Abstract Modernization of the Industrial world is completely accompanied with growing power demands. It is very necessary to utilize the available power efficiently with as much less issues as possible rather than focusing on the excessive generation to meet the demand. UPQC consist of combined series active power filter that compensates voltage harmonics of the power supply, and shunt active power filter that compensates harmonic currents of a non-linear load. We need to focus on the control of UPQC to achieve the best results. Artificial Neural Networks is now considered as a tool for the design of controller for the Power Quality devices. In this paper, the ANN-based controller is designed for the current control of the shunt active power filter and trained offline using data from the conventional PI controller. An exhaustive simulation study is carried out to investigate the performance of the ANN controller and compare its performance with the conventional PI controller results. Index Terms: Power Quality, Unified Power Quality Conditioner, Artificial Neural Networks, Proportional Integral, CSI, VSI, Harmonics.
IRJET- Reduction of So Urce Current Harmonics in an Inverter Fed Induction Mo...IRJET Journal
This document describes a study on reducing source current harmonics in an inverter-fed induction motor drive system using an input active filter along with a PI controller. Simulations were conducted on systems with a linear induction motor load and a combination of linear and non-linear loads, both with and without the active filter and PI controller. The results show that total harmonic distortion was reduced by over 90% for just the linear load and over 60% for the combined loads when the active filter and PI controller were added.
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
This document summarizes a research paper on using neural networks to control shunt active power filters for reducing harmonics. It begins with an abstract describing how neural networks can improve active power filter performance. It then provides background on power harmonics and classifications of active power filters, focusing on shunt active power filters. The key section discusses applications of neural networks in active power filter control, noting advantages like increased speed, robustness, and accuracy. It also reviews design considerations for active power filter controllers and presents figures of a proposed neural network controlled shunt active power filtering system.
This paper describe the design and
implementation of an “Automatic method of protecting
transformer as an alternative to the fuse protection technique”.
The aim of this paper is to provide an alternative, effective,
efficient and more reliable method of protecting fault from
power transformer which may arose as a result of overload,
high temperature or a high input voltage. Generally, fault may
occur in transformers due to the stated reasons. To safeguard
the damage of the transformer with the aid and help of
microcontroller we monitor and control the entire circuitry.
Thereafter regarding the monitoring and control, information
about the operation of the parameters would be transmitted to a
personal computer for general monitoring and control, which
avoid the need of the lines men who had to go to the transformer
to re-fix fuses. Lastly, a working system was demonstrated to
authenticate the design and possible improvements were also
presented.
AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE CONTROL OF TRANSFORMER USING MICROCONTROLLER AND SCADA Ajesh Jacob
AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE CONTROL OF TRANSFORMER USING MICROCONTROLLER AND SCADA
LABVIEW PROJECT FINAL YEAR EEE
ABSTRACT: A tap changer control operates to connect appropriate tap position of winding in power transformers to maintain correct voltage level in the power transmission and distribution system. Automatic tap changing can be implemented by using µC. This improved tap-changing decision and operational flexibility of this new technique make it attractive for deployment in practical power system network. This paper deals with the implementation of µC based tap changer control practically, using special purpose digital hardware as a built-in semiconductor chip or software simulation in conventional computers. Two strategies are suggested for its implementation as a software module in the paper. One is to integrate it with the supervisory system in a substation control room operating in a LAN environment. In this configuration, the parallel transformers can be controlled locally. The other is to integrate it into the SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) system, which allows the transformers to be monitored and controlled remotely over a wide area of power-network. The implementation of µC based tap changer control needs interfacing between the power system and the control circuitry. µC s may need to interact with people for the purpose of configuration, alarm reporting or everyday control.
A human-machine interface (HMI) is employed for this purpose. An HMI is usually linked to the SCADA system’s databases and software programs, to provide trending, diagnostic data, and management information such as scheduled maintenance procedures, logistic information, detailed schematics for a particular sensor or machine, and expert-system troubleshooting guides.
OBJECTIVES: The original system can afford the following features:
- Complete information about the plant (circuit breakers status, source of feeding, and level of the consumed power).
- Information about the operating values of the voltage, operating values of the transformers, operating values of the medium voltage, load feeders, operating values of the generators. These values will assist in getting any action to return the plant to its normal operation by minimum costs.
- Information about the quality of the system (harmonics, current, voltages, power factors, flickers, etc.). These values will be very essential in case of future correction.
- Recorded information such case voltage spikes, reducing the voltage on the medium or current interruption.
- implementation of µC based tap changer control practically, using special purpose digital hardware as a built-in semiconductor chip or software simulation in conventional computers.
Performance and Analysis of Reactive Power Compensation by Unified Power Flow...ijeei-iaes
The Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) is the most versatile of the FACTS controllers envisaged so far. The main function of the UPFC is to control the flow of real and reactive power by injection of a voltage in series with the transmission line. Both the magnitude and the phase angle of the voltage can be varied independently. Real and Reactive power flow control can allow for power flow in prescribed routes, loading of transmission lines close to their thermal limits and can be utilized for improving transient and small signal stability of the power system. In this paper UPFC is incorporated in a SMIB (Single Machine Infinite Bus) system and the response of SMIB system has been recorded with and without UPFC, thereafter the comparison of both the output has been done. When no UPFC is installed, real and reactive power through the transmission line cannot be controlled. This paper presents control and performance of UPFC intended for installation on that transmission line to control power flow. Installing the UPFC makes it possible to control amount of active power flowing through the line. Simulations are carried out using MATLAB software to validate the performance of the UPFC.
Modeling & Analysis of Shunt Active Power Filter Using IRP Theory Fed to Indu...IJERA Editor
Utility distribution networks have sensitive industrial loads and critical commercial operations suffer from various types of outages and service interruptions which can cost significant financial losses. Because of sensitivity of consumers on power quality and advancement in power electronics. Active power filter technology is the most efficient way to compensate reactive power and cancel out low order harmonics generated by nonlinear loads. The shunt active power filter was considered to be the most basic configuration for the APF. This paper reviews the basic principle of shunt active power filter, along with the current tracking circuit based on the instantaneous reactive power theory and the main circuit performing as an inverter with PWM hysteresis control. The instantaneous active and reactive current component (id-iq) method and instantaneous active and reactive power (p-q) method are two control strategies which are extensively used in active filters. A shunt active filter based on the instantaneous active and reactive current component (id-iq) method is proposed. This method aims to compensate harmonic and first harmonic unbalance. A Comprehensive control method is analyzed and a harmonic Compensation simulation is conducted, the result of which verifies The harmonic detection algorithm is well-proposed and the power Quality of the grid is overall-enhanced. The results are obtained using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
This document describes a static voltage stabilizer that uses a DSP-based controller to regulate voltage levels. It discusses how static voltage stabilizers improve upon traditional servo-controlled stabilizers by using electronic circuits and feedback control to achieve faster voltage correction without moving parts. The key components are a buck-boost transformer, an IGBT power stage controlled by a TMS320F28069 microcontroller to generate the necessary voltages, and current and voltage sensors for feedback. Pulse width modulation is used to control the IGBTs. The stabilizer can operate in boost mode to increase voltage levels and buck mode to decrease voltages levels as needed to maintain the output at the desired level. Hardware and simulations of a single phase implementation are also presented
Power Factor Control at ABA Control 33/11kV Injection Substation Using Auto T...IRJET Journal
This document describes a study that implemented reactive power compensation at the Aba Control 33/11kV injection substation in Nigeria using a static var compensator (SVC) with an auto-tuning regulator. The substation currently operates at a low power factor of 0.82, resulting in high losses. A 15MVAr SVC was installed to improve the power factor to 0.96. Simulation results showed that real and reactive power losses were reduced from 1.572 p.u. and 3.7525 p.u. to 0.1356 p.u. and 0.65237 p.u. respectively after compensation. Voltage regulation across buses was also maintained below 10%. The auto-tuning regulator was able
IRJET- Reduction of So Urce Current Harmonics in an Inverter Fed Induction Mo...IRJET Journal
This document describes a study on reducing source current harmonics in an inverter-fed induction motor drive system using an input active filter along with a PI controller. Simulations were conducted on systems with a linear induction motor load and a combination of linear and non-linear loads, both with and without the active filter and PI controller. The results show that total harmonic distortion was reduced by over 90% for just the linear load and over 60% for the combined loads when the active filter and PI controller were added.
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
This document summarizes a research paper on using neural networks to control shunt active power filters for reducing harmonics. It begins with an abstract describing how neural networks can improve active power filter performance. It then provides background on power harmonics and classifications of active power filters, focusing on shunt active power filters. The key section discusses applications of neural networks in active power filter control, noting advantages like increased speed, robustness, and accuracy. It also reviews design considerations for active power filter controllers and presents figures of a proposed neural network controlled shunt active power filtering system.
This paper describe the design and
implementation of an “Automatic method of protecting
transformer as an alternative to the fuse protection technique”.
The aim of this paper is to provide an alternative, effective,
efficient and more reliable method of protecting fault from
power transformer which may arose as a result of overload,
high temperature or a high input voltage. Generally, fault may
occur in transformers due to the stated reasons. To safeguard
the damage of the transformer with the aid and help of
microcontroller we monitor and control the entire circuitry.
Thereafter regarding the monitoring and control, information
about the operation of the parameters would be transmitted to a
personal computer for general monitoring and control, which
avoid the need of the lines men who had to go to the transformer
to re-fix fuses. Lastly, a working system was demonstrated to
authenticate the design and possible improvements were also
presented.
AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE CONTROL OF TRANSFORMER USING MICROCONTROLLER AND SCADA Ajesh Jacob
AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE CONTROL OF TRANSFORMER USING MICROCONTROLLER AND SCADA
LABVIEW PROJECT FINAL YEAR EEE
ABSTRACT: A tap changer control operates to connect appropriate tap position of winding in power transformers to maintain correct voltage level in the power transmission and distribution system. Automatic tap changing can be implemented by using µC. This improved tap-changing decision and operational flexibility of this new technique make it attractive for deployment in practical power system network. This paper deals with the implementation of µC based tap changer control practically, using special purpose digital hardware as a built-in semiconductor chip or software simulation in conventional computers. Two strategies are suggested for its implementation as a software module in the paper. One is to integrate it with the supervisory system in a substation control room operating in a LAN environment. In this configuration, the parallel transformers can be controlled locally. The other is to integrate it into the SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) system, which allows the transformers to be monitored and controlled remotely over a wide area of power-network. The implementation of µC based tap changer control needs interfacing between the power system and the control circuitry. µC s may need to interact with people for the purpose of configuration, alarm reporting or everyday control.
A human-machine interface (HMI) is employed for this purpose. An HMI is usually linked to the SCADA system’s databases and software programs, to provide trending, diagnostic data, and management information such as scheduled maintenance procedures, logistic information, detailed schematics for a particular sensor or machine, and expert-system troubleshooting guides.
OBJECTIVES: The original system can afford the following features:
- Complete information about the plant (circuit breakers status, source of feeding, and level of the consumed power).
- Information about the operating values of the voltage, operating values of the transformers, operating values of the medium voltage, load feeders, operating values of the generators. These values will assist in getting any action to return the plant to its normal operation by minimum costs.
- Information about the quality of the system (harmonics, current, voltages, power factors, flickers, etc.). These values will be very essential in case of future correction.
- Recorded information such case voltage spikes, reducing the voltage on the medium or current interruption.
- implementation of µC based tap changer control practically, using special purpose digital hardware as a built-in semiconductor chip or software simulation in conventional computers.
Performance and Analysis of Reactive Power Compensation by Unified Power Flow...ijeei-iaes
The Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) is the most versatile of the FACTS controllers envisaged so far. The main function of the UPFC is to control the flow of real and reactive power by injection of a voltage in series with the transmission line. Both the magnitude and the phase angle of the voltage can be varied independently. Real and Reactive power flow control can allow for power flow in prescribed routes, loading of transmission lines close to their thermal limits and can be utilized for improving transient and small signal stability of the power system. In this paper UPFC is incorporated in a SMIB (Single Machine Infinite Bus) system and the response of SMIB system has been recorded with and without UPFC, thereafter the comparison of both the output has been done. When no UPFC is installed, real and reactive power through the transmission line cannot be controlled. This paper presents control and performance of UPFC intended for installation on that transmission line to control power flow. Installing the UPFC makes it possible to control amount of active power flowing through the line. Simulations are carried out using MATLAB software to validate the performance of the UPFC.
Modeling & Analysis of Shunt Active Power Filter Using IRP Theory Fed to Indu...IJERA Editor
Utility distribution networks have sensitive industrial loads and critical commercial operations suffer from various types of outages and service interruptions which can cost significant financial losses. Because of sensitivity of consumers on power quality and advancement in power electronics. Active power filter technology is the most efficient way to compensate reactive power and cancel out low order harmonics generated by nonlinear loads. The shunt active power filter was considered to be the most basic configuration for the APF. This paper reviews the basic principle of shunt active power filter, along with the current tracking circuit based on the instantaneous reactive power theory and the main circuit performing as an inverter with PWM hysteresis control. The instantaneous active and reactive current component (id-iq) method and instantaneous active and reactive power (p-q) method are two control strategies which are extensively used in active filters. A shunt active filter based on the instantaneous active and reactive current component (id-iq) method is proposed. This method aims to compensate harmonic and first harmonic unbalance. A Comprehensive control method is analyzed and a harmonic Compensation simulation is conducted, the result of which verifies The harmonic detection algorithm is well-proposed and the power Quality of the grid is overall-enhanced. The results are obtained using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
This document describes a static voltage stabilizer that uses a DSP-based controller to regulate voltage levels. It discusses how static voltage stabilizers improve upon traditional servo-controlled stabilizers by using electronic circuits and feedback control to achieve faster voltage correction without moving parts. The key components are a buck-boost transformer, an IGBT power stage controlled by a TMS320F28069 microcontroller to generate the necessary voltages, and current and voltage sensors for feedback. Pulse width modulation is used to control the IGBTs. The stabilizer can operate in boost mode to increase voltage levels and buck mode to decrease voltages levels as needed to maintain the output at the desired level. Hardware and simulations of a single phase implementation are also presented
Power Factor Control at ABA Control 33/11kV Injection Substation Using Auto T...IRJET Journal
This document describes a study that implemented reactive power compensation at the Aba Control 33/11kV injection substation in Nigeria using a static var compensator (SVC) with an auto-tuning regulator. The substation currently operates at a low power factor of 0.82, resulting in high losses. A 15MVAr SVC was installed to improve the power factor to 0.96. Simulation results showed that real and reactive power losses were reduced from 1.572 p.u. and 3.7525 p.u. to 0.1356 p.u. and 0.65237 p.u. respectively after compensation. Voltage regulation across buses was also maintained below 10%. The auto-tuning regulator was able
AC Induction motor (IM) are used as actuators in many industrial processes. Although IMs are reliable, they are subjected to some undesirable stresses, causing faults resulting in failure. Monitoring of an IM is a fast emerging technology for the detection of initial faults. It avoids unexpected failure of an industrial process. Monitoring techniques can be classified as the conventional and the digital techniques.
1.1 PROTECTION SCHEME OF INDUCTION MOTOR
Classical monitoring techniques for three-phase IMs are generally provided by some combination of mechanical and electrical monitoring equipment. Mechanical forms of motor sensing are also limited in ability to detect electrical faults, such as stator insulation failures. In addition, the mechanical parts of the equipment can cause problems in the course of operation and can reduce the life and efficiency of a system.
It is well known that IM monitoring has been studied by many researchers and reviewed in a number of works. Reviews about various stator faults and their causes, and detection techniques, latest trends, and diagnosis methods supported by the artificial intelligence, the microprocessor, the computer and other techniques in monitoring unbalanced voltage inter turn faults, stator winding temperature and microcontroller based digital protectors have been recently studied subjects. In these, while one or two variables were considered together to protect the IMs, the variables of the motor were not considered altogether. Measurements of the voltages, currents, temperatures, and speed were achieved and transferred to the computer for final protection decision.
A programmable integrated circuit (PIC) based protection system has been introduced using Microprocessors and the solutions of various faults of the phase currents, the phase voltages, the speed, and the winding temperatures of an IM occurring in operation have been achieved with the help of the microcontroller, but these electrical parameters have not been displayed on a screen.
Nowadays, the most widely used area of programmable logic controller (PLC) is the control circuits of industrial automation systems. The PLC systems are equipped with special I/O units appropriate for direct usage in industrial automation systems. The input components, such as the pressure, the level, and the temperature sensors, can be directly connected to the input. The driver components of the control circuit such as contactors and solenoid valves can directly be connected to the output.
Principle and Algorithm of Reactive Power Management for LLC Based Parlled MT...Sohan Bin Anwar Siddique
The two-terminal HVDC technology based MTDC
(multi-terminal DC transmission) system has already been
applied in pratical projects and it has great potential for large
capacity and long distance power transmission. Reactive power
management design is a necessary part of system design, and it is
very important to ensure the stability and security of MTDC
transmission system. This paper introduces the
technical characteristics of the two-terminal HVDC technology
based MTDC system at first. Then the basic principle and
algorithm of reactive power management are discussesed in detail,
considering different operation modes, restriction conditions and
primary data needed. Next, the detailed calculation procedure is
described in this paper to calculate the switching order of reactive
power compensation equipment. At last, a study case of a
four-terminal parallel LCC-MTDC system is analyzed to prove
the validity of this algorithm.
This document discusses methods for controlling voltages and reactive power in power system networks using automatic voltage regulators (AVRs) and static var compensators. It provides an overview of these control methods, including AVRs on generators for voltage regulation and static var compensators for reactive power support. The document evaluates the performance of these methods for enhancing voltage control, improving system stability, and minimizing reactive power flows and losses. Key methods discussed are synchronous generator excitation control using AVRs, transmission system voltage control using shunt capacitors and static var compensators.
The compensatation of unbalanced 3 phase currents in transmission systems on ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This document discusses several applications of fuzzy logic in electrical systems, including induction motor control, switched reluctance motor control, excitation control in automatic voltage regulators, and fuzzy logic control in an 18 bus power system. It focuses on using fuzzy logic for automatic voltage regulation, describing the typical components of a power system, challenges with conventional controllers, and presenting simulation results that demonstrate how a fuzzy logic controller can effectively regulate the voltage of a synchronous generator.
IRJET-Harmonic Elimination in Three Phase System by Means of a Shunt Active F...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper on using a shunt active power filter to eliminate harmonics in a three-phase power system. The paper introduces the problem of harmonics produced by non-linear loads distorting current and voltage waveforms. It then discusses passive and active harmonic filtering techniques, focusing on the shunt active power filter. Key control strategies for the shunt active filter are described, including the p-q theory method and d-q synchronous reference frame method. The document provides mathematical models of these control methods and presents simulation results demonstrating harmonic elimination using a shunt active power filter in MATLAB/Simulink.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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Static Sustenance of Power System Stability Using FLC Based UPFC in SMIB Powe...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
The document summarizes the key components and functions of an electrode regulation system for electric arc furnaces. The system controls the electric arc through regulating the position of electrodes using hydraulic cylinders controlled by a PID controller. Sensors measure voltage and current to calculate impedance and power. The controller compares these to setpoints and outputs signals to move the electrodes accordingly, while also providing protections like raising electrodes during short circuits or contact with nonconductive materials. The system aims to efficiently transfer electric energy to the furnace through controlling the electric arc.
Harmonic analysis and Power factor improvement with UPQC under two Novel cont...IJERA Editor
This paper presents unified power quality conditioner (UPQC)for power quality improvements in terms of
harmonics compensation and power factor correction in a three-phase four-wire distribution system.The UPQC
is implemented with PWM controlled voltage source converter (VSC) and switching patterns are generated
through Indirect PI and Synchronous Reference Frame controller. The selected topology for voltage source
converter is the three-leg and six-leg VSC for Indirect PI and Synchronous reference frame (SRF) control
strategies respectively. The behavior of UPQC has been analyzed by considering a case study with switching of
three phase half bridge diode rectifier and a parallel star connected unbalanced R-L loads. Harmonic spectrum
of the source current and load voltage are compared in between without UPQC and with UPQC by considering
both control strategies. The complete system has been modeled using MATLAB software with its stimulus’s
sim power system toolboxes.
The aim of this paper is to control the speed of DC motor. The main advantage in using a DC
motor is that the Speed-Torque relationship can be varied to almost any useful form. To achieve the
speed control an electronic technique called Pulse Width Modulation is used which generates High and
Low pulses. These pulses vary the speed in the motor. For the generation of these pulses a
microcontroller (AT89c51) is used. As a microcontroller is used to set the speed ranges which is done by
changing the duty cycles time period in the program. This is practical and highly feasible in economic
point of view, and has an advantage of running motors of higher ratings. This paper gives a reliable,
durable, accurate and efficient way of speed control of a DC motor.
IRJET- Harmonic Mitigation for Power Quality Improvement using Active Power F...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that investigates using an active power filter with current control strategies to mitigate harmonics generated by nonlinear loads. It begins with an introduction to harmonics and different filter types, including passive filters and active power filters. It then describes the objectives and methodology of using a shunt active power filter with p-q theory and d-q control strategies in MATLAB simulations. Simulation results are presented and control strategies are compared based on their ability to reduce harmonic distortion below IEEE standards.
This document summarizes various regulator collections that can be used to control a parallel active power filter. It discusses fuzzy logic, PWM, space vector PWM (SVPWM), new space vector PWM (NSVPWM), and hysteresis regulators. It provides block diagrams and equations to describe how each regulator works. The document also proposes a new method of using NSVPWM with hysteresis control to regulate harmonic currents injected by the active filter while maintaining a fixed switching frequency.
Simulation and Design of SRF based Control Algorithm for Three Phase Shunt Ac...idescitation
Active power filters are effective in mitigating line
current harmonics and compensating for the reactive power
in the line. There are basically two types of Active Power
Filters (APFs): shunt type and series type. Shunt active power
filters (SAPFs) represent the most important and most widely
used filters in industrial purposes, this is due not only to the
fact that eliminate the harmonic current but also they are
suitable for a wide range of power ratings. In this paper,
Synchronous Reference Frame (SRF) theory is employed to
calculate compensating currents while the three phase source
is feeding a highly non-linear load. The main objective is to
study and investigate the performance of Shunt active power
filter using SRF theory. The algorithm is simulated under
M ATLAB
7.8
environment
using
Simulinkand
SimPowerSystems toolbox. The results shown are within the
IEEE Standard 512-1992.
The article is devoted to the study and introduction of modern technologies in electro-technical branch of the industry for the purpose of increasing reliability of electric supply. Appling the latest technical developments marketed in automatic breakers Compact NS and Master pact of the company "Schneider Electric", for modernization distributing device 0,4 kV applied transformer substation is offered in it. Zhalilov Rashid"The Intellectual Automated Substation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd11597.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/11597/the-intellectual-automated-substation/zhalilov-rashid
Optimize Controlling of Active Filters Controlled by Pi ControllerIRJET Journal
This document discusses the use of an active power filter controlled by a PI controller to minimize harmonics and improve power quality. It begins with an introduction to active power filters and the need to compensate for non-linear loads. It then provides details on the proposed PI control scheme, including the control system block diagram and simulation model. Simulation results show that the PI-controlled active power filter is able to make the source current sinusoidal and reduce total harmonic distortion.
Load Frequency Control of Multi Area System using Integral-Fuzzy ControllerIJERA Editor
The power system is interconnected to enhance the security and reliability. With large interconnected system, unexpected external disturbances, parameter uncertainties and the model uncertainties make big challenges for stability of system. Load Frequency Control (LFC) deals with the control of real power and frequency of the system. The LFC is used to reduce the transient deviations in the power system. It limits the frequency within limits and controls the tie-line exchange power. Various controllers are used for this purpose. Recently Artificial Intelligence Techniques such as Artificial Neural Network (ANN), fuzzy logic, Genetic Algorithm etc. are used for the designing of controllers. These controllers provide a faster response and are flexible to adjust according to system conditions. In this paper, I have designed integral controller which is conventional method for Load Frequency Control and Artificial Intelligence Technique based Fuzzy Logic controller to deal with the Load Frequency Control Problem for Multi-area System. The simulation of the system is done with MATLAB. These controllers provide a robust system which is more stable and reliable and helps the system to regain its normal state after any disturbance.
An electric circuits' remote switching system based on gsm radio networkeSAT Journals
Abstract Mobile phone industry is classified among the fastest growing engineering branches. It has to be exploited for vast applications, reliability and affordability. Mobile cellular phone subscribers have reached saturation point; with such information, the basic cell phone that was mainly utilized to make calls will also be utilized for remote switching and control activities. The now developed system is based on the global system for mobile communications (GSM) radio network: it will operate as a very long distance remote switch. Utilizing the daily cell phone, a user will either put on/off any desired electric circuit located in an owned, controlled compound. Two cell phones are provided, one being a mobile transmitter user end and another being referred to as a fixed receiver end. A signal will be sent from the user end to put a consumer’s electric circuit either on or off at the receiver end; afterwards, the receiver end will notify the user-end about the on/off state of the consumer. The particularity of this publication is the system simplicity, yet cheap and safe, so that even very low income cell phone users can enjoy radio frequency (RF) technology’s increasing applications. The software utilized to develop and simulate circuits is the linear technology, LT spice. The calculative theory has quantitatively enriched the methodology. Both the building blocks and the physical implementation diagrams for the system are herein contained. The remote switching system based on GSM radio network has been successfully designed, implemented, tested and its functionality has been examined.
Keywords: Radio communication, LTspice, GSM, ON/OFF control
Web application based file transfer in customized cloudeSAT Journals
Abstract Web Application based File Transfer app in a Customized Cloud is an open source and cloud web app based on the File Transfer system application which should be organized, designed by the app designer and developed by the app developer, the webapp based file transfer system which it runs on the open cloud web server with the graphical user based interface system. The user interface turns automatically the customized web application environment into file transfer system management system. It uses the cloud web directory automated services with the powerful management tools as the web file transfer with the multiple options in the admin dashboard interface. It allows to configure the custom designs. Web application users or the web app sites can be modified or updated according to the developer needs, so the web file transfer application visitors or the users can open the webapp accounts in the file transfer web application for creating the file transfer based user accounts. It can store or save the unlimited data without any bandwidth permissions. As the webapp administrator allows the web moderators to setup the individual user quotas and the customized quota for the portal users known as the quota system for webapp. The application administrators and the application moderators will get the full access to the webapp portal administration managing area and to the permissions to block the individual and the unknown users, webapp site ads can be embedded into the webapp site portal or the cloud file transfer website. This application can also be converted into the customized individual mobile application such as for the various os- android, the windows phone etc. It allows the individual users or individual administrators to share their experience in the form of comments and the customized user article modules. Webapp portal enables to allow the various file formats where it can store the data files and other data on the file transfer oriented web-cloud. It’s as fully loaded features with the directory service mode in order to optimize the custom data and to optimize the file transfer oriented cloud server optimization. Web application can also be deployed on any file transfer system. The web app can be installed on the various operating platform which it allows the administrators to embed the search engine into the Cloud File Transfer Web site.
Performance evaluation of bituminous concrete incorporating crumb rubber and ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Increase in environmental concerns has been leading to develop innovative and eco-friendly ideas to re-use the waste byproducts from
industries and domestic use. Waste plastic and waste tyres/crumb rubber considered as solid waste in India which causes
environmental pollution. These wastes will be disposed by land filling and incineration which are hazardous. Plastic is user friendly
but not eco-friendly. In this present study waste plastic and crumb rubber has been used to modify the conventional bituminous mix.
This modifier raw-material has been sourced from disposed waste plastic and crumb rubber. This provides a solution towards
ecological menace posed by increased use of plastic. Incorporation of waste plastic which is mainly consists of LDPE had been done
by “dry process”; an in-situ process which can be practiced locally. In this process addition of plastic has been done by replacing
bitumen by percentage by weight in varying percentage. Marshall Method of bituminous mix design was carried out. Significant
improvement in properties like Marshall Stability, retained stability, indirect tensile strength has been observed in waste plastic
bituminous mix compared to conventional mix.
Keywords: waste thermoplastic, bituminous mix, Marshall Properties, ITS, retained stability
AC Induction motor (IM) are used as actuators in many industrial processes. Although IMs are reliable, they are subjected to some undesirable stresses, causing faults resulting in failure. Monitoring of an IM is a fast emerging technology for the detection of initial faults. It avoids unexpected failure of an industrial process. Monitoring techniques can be classified as the conventional and the digital techniques.
1.1 PROTECTION SCHEME OF INDUCTION MOTOR
Classical monitoring techniques for three-phase IMs are generally provided by some combination of mechanical and electrical monitoring equipment. Mechanical forms of motor sensing are also limited in ability to detect electrical faults, such as stator insulation failures. In addition, the mechanical parts of the equipment can cause problems in the course of operation and can reduce the life and efficiency of a system.
It is well known that IM monitoring has been studied by many researchers and reviewed in a number of works. Reviews about various stator faults and their causes, and detection techniques, latest trends, and diagnosis methods supported by the artificial intelligence, the microprocessor, the computer and other techniques in monitoring unbalanced voltage inter turn faults, stator winding temperature and microcontroller based digital protectors have been recently studied subjects. In these, while one or two variables were considered together to protect the IMs, the variables of the motor were not considered altogether. Measurements of the voltages, currents, temperatures, and speed were achieved and transferred to the computer for final protection decision.
A programmable integrated circuit (PIC) based protection system has been introduced using Microprocessors and the solutions of various faults of the phase currents, the phase voltages, the speed, and the winding temperatures of an IM occurring in operation have been achieved with the help of the microcontroller, but these electrical parameters have not been displayed on a screen.
Nowadays, the most widely used area of programmable logic controller (PLC) is the control circuits of industrial automation systems. The PLC systems are equipped with special I/O units appropriate for direct usage in industrial automation systems. The input components, such as the pressure, the level, and the temperature sensors, can be directly connected to the input. The driver components of the control circuit such as contactors and solenoid valves can directly be connected to the output.
Principle and Algorithm of Reactive Power Management for LLC Based Parlled MT...Sohan Bin Anwar Siddique
The two-terminal HVDC technology based MTDC
(multi-terminal DC transmission) system has already been
applied in pratical projects and it has great potential for large
capacity and long distance power transmission. Reactive power
management design is a necessary part of system design, and it is
very important to ensure the stability and security of MTDC
transmission system. This paper introduces the
technical characteristics of the two-terminal HVDC technology
based MTDC system at first. Then the basic principle and
algorithm of reactive power management are discussesed in detail,
considering different operation modes, restriction conditions and
primary data needed. Next, the detailed calculation procedure is
described in this paper to calculate the switching order of reactive
power compensation equipment. At last, a study case of a
four-terminal parallel LCC-MTDC system is analyzed to prove
the validity of this algorithm.
This document discusses methods for controlling voltages and reactive power in power system networks using automatic voltage regulators (AVRs) and static var compensators. It provides an overview of these control methods, including AVRs on generators for voltage regulation and static var compensators for reactive power support. The document evaluates the performance of these methods for enhancing voltage control, improving system stability, and minimizing reactive power flows and losses. Key methods discussed are synchronous generator excitation control using AVRs, transmission system voltage control using shunt capacitors and static var compensators.
The compensatation of unbalanced 3 phase currents in transmission systems on ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This document discusses several applications of fuzzy logic in electrical systems, including induction motor control, switched reluctance motor control, excitation control in automatic voltage regulators, and fuzzy logic control in an 18 bus power system. It focuses on using fuzzy logic for automatic voltage regulation, describing the typical components of a power system, challenges with conventional controllers, and presenting simulation results that demonstrate how a fuzzy logic controller can effectively regulate the voltage of a synchronous generator.
IRJET-Harmonic Elimination in Three Phase System by Means of a Shunt Active F...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper on using a shunt active power filter to eliminate harmonics in a three-phase power system. The paper introduces the problem of harmonics produced by non-linear loads distorting current and voltage waveforms. It then discusses passive and active harmonic filtering techniques, focusing on the shunt active power filter. Key control strategies for the shunt active filter are described, including the p-q theory method and d-q synchronous reference frame method. The document provides mathematical models of these control methods and presents simulation results demonstrating harmonic elimination using a shunt active power filter in MATLAB/Simulink.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
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Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
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Static Sustenance of Power System Stability Using FLC Based UPFC in SMIB Powe...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
The document summarizes the key components and functions of an electrode regulation system for electric arc furnaces. The system controls the electric arc through regulating the position of electrodes using hydraulic cylinders controlled by a PID controller. Sensors measure voltage and current to calculate impedance and power. The controller compares these to setpoints and outputs signals to move the electrodes accordingly, while also providing protections like raising electrodes during short circuits or contact with nonconductive materials. The system aims to efficiently transfer electric energy to the furnace through controlling the electric arc.
Harmonic analysis and Power factor improvement with UPQC under two Novel cont...IJERA Editor
This paper presents unified power quality conditioner (UPQC)for power quality improvements in terms of
harmonics compensation and power factor correction in a three-phase four-wire distribution system.The UPQC
is implemented with PWM controlled voltage source converter (VSC) and switching patterns are generated
through Indirect PI and Synchronous Reference Frame controller. The selected topology for voltage source
converter is the three-leg and six-leg VSC for Indirect PI and Synchronous reference frame (SRF) control
strategies respectively. The behavior of UPQC has been analyzed by considering a case study with switching of
three phase half bridge diode rectifier and a parallel star connected unbalanced R-L loads. Harmonic spectrum
of the source current and load voltage are compared in between without UPQC and with UPQC by considering
both control strategies. The complete system has been modeled using MATLAB software with its stimulus’s
sim power system toolboxes.
The aim of this paper is to control the speed of DC motor. The main advantage in using a DC
motor is that the Speed-Torque relationship can be varied to almost any useful form. To achieve the
speed control an electronic technique called Pulse Width Modulation is used which generates High and
Low pulses. These pulses vary the speed in the motor. For the generation of these pulses a
microcontroller (AT89c51) is used. As a microcontroller is used to set the speed ranges which is done by
changing the duty cycles time period in the program. This is practical and highly feasible in economic
point of view, and has an advantage of running motors of higher ratings. This paper gives a reliable,
durable, accurate and efficient way of speed control of a DC motor.
IRJET- Harmonic Mitigation for Power Quality Improvement using Active Power F...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that investigates using an active power filter with current control strategies to mitigate harmonics generated by nonlinear loads. It begins with an introduction to harmonics and different filter types, including passive filters and active power filters. It then describes the objectives and methodology of using a shunt active power filter with p-q theory and d-q control strategies in MATLAB simulations. Simulation results are presented and control strategies are compared based on their ability to reduce harmonic distortion below IEEE standards.
This document summarizes various regulator collections that can be used to control a parallel active power filter. It discusses fuzzy logic, PWM, space vector PWM (SVPWM), new space vector PWM (NSVPWM), and hysteresis regulators. It provides block diagrams and equations to describe how each regulator works. The document also proposes a new method of using NSVPWM with hysteresis control to regulate harmonic currents injected by the active filter while maintaining a fixed switching frequency.
Simulation and Design of SRF based Control Algorithm for Three Phase Shunt Ac...idescitation
Active power filters are effective in mitigating line
current harmonics and compensating for the reactive power
in the line. There are basically two types of Active Power
Filters (APFs): shunt type and series type. Shunt active power
filters (SAPFs) represent the most important and most widely
used filters in industrial purposes, this is due not only to the
fact that eliminate the harmonic current but also they are
suitable for a wide range of power ratings. In this paper,
Synchronous Reference Frame (SRF) theory is employed to
calculate compensating currents while the three phase source
is feeding a highly non-linear load. The main objective is to
study and investigate the performance of Shunt active power
filter using SRF theory. The algorithm is simulated under
M ATLAB
7.8
environment
using
Simulinkand
SimPowerSystems toolbox. The results shown are within the
IEEE Standard 512-1992.
The article is devoted to the study and introduction of modern technologies in electro-technical branch of the industry for the purpose of increasing reliability of electric supply. Appling the latest technical developments marketed in automatic breakers Compact NS and Master pact of the company "Schneider Electric", for modernization distributing device 0,4 kV applied transformer substation is offered in it. Zhalilov Rashid"The Intellectual Automated Substation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd11597.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/11597/the-intellectual-automated-substation/zhalilov-rashid
Optimize Controlling of Active Filters Controlled by Pi ControllerIRJET Journal
This document discusses the use of an active power filter controlled by a PI controller to minimize harmonics and improve power quality. It begins with an introduction to active power filters and the need to compensate for non-linear loads. It then provides details on the proposed PI control scheme, including the control system block diagram and simulation model. Simulation results show that the PI-controlled active power filter is able to make the source current sinusoidal and reduce total harmonic distortion.
Load Frequency Control of Multi Area System using Integral-Fuzzy ControllerIJERA Editor
The power system is interconnected to enhance the security and reliability. With large interconnected system, unexpected external disturbances, parameter uncertainties and the model uncertainties make big challenges for stability of system. Load Frequency Control (LFC) deals with the control of real power and frequency of the system. The LFC is used to reduce the transient deviations in the power system. It limits the frequency within limits and controls the tie-line exchange power. Various controllers are used for this purpose. Recently Artificial Intelligence Techniques such as Artificial Neural Network (ANN), fuzzy logic, Genetic Algorithm etc. are used for the designing of controllers. These controllers provide a faster response and are flexible to adjust according to system conditions. In this paper, I have designed integral controller which is conventional method for Load Frequency Control and Artificial Intelligence Technique based Fuzzy Logic controller to deal with the Load Frequency Control Problem for Multi-area System. The simulation of the system is done with MATLAB. These controllers provide a robust system which is more stable and reliable and helps the system to regain its normal state after any disturbance.
An electric circuits' remote switching system based on gsm radio networkeSAT Journals
Abstract Mobile phone industry is classified among the fastest growing engineering branches. It has to be exploited for vast applications, reliability and affordability. Mobile cellular phone subscribers have reached saturation point; with such information, the basic cell phone that was mainly utilized to make calls will also be utilized for remote switching and control activities. The now developed system is based on the global system for mobile communications (GSM) radio network: it will operate as a very long distance remote switch. Utilizing the daily cell phone, a user will either put on/off any desired electric circuit located in an owned, controlled compound. Two cell phones are provided, one being a mobile transmitter user end and another being referred to as a fixed receiver end. A signal will be sent from the user end to put a consumer’s electric circuit either on or off at the receiver end; afterwards, the receiver end will notify the user-end about the on/off state of the consumer. The particularity of this publication is the system simplicity, yet cheap and safe, so that even very low income cell phone users can enjoy radio frequency (RF) technology’s increasing applications. The software utilized to develop and simulate circuits is the linear technology, LT spice. The calculative theory has quantitatively enriched the methodology. Both the building blocks and the physical implementation diagrams for the system are herein contained. The remote switching system based on GSM radio network has been successfully designed, implemented, tested and its functionality has been examined.
Keywords: Radio communication, LTspice, GSM, ON/OFF control
Web application based file transfer in customized cloudeSAT Journals
Abstract Web Application based File Transfer app in a Customized Cloud is an open source and cloud web app based on the File Transfer system application which should be organized, designed by the app designer and developed by the app developer, the webapp based file transfer system which it runs on the open cloud web server with the graphical user based interface system. The user interface turns automatically the customized web application environment into file transfer system management system. It uses the cloud web directory automated services with the powerful management tools as the web file transfer with the multiple options in the admin dashboard interface. It allows to configure the custom designs. Web application users or the web app sites can be modified or updated according to the developer needs, so the web file transfer application visitors or the users can open the webapp accounts in the file transfer web application for creating the file transfer based user accounts. It can store or save the unlimited data without any bandwidth permissions. As the webapp administrator allows the web moderators to setup the individual user quotas and the customized quota for the portal users known as the quota system for webapp. The application administrators and the application moderators will get the full access to the webapp portal administration managing area and to the permissions to block the individual and the unknown users, webapp site ads can be embedded into the webapp site portal or the cloud file transfer website. This application can also be converted into the customized individual mobile application such as for the various os- android, the windows phone etc. It allows the individual users or individual administrators to share their experience in the form of comments and the customized user article modules. Webapp portal enables to allow the various file formats where it can store the data files and other data on the file transfer oriented web-cloud. It’s as fully loaded features with the directory service mode in order to optimize the custom data and to optimize the file transfer oriented cloud server optimization. Web application can also be deployed on any file transfer system. The web app can be installed on the various operating platform which it allows the administrators to embed the search engine into the Cloud File Transfer Web site.
Performance evaluation of bituminous concrete incorporating crumb rubber and ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Increase in environmental concerns has been leading to develop innovative and eco-friendly ideas to re-use the waste byproducts from
industries and domestic use. Waste plastic and waste tyres/crumb rubber considered as solid waste in India which causes
environmental pollution. These wastes will be disposed by land filling and incineration which are hazardous. Plastic is user friendly
but not eco-friendly. In this present study waste plastic and crumb rubber has been used to modify the conventional bituminous mix.
This modifier raw-material has been sourced from disposed waste plastic and crumb rubber. This provides a solution towards
ecological menace posed by increased use of plastic. Incorporation of waste plastic which is mainly consists of LDPE had been done
by “dry process”; an in-situ process which can be practiced locally. In this process addition of plastic has been done by replacing
bitumen by percentage by weight in varying percentage. Marshall Method of bituminous mix design was carried out. Significant
improvement in properties like Marshall Stability, retained stability, indirect tensile strength has been observed in waste plastic
bituminous mix compared to conventional mix.
Keywords: waste thermoplastic, bituminous mix, Marshall Properties, ITS, retained stability
Night image enhancement using fusion techniqueeSAT Journals
Abstract Video surveillance is used in monitoring the road traffic. However because the surveillance system is limited by many objective factors. Surveillance video may not be seen clearly. Especially under the weak light conditions, the picture quality of the night video is very poor. In this paper, we propose an enhancement method of nighttime images for surveillance camera. We apply the moving target extraction technology and illumination estimation theory and combine the nighttime image with the daytime background by the image fusion. The proposed method recoveries scene information of the night video and highlights the details. The resultant images show the vehicles of the night time but surrounding is fused from the day image taken at day. In this, it is observed that the PSNR value is 65.9 dB is very high and MSE is 0.128 which is very low as compared with earlier reported night image enhancement technique [1]. Experimental results prove that our method is effective.
Qo s management for mobile satellite communicationeSAT Journals
Abstract In this paper, a cross-layer architecture (QoSatAr) is developed to provide end-to-end quality of service (QoS) guarantees for Internet protocol (IP) traffic over the Digital Video Broadcasting-Second generation (DVB-S2) satellite systems. The architecture design is based on a cross-layer optimization between the physical layer and the network layer to provide QoS provisioning based on the bandwidth availability present in the DVB-S2 satellite channel. One of the most important aspects of the architecture design is that QoSatAr is able to guarantee the QoS requirements for specific traffic flows considering a single parameter: the bandwidth availability which is set at the physical layer (considering adaptive code and modulation adaptation) and sent to the network layer by means of a cross-layer optimization. The architecture has been evaluated using the NS-2 simulator. Keywords: QoSatAr, DVB-S2, ACM, RQM, DiffServ
Quantum efficiency of 3, 5 dimethyl pyridine 2-carbonitirle for dye sensitize...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) attain consideration because of their sky-scraping light to electricity conversion efficiencies,
simple and low cost manufacturing. Fruitful efficiency of a DSSC is that it should convert photon into current even at wavelength
of UV. Present work aimed at quantum efficiency ( Light Harvesting Efficiency) of 3,5-dimethyl pyridine 2-carbonitirle. Density
functional theory (DFT) has been used to determine the ground state geometries of dye 3,5-dimethyl pyridine 2-carbonitirle. The
time dependant density functional theory (TDDFT) has been used to calculate the excitation energies. All the calculations were
performed in both gas and solvent phase. The improved light harvesting efficiency (LHE) and free energy change of electron
injection of newly designed sensitizers revealed that these materials would be an excellent sensitizers. It may also be due to
dendrites of methyl group and cyno group which is present in the study material. The experimental spectrum of FTIR and FTRaman
supports the absorption levels.
Key Words: 3,5-dimethyl pyridine 2-carbonitirle,Dye-sensitized solar cells, Light harvesting efficiency, Density
functional Theory, FTIR, FT-Raman spectroscopy
Abstract Traffic congestion on city road networks is one of the main issues to be addressed by today’s traffic management schemes. The frequent traffic jams at major junctions call for an efficient traffic management system in place. The image sequences from a camera are analyzed using edge detection technique, object counting method and queue length estimation to obtain the most efficient technique. Subsequently, the number of vehicles at the intersection is evaluated and traffic is efficiently managed. The paper also proposes to implement a real-time emergency vehicle detection system. In case an emergency vehicle is detected, the lane is given priority over all the others. Using image-processing operations to calculate traffic density is cost effective as cameras are cheaper and affordable devices compared to any other devices such as sensors. Keywords: Edge detection, Object counting, vehicle queue length, traffic management, image processing.
An eye gaze detection using low resolution web camera in desktop environmenteSAT Journals
This document presents a method for detecting eye gaze using a low-resolution webcam. The method uses OpenCV and the Viola-Jones algorithm to detect faces and eyes. It then calculates the eye centers and maps them to X-Y coordinates on the screen. The algorithm achieves 69-74% accuracy in detecting gaze positions. It can be used for applications like controlling interfaces for blind users or in military cockpits. The method provides an economical way to perform eye gaze detection using regular webcams and open-source tools.
A novel approach for georeferenced data analysis using soft clustering algorithmeSAT Journals
Abstract The process of defining its existence in physical space is called as Georeferenceing.That is establishing its terms of projections or coordinate systems.When data from different sources need to be combined and then used in a GIS application.In this work georeferenced data on soil map is clustered using a soft clustering algorithm. Most georeferencing tasks are undertaken to generate new map. Thus a map generated using GIS software is clustered for data analysis of soil type and vegetation possibilities.Remotely sensed data plays an important role in data collection,the platforms usually consist of aircraft and satellites.GIS is attached to many operations and has many applications related to engineering, planning, management, telecommunications and business. Keywords: Soil map, K-Means Clustering Algorithm,Geographic Information System.
Removal of lead ions by nife2 o4 nanoparticleseSAT Journals
Abstract Nickel ferrite nanoparticles have been prepared by polymeric precursor method. The nanoparticles application in the removal of lead ion was investigated. The results showed that the adsorptive properties were dependent on pH, duration and temperature. Highest percentage (99%) lead adsorption was observed under basic condition at room temperature during 1 h stirring. Analysis of lead adsorbed nickel ferrite by powder XRD, FTIR and XPS techniques revealed the adsorption took place based on hydroxide mechanism. The lead salt formed on the surface of the ferrite powder was identified to be lead carbonate and lead hydroxy carbonate at pH 7 and 9 respectively. Keywords: Nickel ferrite; Nanoparticles; Lead; Adsorption; Hydroxide
Aggregates sustainability through preparation of bituminous mixes at combined...eSAT Journals
Abstract Aggregates have to primarily bear load stresses and resist abrasive action of traffic movement under dry and wet conditions, when used in the surface course of the pavement. The aggregate gradation plays a vital role in securing desirable properties of resulting bituminous mixes. Different types of mixes are used under different conditions. Generally, the mixes are designed adopting midpoint gradation from the respective gradation tables. Often, the desired mix properties are not completely satisfied and needs some reworking of gradation. Sometimes the required quantity of aggregates may not be available in nearby areas so as to design a required type of mix. To overcome this, the desired aggregates may have to be brought from far off places, leading to time and cost escalation. This further aggravates the already prevailing scarcity of aggregates. Alternatively, if aggregates are available and satisfies the graduation requirements of two different type of mixes, attempt may be made to design a mix combining the gradation of two types of mixes. Possibly, the resulting mix could still satisfy the specified requirements. If so, the available aggregates could be used economically, without compromising on the quality of mixes. This would result in aggregate sustainability. With this objective, two types of bituminous mixes namely SDBC and BC were prepared at midpoint gradation of the specified ranges, as per MoRTH gradation tables and subsequently by combining the above two gradations taking average of the two midpoint gradations. The Marshall mix properties were compared and found that the mix requirements are largely satisfied at the combined gradation as well. Keywords: Aggregate, sustainability, bituminous mixes, midpoint gradation, combined gradation
An investigation into non destructive testing techniques a specific case s...eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper investigate applications of ultrasonic phased array technique over magnetic particle inspection, gamma rays radiographic and conventional ultrasonic testing applied during manufacturing of Low Pressure Heater (LPH) at a company X located in India. The existing non destructive testing techniques that are being used for detection of defects are compared with the alternative techniques. Most of the non destructive testing techniques are surely cost effective but time consuming this makes the overall stay time, production time and overall cost indulged in process high. By applying ultrasonic phased array technique the maintenance scheduling and incurred cost of maintenance and also the overall operational cost can be reduced remarkably. Keywords: Non destructive testing, maintenance, ultrasonic phased array, radiography.
An offline signature recognition and verification system based on neural networkeSAT Journals
Abstract Various techniques are already introduced for personal identification and verification based on different types of biometrics which can be physiological or behavioral. Signatures lies in the category of behavioral biometric which can distort or changed with course of time. Signatures are considered to be most promising authentication method in all legal and financial documents. It is necessary to verify signers and their respective signatures. This paper presents an Offline Signature recognition and verification system(SRVS). In this system signature database of signature images is created, followed by image preprocessing, feature extraction, neural network design and training, and classification of signature as genuine or counterfeit. Keywords: biometrics, neural network design, feature extraction, classification etc.
Abstract
The exponential growth of knowledge in the World Wide Web, has understood the need to develop economical and effective ways for organizing relevant contents. In the field of web computing, document clustering plays a vital role and plays an interesting and challenging problem. Document clustering is mainly used for grouping the similar documents in the search engine. The web also has rich and dynamic collection of hyperlink information. The retrieval of relevant document from the internet is the complicated task. Based on the user’s query the document will be retrieved from the various databases to give relevant information and additional information for the given query. The documents are already clustered based on keyword extraction and stored in the database. The probabilistic relational approach for web document clustering is to find the relation between two linked pages and to define a relational clustering algorithm based on probabilistic graph representation. In document clustering, both content information and hyperlink structure of web page are considered and document is viewed as a semantic units. It also provides additional information to the user.
Keywords: Document Clustering, Agglomerative Clustering, Entropy, F-Measure
Dynamic analysis of a reinforced concrete horizontal curved beam using softwareeSAT Journals
Abstract
Dynamic analysis of a reinforced concrete beam bridge, horizontally curved in plan is done using a finite element software. The
support conditions considered are simple supports. Dynamic loading in the form of moving vehicular load is taken into account
for the purpose of analysis. IRC Class AA type of vehicle is simulated on two lanes on the beam of span 31m, having a box type
cross-section. A parametric study is done varying the radius of curvature of the beam from 50 m to 250 m with the interval of 50
m to check the behavior of the beam. Various responses of the beam like bending moment, shear force, torsional moment and
deflection are calculated. The influence of a non-dimensional parameter L/R i.e. ratio of length of the beam to radius of curvature
of the beam is verified for the responses of the beam. From the results, it has been found that the responses i.e. the bending
moment, shear force, torsional moment and deflection of the beam decrease as the radius of curvature of the beam in increased.
Also, the responses of the beam increase as the L/R ratio is increased.
Keywords: Dynamic analysis, horizontally curved beam, finite element, moving vehicular moving load, Simply
Supported, Box type, parametric study, L/R ratio
Unconstrained health monitoring and effective position tracking using wireles...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The paper introduces a wireless sensor network platform specifically designed for the protection of workers employed in the building sector. The network configuration makes use of GSM communication which provides a more efficient and long range wireless transmission. The system has been developed to determine two different kinds of information, heart beat rate and latitude and longitude corresponding to the location of each worker. These data provide a periodic update of both health and position inside their working environment by sending SMS to higher officials. The sensor node is embedded on the worker garment by integrating within the fabric which forms a unique structure. This system provides a secure environment for the safety of constructional workers by the real-time monitoring of their working surface.
Keywords—GSM communication; Wireless Sensor Netowrks; Real-time monitoring; safety.
Esert the complete system design to make railway traffic effective, safer a...eSAT Journals
Abstract This proposal aims to develop complete system design for railways. It will focus to develop an Effective, Safer and Easier method to resolve Railway traffic issues. This simple method of continuous monitoring and assessment of the condition of the rail tracks can prevent major disasters and save valuable human spirits. Our system process is able to get attentive the train in case of any dislocations in the track, avert the collision of the train with train or other vehicle/mankind trying to moving across the level crossing. To accomplish this it uses wireless technology based Real time system with Web user interface. Keywords: Vibration sensors, Zigbee, PIC microcontroller, Level Crossing, DC motor, Railway Gate
Temperature and strain sensitivity of long period grating fiber sensor revieweSAT Journals
Abstract
Long period grating fibers are special class of fibers which are produced by periodic modulation of the refractive index of the core. This perturbation leads to forward guiding mode to couple with co propagating cladding modes depending on the phase matching condition. This coupling causes the cladding modes to attenuate during propagation in the fiber and leads to dips in the attenuation bands at discrete wavelengths in the transmission spectrum. These bands are shifted when the LPG is exposed to temperature, strain, refractive index changes in surrounding environment etc. This forms the basis of LPG sensor. The properties of LPG are modified in order to achieve the required sensitivity towards any measurands as per the applications. The performance of LPG by modifying the properties of LPG is reviewed.
Keywords: Optical fiber, Optical fiber sensor, Fiber Bragg, Long period grating, Strain, Temperature
Effect of the post weld heat treatments on the fatigue crack growth behavior ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of the post weld heat treatments (PWHTs) on the fatigue crack growth (FCG) behavior in the welded zone of AA6063-T5 fabricated by the friction stir process was investigated. The FCG specimens are machined in which the loading axis is put perpendicular to the welding line and the initial notches are introduced in the welded zone. The experimental results showed the FCG rates are sensitive to the PWHT solutions. The FCG resistance in the welded zone could be fully restored to that of base metal by using PWHT. While the PWHT solution solely restores the precipitates dissolved and/or coarsened during welding process has a minor effect on the FCG rates, the PWHT solution remarkably recrystallizes the grain microstructure has a significant effect here.
Keywords: Aluminum alloy, Failure assessment, Fatigue crack propagation, Friction stir welding
Review on Different Time Domain Controlling Technique for UPQCIRJET Journal
This document reviews different time domain control techniques for a Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC). The UPQC is a custom power device that can mitigate multiple power quality issues related to voltage and current simultaneously. The control method is crucial for optimal UPQC operation as it determines the switching signals. The document describes 10 different time domain control techniques used for UPQC, including instantaneous active and reactive power theory, synchronous reference frame theory, unit vector template generation, one cycle control, H∞-based model matching control, model predictive control, deadbeat control, artificial neural network technique, feedforward and feedback theory, and multi output adaptive linear approach. For each technique, a brief overview is provided along with examples of applications reported
Controlling power flow losses in upfc system using adaptive neuro fuzzy contr...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
This document summarizes a research paper on using neural networks to improve the performance of shunt active power filters for harmonic reduction. It discusses how nonlinear loads cause power harmonics and how active filters work to inject compensating currents to reduce harmonics. Neural networks can be used for harmonic detection and current control in active filters to increase processing speed, robustness, and accuracy compared to conventional control methods. The document reviews various active filter configurations and control designs. Simulation results show the neural network approach improves compensation performance by reducing harmonic distortion in source currents.
The compensatation of unbalanced 3 phase currents in transmission systems on ...eSAT Journals
Abstract It is self-possessed of the Distributed Power Flow Controller is a new device within the family of FACTS. Power Quality is becoming an important issue for both electric utilities and end users. So the paper concentrate on one of the issue of power quality that is voltage sag compensation. My paper deals with the operation principle of a Practical Design and Implementation Procedure of Utilize Distributed Power Flow Controller (DPFC) to Compensate Unbalanced 3-phase Currents in Transmissions Systems. The series converters of the DPFC are single phase, the DPFC can compensate both active and reactive, zero and negative sequence unbalanced currents. To compensate the unbalance, two additional current controllers are supplemented to control the zero and negative sequence current respectively. FACTS devices can be employed to compensate the unbalanced currents and voltages in transmission systems. Unfortunately, it is found that the capability of most of FACTS devices to compensating unbalance is limited. Series and shunt FACTS device can only provide compensation of unbalanced reactive currents and the most powerful device – the UPFC cannot compensate zero-sequence unbalance current, because of the converter topology. My paper will show that the so-called DPFC can compensate both active and reactive, zero and negative sequence unbalanced currents. My paper consists of both active and reactive variations, using MATLAB/SIMULINK is simulated and its effects on the transmission lines observed. The simulated results are analyzed and validated with the real time results for the system considered Index Terms: AC–DC power conversion, filters, load flow control, power electronics, power-transmission control, power semiconductor devices, Power system control V-I measurements
Load flow analysis with upfc under unsymmetrical fault conditionAlexander Decker
This document discusses load flow analysis with and without a Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) under different fault conditions in a six bus power system simulation model. The UPFC is a Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) device that can control parameters like voltage, impedance, and phase angle to control power flow. The study aims to improve transient stability of the six bus system by determining active and reactive power on load buses under different fault types both with and without the UPFC. The control scheme and operating principle of the UPFC are also explained.
IRJET- UPQC System for Improved Control MethodIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper on improving the control method for a Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) system. The UPQC combines a shunt active filter and series active filter to compensate for both current and voltage disturbances. The proposed control method develops a PQ theory-based control for the series active filter and a hysteresis voltage control for the shunt active filter. The UPQC aims to improve power quality under both balanced and distorted load conditions. Key goals of the control schemes are for the shunt filter to absorb current harmonics and reactive power, and for the series filter to regulate voltage at the load terminal.
IRJET- Impact of UPQC on Protection of Distributed Generation Integrated Dist...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the integration of distributed generation (e.g. fuel cells) with distribution systems and the challenges it presents for protection. It proposes using a Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) to address these challenges by compensating for reactive power imbalance, preventing fault current increases, and regulating voltage. The document compares two configurations of the UPQC - between the distributed generator and point of common coupling, and between the load and point of common coupling. Simulation results show that the latter configuration more effectively reduces fault current and compensates reactive power.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Comparision of pi, fuzzy & neuro fuzzy controller based multi converter unifi...IAEME Publication
The document summarizes a research paper that proposes a Neuro-Fuzzy controller for a Multi Converter Unified Power Quality Conditioner (MC-UPQC) device. The MC-UPQC uses multiple voltage source converters to compensate voltage sags/swells and harmonics on multiple feeder lines simultaneously. Conventionally, a PI controller is used for DC link voltage regulation but it has slow response. The proposed Neuro-Fuzzy controller combines the advantages of Fuzzy Logic and Neural Network controllers. It uses the error voltage and change in error as inputs to separate Fuzzy and Neural Network controllers. This improves the transient response and reduces DC link capacitor charging time compared to PI and Fuzzy controllers alone. Simulation results verify the effectiveness of
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
This document describes a control scheme for a Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) to improve power quality. The UPQC integrates series and shunt active filters connected back-to-back via a common DC link capacitor. It compensates for power quality issues like sags, swells, harmonics, reactive power, and imbalance. The control scheme uses hysteresis control for the shunt active filter to regulate the DC link voltage and compensate for load harmonics and reactive power. For the series active filter, the control scheme determines the appropriate voltage to inject to make the load voltages balanced and distortion-free while maintaining the desired magnitude. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.
IRJET- Mitigation of Current and Voltage Harmonics using MAF based UPQCIRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed system for mitigating current and voltage harmonics using a unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) with a moving average filter (MAF)-based control strategy. The UPQC consists of series and shunt compensators to regulate voltage and current, respectively. A photovoltaic array is connected between the compensators and provides power to the system. Simulation results show the system can effectively reduce the total harmonic distortion of both the supply voltage and current, improving power quality delivered to loads despite nonlinearities. The MAF control technique offers optimal harmonic attenuation without reducing controller bandwidth compared to other filtering methods.
A Power Control Scheme for UPQC for Power Quality Improvementpaperpublications3
Abstract: The proliferation of power electronics based equipmenthas produced a significant impact on the quality of electric power supply. Conventional power quality mitigation equipment is proving to be inadequate for an increasing number of applications, and this fact has attracted the attention of power engineers to develop dynamic and adjustable solutions to power quality problems. This has led to development of Custom Power Devices (CPD).One modern and very promising CPD that deals with both load current and supply voltage imperfections is the Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC).
This paper investigated the development of UPQC control schemes and algorithms for power quality improvement and implementation of a versatile control strategy to enhance the performance of UPQC. The proposed control scheme gives better steady-state and dynamic response. The validity of the proposed control method is verified by means of MATLAB/SIMULINK.
Voltage Sag and Harmonics Mitigation using Distributed Power Flow ControllerIRJET Journal
The document describes a Distributed Power Flow Controller (DPFC) that is presented as a new power flow controlling device to mitigate voltage sags and harmonics. The DPFC improves upon the Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) by eliminating the common DC link and distributing the series converter into multiple low-rating single-phase converters. This greatly reduces costs and improves reliability compared to the UPFC. The DPFC allows independent operation of the shunt and series converters, with active power exchanged through the transmission line at the third harmonic frequency instead of through a common DC link. The DPFC is simulated in MATLAB/Simulink to validate its ability to improve power quality during different types of faults.
Pi controller based of multi level upqc using dq0 transformation to improve p...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IRJET- Generalized UPQC System with an Improved Control Method under Distorte...IRJET Journal
1) The document discusses a generalized unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) system with an improved control method to address power quality issues like voltage sags, swells, harmonics, and poor power factor under distorted and unbalanced load conditions.
2) A UPQC consists of shunt and series active power filters connected back-to-back via a DC link to compensate for both current and voltage issues. The control method aims to improve harmonics, reactive power compensation, and power factor correction.
3) The paper presents the design, simulation, and analysis of a UPQC using MATLAB/Simulink to address different power quality problems and supply balanced and regulated voltage under various load conditions.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IRJET- Enhancement of Power Flow Capability in Power System using UPFC- A RevieWIRJET Journal
This document reviews the use of a Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) to enhance power flow capability in power systems. The UPFC is a flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) device that can control both real and reactive power flows on a transmission line. It consists of two voltage source converters connected by a DC link: a static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) and a static synchronous series compensator (SSSC). The STATCOM controls reactive power and the DC link voltage, while the SSSC injects a controlled AC voltage in series with the transmission line to vary the transmission line impedance and power flow. Simulation results show that a UPFC installed on the IEEE 5 bus test system can control power flows and
The document discusses a Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) which is a custom power device that can mitigate both voltage-related and current-related power quality issues simultaneously. It consists of shunt and series active power filters connected back-to-back via a DC link. The shunt filter compensates current issues like harmonics, while the series filter compensates voltage issues like sags and swells. Synchronous reference frame theory is used to control the converters. Simulation results show the UPQC can effectively compensate voltage sags/swells and current harmonics under nonlinear and unbalanced load conditions. The UPQC provides a versatile solution to power quality problems in distribution systems.
Similar to Integration of artificial intelligence control to the unified power quality conditioner (20)
Mechanical properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete for pavementseSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of addition of mono fibers and hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete mixture is studied in the present
investigation. Steel fibers of 1% and polypropylene fibers 0.036% were added individually to the concrete mixture as mono fibers and
then they were added together to form a hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and
flexural strength were determined. The results show that hybrid fibers improve the compressive strength marginally as compared to
mono fibers. Whereas, hybridization improves split tensile strength and flexural strength noticeably.
Keywords:-Hybridization, mono fibers, steel fiber, polypropylene fiber, Improvement in mechanical properties.
Material management in construction – a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to understand about all the problems occurring in the company because of improper application
of material management. In construction project operation, often there is a project cost variance in terms of the material, equipments,
manpower, subcontractor, overhead cost, and general condition. Material is the main component in construction projects. Therefore,
if the material management is not properly managed it will create a project cost variance. Project cost can be controlled by taking
corrective actions towards the cost variance. Therefore a methodology is used to diagnose and evaluate the procurement process
involved in material management and launch a continuous improvement was developed and applied. A thorough study was carried
out along with study of cases, surveys and interviews to professionals involved in this area. As a result, a methodology for diagnosis
and improvement was proposed and tested in selected projects. The results obtained show that the main problem of procurement is
related to schedule delays and lack of specified quality for the project. To prevent this situation it is often necessary to dedicate
important resources like money, personnel, time, etc. To monitor and control the process. A great potential for improvement was
detected if state of the art technologies such as, electronic mail, electronic data interchange (EDI), and analysis were applied to the
procurement process. These helped to eliminate the root causes for many types of problems that were detected.
Managing drought short term strategies in semi arid regions a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
Drought management needs multidisciplinary action. Interdisciplinary efforts among the experts in various fields of the droughts
prone areas are helpful to achieve tangible and permanent solution for this recurring problem. The Gulbarga district having the total
area around 16, 240 sq.km, and accounts 8.45 per cent of the Karnataka state area. The district has been situated with latitude 17º 19'
60" North and longitude of 76 º 49' 60" east. The district is situated entirely on the Deccan plateau positioned at a height of 300 to
750 m above MSL. Sub-tropical, semi-arid type is one among the drought prone districts of Karnataka State. The drought
management is very important for a district like Gulbarga. In this paper various short term strategies are discussed to mitigate the
drought condition in the district.
Keywords: Drought, South-West monsoon, Semi-Arid, Rainfall, Strategies etc.
Life cycle cost analysis of overlay for an urban road in bangaloreeSAT Journals
Abstract
Pavements are subjected to severe condition of stresses and weathering effects from the day they are constructed and opened to traffic
mainly due to its fatigue behavior and environmental effects. Therefore, pavement rehabilitation is one of the most important
components of entire road systems. This paper highlights the design of concrete pavement with added mono fibers like polypropylene,
steel and hybrid fibres for a widened portion of existing concrete pavement and various overlay alternatives for an existing
bituminous pavement in an urban road in Bangalore. Along with this, Life cycle cost analyses at these sections are done by Net
Present Value (NPV) method to identify the most feasible option. The results show that though the initial cost of construction of
concrete overlay is high, over a period of time it prove to be better than the bituminous overlay considering the whole life cycle cost.
The economic analysis also indicates that, out of the three fibre options, hybrid reinforced concrete would be economical without
compromising the performance of the pavement.
Keywords: - Fatigue, Life cycle cost analysis, Net Present Value method, Overlay, Rehabilitation
Laboratory studies of dense bituminous mixes ii with reclaimed asphalt materialseSAT Journals
Abstract
The issue of growing demand on our nation’s roadways over that past couple of decades, decreasing budgetary funds, and the need to
provide a safe, efficient, and cost effective roadway system has led to a dramatic increase in the need to rehabilitate our existing
pavements and the issue of building sustainable road infrastructure in India. With these emergency of the mentioned needs and this
are today’s burning issue and has become the purpose of the study.
In the present study, the samples of existing bituminous layer materials were collected from NH-48(Devahalli to Hassan) site.The
mixtures were designed by Marshall Method as per Asphalt institute (MS-II) at 20% and 30% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP).
RAP material was blended with virgin aggregate such that all specimens tested for the, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II (DBM-II)
gradation as per Ministry of Roads, Transport, and Highways (MoRT&H) and cost analysis were carried out to know the economics.
Laboratory results and analysis showed the use of recycled materials showed significant variability in Marshall Stability, and the
variability increased with the increase in RAP content. The saving can be realized from utilization of recycled materials as per the
methodology, the reduction in the total cost is 19%, 30%, comparing with the virgin mixes.
Keywords: Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Marshall Stability, MS-II, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II
Laboratory investigation of expansive soil stabilized with natural inorganic ...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study on stabilizing expansive black cotton soil with the natural inorganic stabilizer RBI-81. Laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the effect of RBI-81 on the soil's engineering properties. The tests showed that with 2% RBI-81 and 28 days of curing, the unconfined compressive strength increased by around 250% and the CBR value improved by approximately 400% compared to the untreated soil. Overall, the study found that RBI-81 effectively improved the strength properties of the black cotton soil and its suitability as a soil stabilizer was supported.
Influence of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block masonry p...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Reinforced masonry was developed to exploit the strength potential of masonry and to solve its lack of tensile strength. Experimental
and analytical studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block
masonry prisms under compression and to predict ultimate failure compressive strength. In the numerical program, three dimensional
non-linear finite elements (FE) model based on the micro-modeling approach is developed for both unreinforced and reinforced
masonry prisms using ANSYS (14.5). The proposed FE model uses multi-linear stress-strain relationships to model the non-linear
behavior of hollow concrete block, mortar, and grout. Willam-Warnke’s five parameter failure theory has been adopted to model the
failure of masonry materials. The comparison of the numerical and experimental results indicates that the FE models can successfully
capture the highly nonlinear behavior of the physical specimens and accurately predict their strength and failure mechanisms.
Keywords: Structural masonry, Hollow concrete block prism, grout, Compression failure, Finite element method,
Numerical modeling.
Influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with chemical stabilizereSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study on the influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with a chemical stabilizer. Laboratory tests were conducted on locally available loamy soil treated with a patented polymer liquid stabilizer and compacted at four different energy levels. The study found that increasing the compaction effort increased the density of both untreated and treated soil, but the rate of increase was lower for stabilized soil. Treating the soil with the stabilizer improved its unconfined compressive strength and resilient modulus, and reduced accumulated plastic strain, with these properties further improved by higher compaction efforts. The stabilized soil exhibited strength and performance benefits compared to the untreated soil.
Geographical information system (gis) for water resources managementeSAT Journals
This document describes a hydrological framework developed in the form of a Hydrologic Information System (HIS) to meet the information needs of various government departments related to water management in a state. The HIS consists of a hydrological database coupled with tools for collecting and analyzing spatial and non-spatial water resources data. It also incorporates a hydrological model to indirectly assess water balance components over space and time. A web-based GIS portal was created to allow users to access and visualize the hydrological data, as well as outputs from the SWAT hydrological model. The framework is intended to facilitate integrated water resources planning and management across different administrative levels.
Forest type mapping of bidar forest division, karnataka using geoinformatics ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The study demonstrate the potentiality of satellite remote sensing technique for the generation of baseline information on forest types
including tree plantation details in Bidar forest division, Karnataka covering an area of 5814.60Sq.Kms. The Total Area of Bidar
forest division is 5814Sq.Kms analysis of the satellite data in the study area reveals that about 84% of the total area is Covered by
crop land, 1.778% of the area is covered by dry deciduous forest, 1.38 % of mixed plantation, which is very threatening to the
environmental stability of the forest, future plantation site has been mapped. With the use of latest Geo-informatics technology proper
and exact condition of the trees can be observed and necessary precautions can be taken for future plantation works in an appropriate
manner
Keywords:-RS, GIS, GPS, Forest Type, Tree Plantation
Factors influencing compressive strength of geopolymer concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
To study effects of several factors on the properties of fly ash based geopolymer concrete on the compressive strength and also the
cost comparison with the normal concrete. The test variables were molarities of sodium hydroxide(NaOH) 8M,14M and 16M, ratio of
NaOH to sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5, alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio 0.35 and 0.40 and replacement of water in
Na2SiO3 solution by 10%, 20% and 30% were used in the present study. The test results indicated that the highest compressive
strength 54 MPa was observed for 16M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 2.5 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35. Lowest
compressive strength of 27 MPa was observed for 8M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 is 1 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of
0.40. Alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35, water replacement of 10% and 30% for 8 and 16 molarity of NaOH and has resulted in
compressive strength of 36 MPa and 20 MPa respectively. Superplasticiser dosage of 2 % by weight of fly ash has given higher
strength in all cases.
Keywords: compressive strength, alkaline liquid, fly ash
Experimental investigation on circular hollow steel columns in filled with li...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Composite Circular hollow Steel tubes with and without GFRP infill for three different grades of Light weight concrete are tested for
ultimate load capacity and axial shortening , under Cyclic loading. Steel tubes are compared for different lengths, cross sections and
thickness. Specimens were tested separately after adopting Taguchi’s L9 (Latin Squares) Orthogonal array in order to save the initial
experimental cost on number of specimens and experimental duration. Analysis was carried out using ANN (Artificial Neural
Network) technique with the assistance of Mini Tab- a statistical soft tool. Comparison for predicted, experimental & ANN output is
obtained from linear regression plots. From this research study, it can be concluded that *Cross sectional area of steel tube has most
significant effect on ultimate load carrying capacity, *as length of steel tube increased- load carrying capacity decreased & *ANN
modeling predicted acceptable results. Thus ANN tool can be utilized for predicting ultimate load carrying capacity for composite
columns.
Keywords: Light weight concrete, GFRP, Artificial Neural Network, Linear Regression, Back propagation, orthogonal
Array, Latin Squares
Experimental behavior of circular hsscfrc filled steel tubular columns under ...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes an experimental study that tested circular concrete-filled steel tube columns with varying parameters. 45 specimens were tested with different fiber percentages (0-2%), tube diameter-to-wall-thickness ratios (D/t from 15-25), and length-to-diameter (L/d) ratios (from 2.97-7.04). The results found that columns filled with fiber-reinforced concrete exhibited higher stiffness, equal ductility, and enhanced energy absorption compared to those filled with plain concrete. The load carrying capacity increased with fiber content up to 1.5% but not at 2.0%. The analytical predictions of failure load closely matched the experimental values.
Evaluation of punching shear in flat slabseSAT Journals
Abstract
Flat-slab construction has been widely used in construction today because of many advantages that it offers. The basic philosophy in
the design of flat slab is to consider only gravity forces; this method ignores the effect of punching shear due to unbalanced moments
at the slab column junction which is critical. An attempt has been made to generate generalized design sheets which accounts both
punching shear due to gravity loads and unbalanced moments for cases (a) interior column; (b) edge column (bending perpendicular
to shorter edge); (c) edge column (bending parallel to shorter edge); (d) corner column. These design sheets are prepared as per
codal provisions of IS 456-2000. These design sheets will be helpful in calculating the shear reinforcement to be provided at the
critical section which is ignored in many design offices. Apart from its usefulness in evaluating punching shear and the necessary
shear reinforcement, the design sheets developed will enable the designer to fix the depth of flat slab during the initial phase of the
design.
Keywords: Flat slabs, punching shear, unbalanced moment.
Evaluation of performance of intake tower dam for recent earthquake in indiaeSAT Journals
Abstract
Intake towers are typically tall, hollow, reinforced concrete structures and form entrance to reservoir outlet works. A parametric
study on dynamic behavior of circular cylindrical towers can be carried out to study the effect of depth of submergence, wall thickness
and slenderness ratio, and also effect on tower considering dynamic analysis for time history function of different soil condition and
by Goyal and Chopra accounting interaction effects of added hydrodynamic mass of surrounding and inside water in intake tower of
dam
Key words: Hydrodynamic mass, Depth of submergence, Reservoir, Time history analysis,
Evaluation of operational efficiency of urban road network using travel time ...eSAT Journals
This document evaluates the operational efficiency of an urban road network in Tiruchirappalli, India using travel time reliability measures. Traffic volume and travel times were collected using video data from 8-10 AM on various roads. Average travel times, 95th percentile travel times, and buffer time indexes were calculated to assess reliability. Non-motorized vehicles were found to most impact reliability on one road. A relationship between buffer time index and traffic volume was developed. Finally, a travel time model was created and validated based on length, speed, and volume.
Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
ridge line to stream outlet. The per capita availability of land for cultivation has been decreasing over the years. Therefore, water and
the related land resources must be developed, utilized and managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Remote sensing and
GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
land use/land cover and with different soil conditions.
Keywords: Watershed, Nallur watershed, Surface runoff, Rainfall-Runoff, SCS-CN, Remote Sensing, GIS.
Estimation of morphometric parameters and runoff using rs & gis techniqueseSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study that used remote sensing and GIS techniques to estimate morphometric parameters and runoff for the Yagachi catchment area in India over a 10-year period. Morphometric analysis was conducted to understand the hydrological response at the micro-watershed level. Daily runoff was estimated using the SCS curve number model. The results showed a positive correlation between rainfall and runoff. Land use/land cover changes between 2001-2010 were found to impact estimated runoff amounts. Remote sensing approaches provided an effective means to model runoff for this large, ungauged area.
Effect of variation of plastic hinge length on the results of non linear anal...eSAT Journals
Abstract The nonlinear Static procedure also well known as pushover analysis is method where in monotonically increasing loads are applied to the structure till the structure is unable to resist any further load. It is a popular tool for seismic performance evaluation of existing and new structures. In literature lot of research has been carried out on conventional pushover analysis and after knowing deficiency efforts have been made to improve it. But actual test results to verify the analytically obtained pushover results are rarely available. It has been found that some amount of variation is always expected to exist in seismic demand prediction of pushover analysis. Initial study is carried out by considering user defined hinge properties and default hinge length. Attempt is being made to assess the variation of pushover analysis results by considering user defined hinge properties and various hinge length formulations available in literature and results compared with experimentally obtained results based on test carried out on a G+2 storied RCC framed structure. For the present study two geometric models viz bare frame and rigid frame model is considered and it is found that the results of pushover analysis are very sensitive to geometric model and hinge length adopted. Keywords: Pushover analysis, Base shear, Displacement, hinge length, moment curvature analysis
Effect of use of recycled materials on indirect tensile strength of asphalt c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Depletion of natural resources and aggregate quarries for the road construction is a serious problem to procure materials. Hence
recycling or reuse of material is beneficial. On emphasizing development in sustainable construction in the present era, recycling of
asphalt pavements is one of the effective and proven rehabilitation processes. For the laboratory investigations reclaimed asphalt
pavement (RAP) from NH-4 and crumb rubber modified binder (CRMB-55) was used. Foundry waste was used as a replacement to
conventional filler. Laboratory tests were conducted on asphalt concrete mixes with 30, 40, 50, and 60 percent replacement with RAP.
These test results were compared with conventional mixes and asphalt concrete mixes with complete binder extracted RAP
aggregates. Mix design was carried out by Marshall Method. The Marshall Tests indicated highest stability values for asphalt
concrete (AC) mixes with 60% RAP. The optimum binder content (OBC) decreased with increased in RAP in AC mixes. The Indirect
Tensile Strength (ITS) for AC mixes with RAP also was found to be higher when compared to conventional AC mixes at 300C.
Keywords: Reclaimed asphalt pavement, Foundry waste, Recycling, Marshall Stability, Indirect tensile strength.
Properties of Fluids, Fluid Statics, Pressure MeasurementIndrajeet sahu
Properties of Fluids: Density, viscosity, surface tension, compressibility, and specific gravity define fluid behavior.
Fluid Statics: Studies pressure, hydrostatic pressure, buoyancy, and fluid forces on surfaces.
Pressure at a Point: In a static fluid, the pressure at any point is the same in all directions. This is known as Pascal's principle. The pressure increases with depth due to the weight of the fluid above.
Hydrostatic Pressure: The pressure exerted by a fluid at rest due to the force of gravity. It can be calculated using the formula P=ρghP=ρgh, where PP is the pressure, ρρ is the fluid density, gg is the acceleration due to gravity, and hh is the height of the fluid column above the point in question.
Buoyancy: The upward force exerted by a fluid on a submerged or partially submerged object. This force is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object, as described by Archimedes' principle. Buoyancy explains why objects float or sink in fluids.
Fluid Pressure on Surfaces: The analysis of pressure forces on surfaces submerged in fluids. This includes calculating the total force and the center of pressure, which is the point where the resultant pressure force acts.
Pressure Measurement: Manometers, barometers, pressure gauges, and differential pressure transducers measure fluid pressure.
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji - Bandi Chor Guru.pdfBalvir Singh
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji (19 June 1595 - 3 March 1644) is revered as the Sixth Nanak.
• On 25 May 1606 Guru Arjan nominated his son Sri Hargobind Ji as his successor. Shortly
afterwards, Guru Arjan was arrested, tortured and killed by order of the Mogul Emperor
Jahangir.
• Guru Hargobind's succession ceremony took place on 24 June 1606. He was barely
eleven years old when he became 6th Guru.
• As ordered by Guru Arjan Dev Ji, he put on two swords, one indicated his spiritual
authority (PIRI) and the other, his temporal authority (MIRI). He thus for the first time
initiated military tradition in the Sikh faith to resist religious persecution, protect
people’s freedom and independence to practice religion by choice. He transformed
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Integration of artificial intelligence control to the unified power quality conditioner
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2319-1163
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 04 | Apr-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 504
INTEGRATION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE CONTROL TO THE
UNIFIED POWER QUALITY CONDITIONER
T.Madhurantaka1
, S. Muni Sekhar2
, P.Lokesh3
tarasimadhu@gmail.com, munisekhar1980@gmail.com, lokesh.parukuru@live.com
Abstract
Modernization of the Industrial world is completely accompanied with growing power demands. It is very necessary to utilize the
available power efficiently with as much less issues as possible rather than focusing on the excessive generation to meet the demand.
UPQC consist of combined series active power filter that compensates voltage harmonics of the power supply, and shunt active power
filter that compensates harmonic currents of a non-linear load. We need to focus on the control of UPQC to achieve the best results.
Artificial Neural Networks is now considered as a tool for the design of controller for the Power Quality devices. In this paper, the
ANN-based controller is designed for the current control of the shunt active power filter and trained offline using data from the
conventional PI controller. An exhaustive simulation study is carried out to investigate the performance of the ANN controller and
compare its performance with the conventional PI controller results.
Index Terms: Power Quality, Unified Power Quality Conditioner, Artificial Neural Networks, Proportional Integral, CSI,
VSI, Harmonics.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------***-----------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
With the usage of more sensitive loads such as Automation
Equipment in the Industrial operation, Communication
Equipment, Medical equipment, and military equipment
power quality has become a significant issue to both
customers and the Utility companies. For the effective
utilization of the available power, the elimination or mitigation
of disturbances propagated from the supply system is
absolutely required to improve the operational reliability of all
the connected loads. To meet the requirements of Harmonic
regulation, Power quality enhancement passive and active
power filters are being used in combination with the
conventional converters. Availability of power semiconductor
devices made the usage of Active Power Filters more
compared to the Passive filters. Besides it, the APF also
provides multiple functions like Harmonic filtering, Damping,
Isolation and termination , Load balancing, Voltage
regulation, Power factor correction, Voltage flicker reduction
etc.,. UPQC has been widely studied in order to improve
Universal power quality by many researchers. The
performance of UPQC mainly depends upon how accurately
and quickly reference signals are derived. After efficient
extraction of the distorted signal, a suitable dc-link current
regulator is used to derive the actual reference signals. Various
control approaches, such as the PI, PID, fuzzy-logic, sliding-
mode, predictive, unified constant frequency (UCF)
controllers, etc., are in use. The frequency converter is
achieved by matrix converter. The main advantage of
frequency converter is as follow. Matrix converter can only
increase or decrease the frequency instead of cyclo converter.
Here there is no dc storage element. So losses are minimized
and Harmonics also minimized UPQC has the potential
drawbacks in the hybrid filtering performance as its filter in
characteristics depends on load impedance and supply
frequency. PI and PID controllers need a precise mathematical
model to be derived for their design and there is a major
drawback that they fail to operate under parameter variation
and load disturbances etc.
There has been a continuous research effort taken to develop
new and unconventional control techniques that can
effectively the drawbacks of the conventional controllers and
take an effective position in the control center. A Large
number of modern techniques have evolved, offering solutions
to many difficult control problems in industry and
manufacturing sectors. Unlike their conventional counter-
parts, these unconventional controllers (intelligent controllers)
can learn, remember, and make decisions. Artificial-
intelligence (AI) techniques, particularly the NNs, are having
a significant impact on the power electronics applications.
Neural-network-based controllers provide fast dynamic
response while maintaining the stability of the converter
system over a wide operating range and are considered as a
new tool to design control circuits for PQ devices. With the
motive of designing the controller for the UPQC for the
effective control, obtain the reliable control algorithms, and
faster response to produce the output signals. In this paper, for
improving the performance of a UPQC, a multilayer feed
forward-type ANN-based controller is designed for the current
control of the shunt active filter instead of the conventional PI
controller. An algorithm for training the ANN controller is
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2319-1163
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Volume: 02 Issue: 04 | Apr-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 505
developed and trained offline. Various simulation results are
presented and are compared with the results that are obtained
with the conventional PI Controller. A DSP based
microcontroller is used for the real time simulation and
implementation of the control algorithm. The system
configuration is described in Section II, while PI and ANN
controller design are explained in Sections III and IV,
respectively. Simulation results are discussed in Sections V
with relevant waveforms and tabular column of simulated
parameter values.
2. SYSTEM CONFIGURATION
The configuration of a general UPQC consists of the
combination of a series active power filter and shunt active
power filter. The main aim of the series active power filter is
harmonic isolation between a sub-transmission system and a
distribution system; it has the capability of voltage flicker/
imbalance compensation as well as voltage regulation and
harmonic compensation at the utility-consumer point of
common coupling (PCC). The shunt active power filter is used
to absorb current harmonics, compensate for reactive power
and negative-sequence current, and regulate the dc-link
voltage between both active power filters. It can be configured
either with voltage-source converters or current source
converters in single phase, three-phase three wire, or three-
phase four-wire configurations. The block diagram of the
UPQC is as shown in the fig. 1.
Fig: 1 Block diagram of UPQC.
Although the Voltage Sourced configuration is the most
common practice, the VSI topology has slow control of the
converter (LC filter) output voltage and no short-
circuit/overcurrent protection. When the active rectifier inside
the UPQC is used as a power factor corrector, dc bus voltage
oscillations appear which makes the control of the series filter
output voltage more difficult. The CSI-based UPQC has
advantages of excellent current control capability, easy
protection, and high reliability over VSI-based UPQC. The
main drawback of the CSI-based UPQC has been so far the
lack of proper switching devices and large dc-side filter. The
new insulated-gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) with reverse
blocking capability are being launched in the markets which
are suitable for the CSI-based UPQC. With the use of SMES
coils, the size and losses can be reduced considerably. A
configuration of UPQC using two current-source converters
connected back to back through a large dc-link reactor is
shown in Fig.
Fig: 2 MATLAB Simulation Circuit of the UPQC integrated
into the simple power system network.
3. DESIGN OF PI CONTROLLER
Since the dc-link current is controlled by the shunt filter, we
need to design the Controller for the shunt filter. The
following basic equations are used for designing the control
system:
Is = Il – iinj (1)
Iinj = d2idc (2)
Lsh
diinj
dt
= Vl – iinjRsh = Vl - Vsh (3)
In order to control the filter current (iinj), the only control
variable is the duty cycle of the PWM converter. The problem
of control is to determine the duty cycle (d2) in such a way
that the dc-link current remains constant and to produce
suitable filter current to cancel the load current harmonics.
This filter current should be opposite of the harmonic current,
which is split into two components (i.e., one loss component
plus the reactive component and another harmonic
component). The energy transfer to the continuous side takes
place only at the fundamental frequency to compensate all of
the losses in the PWM converter). Thus, it is required to
control two outputs, namely idc and iinj from one control
variable (i.e., the duty cycle of the PWM converter). However,
the main objective is to control the filter current, and the
control strategy must lead to precise compensation of the
harmonic component. The value of needs to only be
approximately constant and there is no dynamic performance
to be attained. The more it is constant, the more linear the
system will be. Hence, Iinjis controlled indirectly by
processing the actual source current and estimated reference
current in a hysteresis current controller. These reference
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2319-1163
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Volume: 02 Issue: 04 | Apr-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 506
currents are estimated by regulating dc-link current. In order
to estimate the steady-state error in the dc-link current, a PI
controller is used. Although the dynamic response of the dc-
link inductor has no effect on the compensation feature of the
scheme, a mathematical model is required for the stability
analysis and, hence, for determining the parameters of the PI
controller. The following assumptions are made for deriving
the mathematical model of the system.
1) The voltage at PCC is sinusoidal and balanced.
2) Since the harmonic component does not affect the average
power balance expressions, only the fundamental component
of currents is considered.
3) Losses of the system are lumped and represented by an
Equivalent resistance Rshconnected in series with the filter
inductor Lsh.
4) Ripples in the dc-link current are neglected.
The block diagram of the current control loop is shown in Fig.
3,
Fig: 3 Block diagram of the current control loop
Where,
‗G‘ is the gain of the PI Controller, ‗Kc‘ is the transfer
function of the PWM converter.
Linear model of the PWM converter can be derived by
applying a small-signal perturbation technique to obtain its
transfer function. In this method of deriving a linear model,
the system is assumed to operate in the steady state, and the
defining equations are linearized for small-signal perturbation.
The relation between the input (ac side) and output (dc-link
side) quantities of the PWM converter are obtained by
equating the rate of change of energy associated.
1) The average rate at which energy being absorbed by the
inductor is
Pind =
𝑑
𝑑𝑡
(
1
2
LDCIDC
2
) = LDCIDC(
𝑑
𝑑𝑡
IDC) (4)
2) The power input to the PWM Converter
Pconv = 3 VshIinj (5)
3) The average rate of change of energy associated with the
capacitor filter is
Pcap = 3
𝑑
𝑑𝑡
(
1
2
CshVsh
2
) (6)
Power loss in the resistor Rsh is Ploss = 3Ish2Rsh (7)
Equating the average rate of change of the change of energy,
Pind = Pconv – Ploss – Pcap (8)
On substituting values from 4 to 8,
LdcIdc
dIdc
dt
=3(VshIinj– Iinj2Rsh – d/dt (1/2 CshVsh2 ))
Or
LdcIdc
dIdc
dt
= 3VshIijn – Iinj2Rsh - VshCsh
dVsh
dt
(9)
In order to linearize the power equation, a small perturbation
is applied in the input current of converter. The average dc-
link current will also get perturbed by a small amount.
Hence by substituting
Iinj = Iinj0 + ∆Iinj and Idc = Idc0 +∆ Idc in equation 9 and
archiving the higher order terms,
The transfer function of the PWM converter for a particular
operating point can be obtained as follows:
Kc = ∆Idc/∆Iinj = 3(
Vsh −CshVshS −2Iinj 0Rsh
LdcIdc 0S
) (10)
The characteristic equation of the current control loop is used
to obtain the constants of the PI regulator which can be written
as,
1 + (Kp + Ki/s)
3(Vsh −CshVshS −2Iinj 0Rsh )
LdcIdc 0S
(11)
The controller parameters are designed on the basis of 5%
overshoot to step change in the amplitude of current reference.
For the selected system with the following variables, a second
order characteristic equation is found for the closed-loop
system.
Vsh = 230 V, Iinj0 = 5A, Rsh = 0.4 Ω, Csh = 24 µF
Ldc = 160 mH and Idc0 = 5 A.
This characteristic equation is used to determine the
components of the PI regulator. The analysis of this
characteristic equation shows thatKp determines the current
response and Ki defines the damping factor of the current
loop.
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Volume: 02 Issue: 04 | Apr-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 507
By substituting the above values in eq 11, we obtain
0.8s2 + Kp( 678s – 0.165s2) + Ki (678 – 0.0165s) = 0---- (12)
Using Routh–Hurwitz criteria for system stability, the limit of
the stability region is found out for the characteristic equation
shown in equation 12. The parameters obtained for the PI
Controller are as Kp = 0.5 and Ki = 10. For the selected values
of Kpand Ki in the most stable region, the transient response
of the current control loop for the step change is plotted as
given in the table 1.
With the careful observation at the Fig 4, we can deduce the
optimal values of the proportional gain Kp and Ki. We need to
have the overshoot as minimum as possible and the settling
time as optimal as possible. For such kind of requirements, the
values of Kp and Ki are selected and the same values are
being applied while designing the Proportional Integral
controller. The so designed PI Shunt controller is integrated as
shown below.
Fig: 4 MATLAB Design of the Proportional Integral Shunt
Controller generating the controlling pulses.
4. DESIGN OF ANN CONTROLLER
An Artificial neural network (ANN), often just called a Neural
Network, is a mathematical model inspired by biological
neural networks. A neural network consists of an
interconnected group of artificial neurons, and it processes
information using a connectionist approach to computation. It
resembles the brain in two aspects: 1) The knowledge is
acquired by the network through the learning process and 2)
Interneuron connection strengths are used to store the
knowledge. These networks are characterized by their
topology, the way in which they communicate with their
environment, the manner in which they are trained, and their
ability to process information. ANNs are being used to solve
AI problems without necessarily creating a model of a real
dynamic system.
The rapid detection of the disturbance signal with high
accuracy, fast processing of the reference signal, and high
dynamic response of the controller are the prime requirements
for desired compensation in case of UPQC. The conventional
controller fails to perform satisfactorily under parameter
variations nonlinearity load disturbance, etc. A recent study
shows that NN-based controllers provide fast dynamic
response while maintaining stability of the converter system
over a wide operating range.
For improving the performance of the considered Unified
Power Quality conditioner, a multilayer feed forward network
is considered. This network consists of ‗3‘ layers and their
corresponding neuron interconnections. Input layer with ‗2‘
neurons to receive the inputs ‗Idc‘ and ‗dIdc‘ where‗d‘ is a
constant. Hidden layer consists of ‗21‘ neurons to which each
of the processed input is fed. Output layer consists of ‗1‘
neuron whose output is the computed Ploss. We need to assign
the activation functions for each of the layers in order to train
them. Input is layer is given the Log-Sigmoidal function as
activation function. Hidden layer is also assigned the same and
the output layer is being given the Pure-Linear activation
function as activation function. The corresponding exploded
diagram of the designed Neural Network is as shown in the fig
5 below.
Fig: 5 Exploded diagram of the Neural network.
The large data of the dc-link current for ‗n‘ and ‗n-1‘ intervals
from the conventional method are collected and are stored in
the Matlab workspace. These data are used for training the
NN. The workspace stored data is being retrieved using the
training algorithm used. The hidden layer is the Intermediate
layer that performs many computations and is the most typical
one with large number of neurons and their interconnections.
The neurons in the input and output layers is almost a fixed
quantity to receive the provided input. The accuracy of the
ANN operation is mostly depends on the number of hidden
neurons. The hidden layer interconnections can be configured
as follows.
5. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2319-1163
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Volume: 02 Issue: 04 | Apr-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 508
Fig: 6.Hidden layer Interconnections
The training algorithm used is BFGS Quasi-Newton (BFG).
The MATLAB programming of the ANN training is as given
below.
net=newff(minmax(P),[2,21,1],{'logsig','logsig','purelin'},'train
bfg');
net.trainParam.show=50;
net.trainParam.lr=0.08;
net.trainParam.mc=0.815;
net.trainParam.lr_inc=1.87;
net.trainParam.epochs=900;
net.trainParam.goal=1e-6;
[net,tr]=train(net,P,T);
a=sim(net,P);
gensim(net,-1);
In the above algorithm, the Neural Network is created with the
specified number of neurons in the each layer. There are 900
iterations done in each training session and 6 such a validation
checks are carried out in order to minimize the scope of error
occurrence. The aim is to bring the Performance to 10-6. For
each 50 iterations (epochs), the corresponding values of
Gradient, Mu and the performance parameters during training
session are being displayed. Learning rate is the major
consideration in the training of the Artificial Neural Network
(change of interconnection weights). It should not be too low
that the training gets too delayed. It should not be too high
because the oscillations occur about the target values and the
time taken to converge is too high and the training gets
delayed. For the considered controller, Neural Network is
trained at a learning rate of 0.08. The compensator output
depends on the input and its evolution.The NN is trained for
outputting fundamental referencecurrents. The signals thus
obtained are compared in a hysteresisband current controller
to provide switching signals.The so generated shunt controller
is integrated as shown below.
Fig: 7 MATLAB Design of the Neural Network based shunt
controller.
5. SIMULATION RESULTS
In this section, the performance of the PI and ANN controllers
in controlling the DC Link current of Unified Power Quality
Conditioner is performed. The designed Artificial Neural
Network is integrated into the circuit and the resulting power
quality solution is compared with the result obtained with the
PI Controller. In this comparison, the time required for stable
operation at initial and load change conditions as well as the
changein load current performance are studied. ANN Based
compensator is represented in the Fig 7. The performance of
theshunt active filter of the UPQC with the PI controller and
ANN Controller are given in Fig 8 and Fig 9 respectively.
Fig: 8 Block diagram of the ANN based compensator for
offline-training.
The signal extractor is fed the signals source voltages and
currents. ANN block acts as the compensation signal generator
and sends the corresponding controlling signal to the signal
extractor. With the coordinated control of these loops, the
gating signal is generated and is sent to the shunt controller for
the controlling action. The simulation results with the
6. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2319-1163
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Volume: 02 Issue: 04 | Apr-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 509
Conventional and Unconventional controller actions can be as
shown below.
Fig: 9 Performance of the shunt active filter of the UPQC with
the PI controller for load perturbations.
Fig: 10Performance of the shunt active filter of the UPQC
with an ANN controller for load perturbations.
From the above simulation results,it is observed that in case of
the PI controller,the shunt filter takes almost two-and-a-half
cycles to stabilizethe dc-link current at the initial
condition.Also at the load change from 7.5A to 12.5A, it
almost takes a similar amount oftime to reach a stable state. In
case of the ANN controller, thedc-link current stabilizes
within a half cycle after the start of theshunt filter, and at the
load change, it takes almost one cycle toreach its mean value,
thus improving system performance.
The performance of harmonic current filtration is shown
inFigs. 10 and 11.
Fig: 11 Frequency spectrum of the source current at different
loading conditions with the PI controller.
Fig: 12 Frequency spectrum of the source current at different
loading conditions with the ANN controller.
TABLE II COMPARISON OF THE PI AND ANN
CONTROLLER PERFORMANCE
Type of Controller PI ANN
Time for stabilization
at initial loading
50 ms 10 ms
Time for stabilization
at load change
50 ms 35 ms
Load Current
Harmonics
16.21% 13.28%
Source current
harmonics at 0.15 sec
0.75% 0.69%
Source current
harmonics at 0.25 sec
0.76% 0.66%
From the above table, it is clear that the load current in both
cases is found to be content of all odd harmonic minus triplen,
providing a total harmonic distortion (THD) of 16.21% with
PI Controller and 13.28% with the ANN Controller
respectively. From the figure 10 and 11, it is observed that
Total Harmonic Distortion of the source current at 0.15 sec is
0.75% with the PI Controller and 0.69% with the ANN
Controller scheme. Similarly, the THD of the source current at
0.25 sec is 0.76% with the PI and 0.66% in case of ANN
Controller respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
The performance of the UPQC mainly depends upon how
accurately and quickly reference signals are derived. It was
observed that the power conditioner compensates for voltage
as well as current harmonics. However, its performance using
the conventional PI controller was not satisfactory especially
with respect to transient conditions. It is very necessary in the
Power System network to detect the change of parameters as
soon as possible and then we can go for the solutions. Thus the
response time of the device applied to improve the power
quality should be optimal. In order to improve its response
time, the artificial-intelligence-based ANN controlleris
proposed, and its performance is analyzed by simulation. It is
found that the Artificial Intelligence technique for the
controlling of Unified Power Quality lead satisfactory results
in Improving the Power Quality and Power system
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Volume: 02 Issue: 04 | Apr-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 510
stabilization compared to the conventional Proportional
Integral controller.
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BIOGRAPHIES:
T. Madhurantaka received the B.Tech
degree in Electrical and Electronics
Engineering from Sree Vidyanikethan
Engineering College, Tirupati, India in
2003, M.Tech degree in Power Electronics
from Sree Vidyanikethan Engineering
College, Tirupati, India in 2007. Currently
pursuing his Ph.D. degree in SV University.
S. MuniSekhar received the B.Tech
degree in Electrical and Electronics
Engineering from PBRVITS, Kavali,
India in 2002. He is currently pursuing
M.Tech degree from AITS, Rajampet,
India.
P. Lokesh is currently pursuing the final
year of his B.Tech degree in Electrical
and Electronics Engineering from Sri
Venkateswara College Of Engineering,
Tirupati, India.