the bucket volume maintains productivity. The proposed design is found to be safer and more efficient than the existing design.
We know that our world is facing fuel crisis nowadays. All kind of conventional source of fuel is on the verge of exhaustion. We are confident that AIR POWERED TECHNOLOGY holds the key to the automobile’s future.
The document discusses the key processes involved in tyre manufacturing, including compounding and mixing rubber and other materials, milling and calendaring the rubber into sheets, extruding tread and other components, assembling the components on a tyre building machine, curing and vulcanizing the assembled tyre, and final inspection and finishing of the cured tyre. Tyre manufacturing requires combining many raw materials like various rubber compounds, carbon black, fabric, and steel wires and cables through mixing, shaping, building, and curing processes to produce the final product.
introduction, types of scissor lift, advantages and disadvantages design of different components and calculation based of selected material. generated 3d model in solidworks.
This document summarizes a structural analysis of a brake disc conducted by students. They modeled a disc brake in ANSYS, applied appropriate loads and boundary conditions, and analyzed the results. Von Mises stresses were highest at the inner area where the shaft connects. Deflections and stresses obtained indicate the cast iron disc can withstand the applied pressure. The analysis can be improved by modifying the material or design, or adding ventilated areas to withstand thermal variations.
The fourth industrial revolution Industry 4.0 represents a new paradigm shift from “centralized” to “decentralized” industry relies on cyber-physical based automation where sensors send data directly to the cloud and services such as monitoring, control and optimization automatically subscribe to necessary data in real-time. In the coming years, these technologies will be seen as a viable alternative to current manufacturing processes. According to a recent report by Markets and Markets, smart factory technology will have global market size of 74.80 Billion USD by 2022. The talk provides a comprehensive introduction to Industry 4.0 and Smart Factory. Technical challenges and social implications of smart factory will be discussed. The applicability of these emerging technologies in developing economies is highlighted in this talk as well.
Quality Function Deployment (QFD) is a technique used to understand customer needs and translate them into engineering specifications to help develop a product. QFD uses a tool called the House of Quality (HOQ) which contains information about customers, their requirements, how important each requirement is, engineering specifications to meet the requirements, and the relationships between requirements and specifications. Using QFD, Toyota was able to reduce development costs and time for new car models while improving quality.
Distance Algorithm for Transmission Line with Mid-Point Connected STATCOMIRJET Journal
This document presents an adaptive zone selection algorithm for distance protection of a transmission line with a midpoint connected STATCOM device. The algorithm aims to address challenges to distance protection posed by the presence of the STATCOM. It investigates the impact of the STATCOM on apparent impedance seen by distance relays under different fault conditions using EMTDC/PSCAD software. An adaptive setting is proposed that calculates a new reach based on system and STATCOM parameters to ensure proper operation of distance relays for both underreach and overreach scenarios. The performance of the proposed adaptive algorithm is evaluated through simulations of various single line to ground and three phase fault cases with different fault locations, resistances and system load angles.
This document appears to be an exam paper for a power system simulation laboratory course. It contains 17 questions related to power flow analysis, transmission lines, fault analysis and load-frequency control. The questions involve both manual calculations and computer simulations. Students are asked to calculate transmission line parameters, form bus admittance and impedance matrices, perform load flow analysis using Gauss-Siedel and decoupled methods, determine fault currents, simulate load-frequency response and control systems, calculate economic generation dispatch, and more.
This document describes a 6-winding rectifier circuit. It consists of two 3-phase star rectifiers with their neutral points interconnected through an interphase transformer. This configuration produces an output voltage that is the average of the rectified voltages from each 3-phase unit. It also increases the ripple frequency to 6 times the mains frequency, allowing for a smaller filter size. Key performance parameters of the rectifier like efficiency, form factor, and power factor are calculated. Simulations are also presented to validate the theoretical analysis.
This document contains 20 multiple choice questions from a GATE EE exam. Each question is presented along with the question stem and 4 possible answer choices. The correct answer is indicated and a brief explanation of the solution is provided. The questions cover topics in circuits, signals and systems, random variables, matrices, communication systems, control systems, electronics, and power systems.
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Errors analysis in distance relay readings with presence of facts devicesAlexander Decker
1) The document analyzes errors in distance relay readings with the presence of FACTS devices like STATCOM and SSSC.
2) It presents models of SSSC and STATCOM and studies their impact on the measured impedance seen by the distance relay for single line to ground faults.
3) The analysis shows how the measured impedance, and the ideal tripping characteristic of the distance relay, are affected by the location and operational conditions of FACTS devices.
1) The document describes a power system simulation experiment using MATLAB. It involves simulating various faults on a 3-bus system and analyzing the results. Graphs of voltages and currents are presented for different fault types.
2) The experiment also involves performing load flow analysis on a 3-6 bus system using Gauss-Seidel, Newton-Raphson, and Fast Decoupled methods. Relevant equations and sample data for a IEEE 30-bus test system are provided.
3) Key components in the MATLAB Simulink model used for fault analysis are described, including transformers, transmission lines, circuit breakers, fault blocks. The conclusions observed from the fault simulations are also summarized.
This document is a 29-page report on power flow studies submitted by Akbar Pamungkas Sukasdi to Saxion University. It includes instructions for power flow calculations modeling loads as constant impedance, current, or power. It provides per unit calculations of line impedances and transformer admittances for a sample power system. The report then shows MATLAB code and results for calculating bus voltages and currents throughout the system. Cable currents and sending/receiving powers are also determined for cable 1. A comparison table shows calculations match values from the VISION software with no deviation.
1. The document describes a final project to build an analog PID control circuit using op-amps. It includes objectives, a list of components, and detailed instructions on assembling the circuit and testing it.
2. Key steps include deriving the transfer functions for the proportional, derivative, and integral controllers. Tests are done to observe input-output waveforms for each section alone and for the combined PID controller.
3. Optional tests include modifying the derivative and integral sections, testing with different input signals, closed-loop simulations, and integrating the PID controller into a double integrator plant model.
(1) A symmetrical fault occurs on bus 3 of a 3-bus system.
(2) The Thevenin equivalent impedance is calculated to be j0.21 p.u.
(3) For a fault impedance of j0.19 p.u., the fault current is calculated to be -j2.5 p.u. and the post-fault bus voltages are determined.
(4) For a bolted fault with zero impedance, the fault current is -j4.76 p.u. and the post-fault bus voltages and line currents are found.
To identify and simulate conventional type of disturbance on the overhead transmission line by using PSCAD / EMTDC software package
To develop mathematical model for various type of disturbance on overhead transmission line.
To develop a smart algorithm for fault detection using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO).
A New Proposal for OFCC-based Instrumentation AmplifierIJECEIAES
This contribution puts forward a new voltage mode instrumentation amplifier (VMIA) based on operational floating current conveyor (OFCC). It presents high impedance at input terminals and provides output at low impedance making the proposal ideal for voltage mode operation. The proposed VMIA architecture has two stages - the first stage comprises of two OFCCs to sense input voltages and coverts the voltage difference to current while the second stage has single OFCC that converts the current to voltage. In addition it employs two resistors to provide gain and imposes no condition on the values of resistors. The behavior of the proposed structure is also analyzed for OFCC non idealities namely finite transimpedance and tracking error. The proposal is verified through SPICE simulations using CMOS based schematic of OFCC. Experimental results, by bread boarding it using commercially available IC AD844, are also included.
A New Proposal for OFCC-based Instrumentation AmplifierYayah Zakaria
This contribution puts forward a new voltage mode instrumentation amplifier (VMIA) based on operational floating current conveyor (OFCC). It presents high impedance at input terminals and provides output at low impedance making the proposal ideal for voltage mode operation. The proposed VMIA
architecture has two stages - the first stage comprises of two OFCCs to sense input voltages and coverts the voltage difference to current while the second stage has single OFCC that converts the current to voltage. In addition it employs two resistors to provide gain and imposes no condition on the values
of resistors. The behavior of the proposed structure is also analyzed for OFCC non idealities namely finite transimpedance and tracking error. The proposal is verified through SPICE simulations using CMOS based schematic of OFCC. Experimental results, by bread boarding it using commercially available IC AD844, are also included.
Design And Simulation Of Distributed Statcom Controller For Power Factor Impr...IJERA Editor
The STATCOM is a static reactive power compensator. It is connected to the grid through ac side reactors and
has a capacitor on the DC-link side. This DC-link capacitor is maintained at a given voltage under closed-loop
control while a set amount of reactive current is fed according to load requirements. The operating frequency of
the VSC is also controlled in a PLL (phase locked loop) manner. Hence, it is essential to have a closed-loop
feedback control operation of the STATCOM. The state space model of the STATCOM is non-linear. The nonlinear
model of the STATCOM is linearized. A linear model of the STACOM is proposed. In this model, the
grid voltage and the fundamental component of the STATCOM VSC terminal voltage are assumed to be inphase
and the modulation index is kept within unity. PI-controllers for the active and reactive currents as well as
the DC-link voltage of the STATCOM have been designed. The model, with PI controllers has been simulated
in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment with variation of the pre-charge voltage on the DC-link capacitor with
linear loads (inductive). Improvement of the power factor of the grid current is achieved for linear loads.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
Fault modeling and parametric fault detection in analog VLSI circuits using d...IJECEIAES
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1. FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
(INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONIC AND CONTROL)
Semester II
Academic Session 2016
POWER QUALITY IN INDUSTRY
(KXGK6104)
ASSIGNMENT #1:
VOLTAGE SAGS EVALUATION STUDIES
KHAIRI AHMED ELRMALI
KGK1500011
SUBMITTED TO:DR. HAZLIE BIN MOKHLIS
SUBMITTED DATE: 4TH
JUNE 2016
2. Given below is an IEEE test system of 14-bus network:
Based on the data system given,figure 1 and 2 below are the Y-admittance matrix and Z
impedance matrix using MATLAB software. Here are some coding to obtain these matrices;
% Program to form Admittance And Impedance Bus Formation...
% Bus bus R X B/2 distance
% fr to p.u p.u p.u
linedata=[ 1 2 0.01938 0.05917 0.0528/2 12
1 5 0.05403 0.22304 0.0492/2 35
2 3 0.04699 0.19797 0.0438/2 20
2 4 0.05811 0.17632 0.0374/2 18
2 5 0.05695 0.17388 0.034/2 23
3 4 0.06701 0.17103 0.0346/2 19
4 5 0.01335 0.04211 0.0128/2 5
4 7 0 0.20912 0 0
4 9 0 0.55618 0 0
5 6 0 0.25202 0 0
4. y=ones(nbranch,1)./Zline; % To get inverse of each element...
Y=zeros(nbus,nbus); % Initialize YBus...
% Formation of the Off Diagonal Elements...
for k=1:nbranch;
Y(linedata(k,1),linedata(k,2))= -1/Zline(k);
Y(linedata(k,2),linedata(k,1))= -1/Zline(k);
end
aaa = zeros(nbus,1);
% Formation of Diagonal Elements....
for k=1:nbus
for l=1:nbranch
if((k==linedata(l,1))||(k==linedata(l,2)))
aaa(k,:)=1/(linedata(l,3)+linedata(l,4)*i+linedata(l,5)*i)+ aaa(k,:);
Y(k,k)=aaa(k,:);
end
end
end
YY = Y;
%========= To add generator sub-transient data into the Y matrix
for ia=1:nbus
for ib = 1:length(gendata)
if (ia == gendata(ib,1))
Y(ia,ia) = Y(ia,ia) + 1/(gendata(ib,2)*gendata(ib,3)/base)
end
end
end
Y; % Bus Admittance Matrix
Z = inv(Y); % Bus Impedance Matrix
6. Figure 2: Z-impedance matrix (data workspace)
Question1
1. Calculate voltage sag at bus 5 and 14 when three-phase-fault occurs at each bus in the
system.The pre-fault voltage (per unit) of all buses are given below:
7. Voltage sag formula:
Data for the pre-fault voltage (p.u) of
all the buses are convert into real and
imaginary form;
Figure 4 is obtain from these coding below;
% calculate angle
for ia = 1:nbus
ang = v_bus(ia,3)*3.142/180;
mag = v_bus(ia,2);
[a,b] = pol2cart(ang,mag);
v_bus_new(ia,:) = [a + b*i];
end
Figure 3: Cartesian form
Figure 4 is obtain from these coding below;
% voltage sag at 5
i_s = 5;
for i_f = 1:nbus;
V_val5(i_f,:) = v_bus_new(i_s,1) - v_bus_new(i_f,1)*Z(i_s,i_f)/Z(i_f,i_f);
end
V_val5
Figure 4 : voltage sag at 5
Figure5 is obtain from these coding below;
% voltage sag at 14
i_s = 14;
ff
fi
fii
Z
Z
VVVsag −=
8. for i_f = 1:nbus;
V_val14(i_f,:) = v_bus_new(i_s,1) - v_bus_new(i_f,1)*Z(i_s,i_f)/Z(i_f,i_f);
end
V_val14
Figure5: voltage sag at 14
% %% polar form
Figure 6 is obtain from these coding below;
for ia=1:nbus
[x1,y1] = cart2pol(real(V_val5(ia,1)),imag(V_val5(ia,1)));
plot_y(ia,1) = y1;
[x2,y2] = cart2pol(real(V_val14(ia,1)),imag(V_val14(ia,1)));
plot_y(ia,2) = y2;
end
%
Vsag1
4Vsag5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
0
0.5
1
1.5
voltage sag at bus 5
line bus of system
voltagesagmagnitude
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
voltage sag at bus 14
line bus of system
voltagesagmagnitude
9. Figure 6: Bar graph for both voltage sag at bus 5 and bus 14
Question2
(a) Line 11 –10 and line 13 -14 is open.
Figure 7 and 8 are the Y-admittance and Z-impedance matrices when line 11-10 and line 13-14
are open
10. Figure 7: Y-admittance matrix when line 11-10 and line 13-14 is open
Figure 8: Z-impedance matrix when line 11-10 and line 13-14 is open
Figure 9 and 10 are the values of both voltage sag at bus 5 and 14 respectively when the line 11-
10 and line 13-14 are open.
11. Figure 9: Voltage sag at bus 5&14 when lines are open
Figure 10: bar graph of voltage sag at bus 5&14 when lines are open
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
0
0.5
1
1.5
system of 14-bus network
voltagesagmagnitude
Voltage sag at bus 5 line 11-10 & line 13-14 are open
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
system of 14 bus network
voltagesagmagnitude
voltage sag at 14 when line 10-11 and 13-14 are open
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
system 14 bus network
voltagemagnitude
comparison between voltage sag at 14 present lines & open lines
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
0
0.5
1
1.5
system of 14 bus network
voltagesagmagnitude
Comparison between valtage sag at 5 present lines & open lines
12. Figure 11 : comparison between voltage sag at bus 5&14
Q2 cont....
(b) Generator at bus 6 and 8 are taken out from the system.
Figure 12 and 13 are the Y-admittance and Z-impedance when generator at bus 6 and 8 are taken
out from the system.
14. Figure13: Z-impedance when generator at bus 6 and bus 8 are taken out from system
Figure 14 and 15 are the values of voltage sag at bus 5 and 14 respectively when the generator 6
and 8 are taken out from the system.
Figure 14: voltage sag at bus 5 and 14 when generator are taken out
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
system of 14 bus network
voltagesagmagnitude
comparison between voltage sag at bus 5 present & generator taken out
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
Comparison between voltage sag at 14 present & generator taken out
system of 14 bus network
voltagesagmagnitude
15. Figure 15 : comparison between voltage sag at bus 5&14
Question 3
*Short circuit
event = 5
events/100km/year
Figure 16 is obtain from these coding below;
for ia =1:nbranch
Event_data(ia,:) = [linedata(ia,:) linedata(ia,6)*5/100];
end
Event_data
eventcicuitShortc
100km
(km)Distance
frequencyVsagExpected ×=
16. Figure 16 :Expected V sag frequency
Estimation of voltage sag on a line can be calculated as the average of voltage sag between the
two connected busses
Figure 17 average of voltage sag between the two connected busses occurred at bus 5 & bus 14
for each lines.
is obtain from these coding below;
for ia = 1:nbranch
Vol_Event_data5(ia,1)= (V_val5(linedata(ia,1),1) + V_val5(linedata(ia,2),1))/2;
Vol_Event_data14(ia,1)= (V_val14(linedata(ia,1),1) + V_val14(linedata(ia,2),1))/2;
end
for ia = 1:nbranch
17. [x1,y1] = cart2pol (real(Vol_Event_data5(ia,1)),imag(Vol_Event_data5(ia,1)));
V_event5(ia,1) = y1;
[x1,y1] = cart2pol (real(Vol_Event_data14(ia,1)),imag(Vol_Event_data14(ia,1)));
V_event14(ia,1) = y1;
end
Event_val = [linedata(:,1) linedata(:,2) Event_data(:,7) V_event5(:,1) V_event14(:,1)];
Figure 17 average of voltage sag occurred at bus 5 & bus 14 for each lines.
Estimation of voltage event under 50% of the nominal 1.0 p.u a year for Bus 5: Voltage sag
< 0.5 :
To obtain from these coding below”
ib=1;
ic=1;
for ia=1:nbranch
if(Event_val(ia,4)<0.5) %VOLTAGE AS SEEN AT BUS 5
store5(ib,:) = [Event_val(ia,1:4)];
18. ib = ib +1;
end
Events_under_50_bus_5 = sum(store5(:,3))
Estimation of voltage event = 0.6 + 1.75 + 0.9 + 1.15 + 0.25 = 4.6500
Events_under_50_bus_5 =
4.6500
Estimation of voltage event under 50% of the nominal 1.0 p.u a year for Bus 14: Voltage
sag < 0.5 :
To obtain from these coding below”
ib=1;
ic=1;
for ia=1:nbranch
if(Event_val(ia,5)<0.5) %VOLTAGE AS SEEN ATBUS 14
store14(ic,:) = [Event_val(ia,1:3) Event_val(ia,5)];
ic = ic +1;
end
end
Events_under_50_bus_14= sum(store14(:,3)) % script file
Estimation of voltage event = 1.2 + 1.15 + 0.8 + 1.1 + 0.8 + 1.5 = 6.55
Events_under_50_bus_14 = % script file
6.5500
1 2 3 4 5 6
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
voltage event under 50% for Bus 5 & Bus 14
bus network
averagevoltagesag
19. Estimation of voltage event under 50%
Question 4
1. Based on the analysis the number of voltage sag at bus 5 and bus 14 according to the sag
magnitude level as in the following table (% nominal 1.0 pu).
%% less than 10 percent
ib=1;
ic=1;
for ia=1:nbranch
if(Event_val(ia,4)<0.1)
store5_10(ib,:) = [Event_val(ia,1:4)];
ib = ib +1;
end
if(Event_val(ia,5)<0.1)
store14_10(ic,:) = [Event_val(ia,1:3) Event_val(ia,5)];
ic = ic +1;
end
end
if (ib <2)
b5_10 = 0;
else
Vsag (%) 0-10 10-20 20 - 30 30- 40 40 - 50 50- 60 60 70 70- 80 80 - 90 90- 100
Number of
sag at
bus 5
3.50 1.15 0 0 0 0 0 1.0 0.95 0
Number of
sag at
bus 14
0 1.10 1.5 1.15 2.8 4.1 0.0 4.65 0.0 1.0
20. b5_10 = sum(store5_10(:,3));
end
if (ic <2 )
b14_10 = 0;
else
b14_10 = sum(store14_10(:,3));
End
Q5
By analyzing from the above graph we have seen that in Figure below on the estimation of
voltage event under 50% of the nominal a year for both bus 5 and 14, given that the value
estimation for bus 5 is lower than the value estimation of bus 14 which is 4.65 and 6.55
respectively.
To place a factory manufacturing electronic components, the place at bus 5 is more suitable place
rather than at bus 14 since it gives lower voltage sags under the voltage event.
21. Q6
The number of voltage sags that can occur at your facility depends on where you're located, the
characteristics of your utility's distribution system (underground vs. overhead, lengths of the
distribution feeder circuits, and number of feeders), lightning level in the area, number of trees
adjacent to the power lines, and several other factors.
For improve lines and area in proper stability, we should arrange some methods and steps
thus system will back on its stability though fault is occurred in other lines. We have
introduces capacitor bank or Super Capacitor in the transmission lines
Magnetic synthesizers, which are 3-phase devices that take advantage of their 3-phase
magnetics to provide improved voltage sag support and regulation.
Useful link
-http://ecmweb.com/content/dealing-voltage-sags-your-facility
23. %==============///### calculate voltage sag ###///======
% bus voltage angle
v_bus = [1 1.06 0
2 1.045 -4.98
3 1.01 -12.72
4 1.019 -10.33
5 1.02 -8.78
6 1.07 -14.22
7 1.062 -13.37
8 1.09 -13.36
9 1.056 -14.94
10 1.051 -15.1
11 1.057 -14.79
12 1.055 -15.07
13 1.05 -15.16
14 1.036 -16.04];
%==============### Generator data ###==========
% generator X capacity
gendata = [1 0.12 250
2 0.15 100
3 0.10 80
6 0.15 50
8 0.1 50];
base = 100;
% nl=linedata(:,1); % From bus number..
% nr=linedata(:,2); % To bus number...
R=linedata(:,3); % Resistance, R...
X=linedata(:,4); % Reactance, X...
nbranch=length(linedata(:,1)); % no. of branches...
nbus=max(v_bus(:,1)); % no. of buses...
Zline=R+j*X; % Z matrix...
y=ones(nbranch,1)./Zline; % To get inverse of each element...
Y=zeros(nbus,nbus); % Initialise YBus...
% Formation of the Off Diagonal Elements...
for k=1:nbranch;
Y(linedata(k,1),linedata(k,2))= -1/Zline(k);
Y(linedata(k,2),linedata(k,1))= -1/Zline(k);
end
aaa = zeros(nbus,1);
24. % Formation of Diagonal Elements....
for k=1:nbus
for l=1:nbranch
if((k==linedata(l,1))||(k==linedata(l,2)))
aaa(k,:)=1/(linedata(l,3)+linedata(l,4)*i+linedata(l,5)*i)+ aaa(k,:);
Y(k,k)=aaa(k,:);
end
end
end
YY = Y;
%========= To add generator sub-transient data into the Y matrix
for ia=1:nbus
for ib = 1:length(gendata)
if (ia == gendata(ib,1))
Y(ia,ia) = Y(ia,ia) + 1/(gendata(ib,2)*gendata(ib,3)/base);
end
end
end
Y; % Bus Admittance Matrix
Z = inv(Y); % Bus Impedance Matrix
% calculate angle
for ia = 1:nbus
ang = v_bus(ia,3)*3.142/180;
mag = v_bus(ia,2);
[a,b] = pol2cart(ang,mag);
v_bus_new(ia,:) = [a + b*i];
end
%% Q 1 /// voltage sag calculation for faulted bus ////
% voltage sag at 5 and 14
25. i_s = 5;
for i_f = 1:nbus;
%V_val5(i_f,:) = v_bus(i_s,2) - v_bus(i_f,2)*Z(i_s,i_f)/Z(i_f,i_f);
V_val5(i_f,:) = v_bus_new(i_s,1) - v_bus_new(i_f,1)*Z(i_s,i_f)/Z(i_f,i_f);
end
V_val5;
i_s = 14;
for i_f = 1:nbus;
%V_val10(i_f,:) = v_bus(i_s,2) - v_bus(i_f,2)*Z(i_s,i_f)/Z(i_f,i_f);
V_val14(i_f,:) = v_bus_new(i_s,1) - v_bus_new(i_f,1)*Z(i_s,i_f)/Z(i_f,i_f);
end
V_val14;
%
% %% polar form
for ia=1:nbus
[x1,y1] = cart2pol(real(V_val5(ia,1)),imag(V_val5(ia,1)));
plot_y(ia,1) = y1;
[x2,y2] = cart2pol(real(V_val14(ia,1)),imag(V_val14(ia,1)));
plot_y(ia,2) = y2;
end
%
%% Question 3
for ia =1:nbranch
Event_data(ia,:) = [linedata(ia,:) linedata(ia,6)*5/100];
end
Event_data
for ia = 1:nbranch
Vol_Event_data5(ia,1)= (V_val5(linedata(ia,1),1) + V_val5(linedata(ia,2),1))/2;
Vol_Event_data14(ia,1)= (V_val14(linedata(ia,1),1) + V_val14(linedata(ia,2),1))/2;
end
for ia = 1:nbranch
[x1,y1] = cart2pol (real(Vol_Event_data5(ia,1)),imag(Vol_Event_data5(ia,1)));
V_event5(ia,1) = y1;
[x1,y1] = cart2pol (real(Vol_Event_data14(ia,1)),imag(Vol_Event_data14(ia,1)));
V_event14(ia,1) = y1;
26. end
Event_val = [linedata(:,1) linedata(:,2) Event_data(:,7) V_event5(:,1) V_event14(:,1)];
ib=1;
ic=1;
for ia=1:nbranch
if(Event_val(ia,4)<0.5) %VOLTAGE AS SEEN AT BUS 5
store5(ib,:) = [Event_val(ia,1:4)];
ib = ib +1;
end
if(Event_val(ia,5)<0.5) %VOLTAGE AS SEEN AT BUS 14
store14(ic,:) = [Event_val(ia,1:3) Event_val(ia,5)];
ic = ic +1;
end
end
Events_under_50_bus_5 = sum(store5(:,3))
Events_under_50_bus_14= sum(store14(:,3))
%
% %%Question 4
%% less than 10 percent
ib=1;
ic=1;
for ia=1:nbranch
if(Event_val(ia,4)<0.1)
store5_10(ib,:) = [Event_val(ia,1:4)];
ib = ib +1;
end
if(Event_val(ia,5)<0.1)
store14_10(ic,:) = [Event_val(ia,1:3) Event_val(ia,5)];
ic = ic +1;
end
end
if (ib <2)
b5_10 = 0;
else
27. b5_10 = sum(store5_10(:,3));
end
if (ic <2 )
b14_10 = 0;
else
b14_10 = sum(store14_10(:,3));
end
%% between 10 - 20 percent
ib=1;
ic=1;
for ia=1:nbranch
if(Event_val(ia,4)>0.1 && Event_val(ia,4)<0.2)
store5_20(ib,:) = [Event_val(ia,1:4)];
ib = ib +1;
end
if(Event_val(ia,5)>0.1 && Event_val(ia,5)<0.2)
store14_20(ic,:) = [Event_val(ia,1:3) Event_val(ia,5)];
ic = ic +1;
end
end
if (ib <2)
b5_20 = 0;
else
b5_20 = sum(store5_20(:,3));
end
if (ic <2 )
b14_20 = 0;
else
b14_20 = sum(store14_20(:,3));
end
%% between 20 - 30 percent
ib=1;
ic=1;
for ia=1:nbranch
if(Event_val(ia,4)>0.2 && Event_val(ia,4)<0.3)
store5_30(ib,:) = [Event_val(ia,1:4)];
28. ib = ib +1;
end
if(Event_val(ia,5)>0.2 && Event_val(ia,5)<0.3)
store14_30(ic,:) = [Event_val(ia,1:3) Event_val(ia,5)];
ic = ic +1;
end
end
if (ib <2)
b5_30 = 0;
else
b5_30 = sum(store5_30(:,3));
end
if (ic <2 )
b14_30 = 0;
else
b14_30 = sum(store14_30(:,3));
end
%% between 30 - 40 percent
ib=1;
ic=1;
for ia=1:nbranch
if(Event_val(ia,4)>0.3 && Event_val(ia,4)<0.4)
store5_40(ib,:) = [Event_val(ia,1:4)];
ib = ib +1;
end
if(Event_val(ia,5)>0.3 && Event_val(ia,5)<0.4)
store14_40(ic,:) = [Event_val(ia,1:3) Event_val(ia,5)];
ic = ic +1;
end
end
if (ib <2)
b5_40 = 0;
else
b5_40 = sum(store5_40(:,3));
end
if (ic <2 )
29. b14_40 = 0;
else
b14_40 = sum(store14_40(:,3));
end
%% between 40 - 50 percent
ib=1;
ic=1;
for ia=1:nbranch
if(Event_val(ia,4)>0.4 && Event_val(ia,4)<0.5)
store5_50(ib,:) = [Event_val(ia,1:4)];
ib = ib +1;
end
if(Event_val(ia,5)>0.4 && Event_val(ia,5)<0.5)
store14_50(ic,:) = [Event_val(ia,1:3) Event_val(ia,5)];
ic = ic +1;
end
end
if (ib <2)
b5_50 = 0;
else
b5_50 = sum(store5_50(:,3));
end
if (ic <2 )
b14_50 = 0;
else
b14_50 = sum(store14_50(:,3));
end
%% between 50 - 60 percent
ib=1;
ic=1;
for ia=1:nbranch
if(Event_val(ia,4)>0.5 && Event_val(ia,4)<0.6)
store5_60(ib,:) = [Event_val(ia,1:4)];
ib = ib +1;
end
if(Event_val(ia,5)>0.5 && Event_val(ia,5)<0.6)
store14_60(ic,:) = [Event_val(ia,1:3) Event_val(ia,5)];
ic = ic +1;
end
end
30. if (ib <2)
b5_60 = 0;
else
b5_60 = sum(store5_60(:,3));
end
if (ic <2 )
b14_60 = 0;
else
b14_60 = sum(store14_60(:,3));
end
%% between 60 - 70 percent
ib=1;
ic=1;
for ia=1:nbranch
if(Event_val(ia,4)>0.6 && Event_val(ia,4)<0.7)
store5_70(ib,:) = [Event_val(ia,1:4)];
ib = ib +1;
end
if(Event_val(ia,5)>0.6 && Event_val(ia,5)<0.7)
store14_70(ic,:) = [Event_val(ia,1:3) Event_val(ia,5)];
ic = ic +1;
end
end
if (ib <2)
b5_70 = 0;
else
b5_70 = sum(store5_70(:,3));
end
if (ic <2 )
b14_70 = 0;
else
b14_70 = sum(store14_70(:,3));
end
%% between 70 - 80 percent
ib=1;
ic=1;
for ia=1:nbranch
31. if(Event_val(ia,4)>0.7 && Event_val(ia,4)<0.8)
store5_80(ib,:) = [Event_val(ia,1:4)];
ib = ib +1;
end
if(Event_val(ia,5)>0.7 && Event_val(ia,5)<0.8)
store14_80(ic,:) = [Event_val(ia,1:3) Event_val(ia,5)];
ic = ic +1;
end
end
if (ib <2)
b5_80 = 0;
else
b5_80 = sum(store5_80(:,3));
end
if (ic <2 )
b14_80 = 0;
else
b14_80 = sum(store14_80(:,3));
end
%% between 80 - 90 percent
ib=1;
ic=1;
for ia=1:nbranch
if(Event_val(ia,4)>0.8 && Event_val(ia,4)<0.9)
store5_90(ib,:) = [Event_val(ia,1:4)];
ib = ib +1;
end
if(Event_val(ia,5)>0.8 && Event_val(ia,5)<0.9)
store14_90(ic,:) = [Event_val(ia,1:3) Event_val(ia,5)];
ic = ic +1;
end
end
if (ib <2)
b5_90 = 0;
else
b5_90 = sum(store5_90(:,3));
end