Many women experience some minor disorders during pregnancy.
Every system of the body may be affected during pregnancy. These disorders, however , are not minor to the pregnant woman.
Placenta previa is a condition in which the placenta lies very low in the uterus and covers all or part of the cervix. The cervix is the opening to the uterus that sits at the top of the vagina. Placenta previa happens in about 1 in 200 pregnancies.
Placenta praevia risk factors include a previous delivery, age older than 35 and a history of previous surgeries, such as a caesarean section (C-section) or uterine fibroid removal.
The main symptom is bright red vaginal bleeding without pain during the second-half of pregnancy. The condition can also cause severe bleeding before or during delivery.
Limited physical activity is recommended. A C-section is often required in severe cases.
Many women experience some minor disorders during pregnancy.
Every system of the body may be affected during pregnancy. These disorders, however , are not minor to the pregnant woman.
Placenta previa is a condition in which the placenta lies very low in the uterus and covers all or part of the cervix. The cervix is the opening to the uterus that sits at the top of the vagina. Placenta previa happens in about 1 in 200 pregnancies.
Placenta praevia risk factors include a previous delivery, age older than 35 and a history of previous surgeries, such as a caesarean section (C-section) or uterine fibroid removal.
The main symptom is bright red vaginal bleeding without pain during the second-half of pregnancy. The condition can also cause severe bleeding before or during delivery.
Limited physical activity is recommended. A C-section is often required in severe cases.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
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Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
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2. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES :-
After the completion of the topic student will be able
to :-
1. Introduction of polyhydroamnios.
2. Definition of polyhydroamnios.
3. Enlist the cause of polyhydroamnios.
4. Clinical types of polyhydroamnios.
5 Describe the sign & symptoms of polyhydroamnios
6. Enlist the investigations for polyhydroamnios.
7. Complications of polyhydroamnios.
8. Discuss the management of polyhydroamnios.
3.
4. INTRODUCTION :-
Polyhydroamnios is a medical condition that occurs
in pregnancy & charactorised by excess of amniotic
fluid in amnion sac that is more than the expected
level for the gestational age
It is seen in about 1% of pregnancies .
5. Definition
1. Polyhydroamnios is define as a state where liquor
amnii exceed 2000 ml.
2. Polyhydroamnios is a medical condition when
the amniotic fluid index (AFI) is greater then
24cm.
Normal level :- 800-1000ml
AFI:- 8-18
6.
7. CAUSES OF POLYHYROAMNIOS
Idiopathic .
Fetal anomalies / genetic .
- GI system .
- CNS .
- CVS .
Genitourinary tract system .
Multiple pregnancy .
8. Clinical Types Of
Polyhydroamnios
Two Types Of Polyhydroamnios :-
1. Acute polyhydroamnios.
2. Chronic polyhydroamnios.
1. Acute Polyhydroamnios :- If amniotic
fluid increase rapidly over days can cause
severe symptoms is known as acute
polyhydroamnios.
2. Chronic polyhydroamnios :- If amniotic
fluid volume increase progressively over
months the symptoms are usually milder is
known is chronic polyhydroamnios.
9. Signs And Symptoms Of Acute
Polyhydroamnios :-
1. Abdomen pain.
2. Nausea or vomiting.
3. Fluid thrill may be present.
4. Absence of the features of shock.
5. Fetal parts cannot be felt nor is the fetal
heart sound is audible.
10. Sign And Symptoms Of The
Chronic Polyhydroamnios :-
Symptoms are mainly due to mechanical
causes..
1. Dyspnea is more common in supine
position.
2 . Edema in legs.
3.Evidence of the preeclampsia ( Edema and
Hypertension ).
11. Sign And Symptoms Of The
Polyhydroamnios:--
1. Difficulty in breathing.
2. Feeling tightness in the belly.
3. Swelling in the lower extremities.
4. Patient looks ill.
5. Absence of features of shock.
6. Fluid thrill is present.
12. Various Lab Investigation For
The polyhydroamnios :-
1. Blood test :- Blood test for infection
disease is associated with polyhydroamnios
may be offered.
2. Amniocentesis :- Amniocentesis is a
procedure in which a sample of amniotic
fluid which contain fetal cell and various
chemical produced by baby are removed
from the uterus for testing.Testing may use
to screen the chromosome for abnormality.
13. 3. Non stress test :- This test check how the
baby's heart rate reacts when the baby moves.
During the test patient will wear a special
device on the abdomen to measure the baby's
heart rate. A buzzer like device can be used to
wake up the baby & encourage the baby for
movement.
4. Biophysical Profile :- This test uses an
ultrasound to provide more information
about the baby’s breathing & movement. It
may be combined with non stress test.
15. Complications Of The
Polyhydroamnios :-
1. Preterm labor.
2. Premature rupture of membrane
3. Placenta separated from uterus
4. Internal bleeding
5. Umbilical cord prolapsed.
16. Discuss The Management Of
The Polyhydroamnios
The patient who has symptomatic
polyhydroamnios may need Hospital
admission.
Medical Management:-
Antacids may be prescribed to relieve
heartburn and nausea.
17. Prostaglandin Synthesis Inhibitor:-
Indomethacin:- Indomethacin cross the
Placenta and can reduce the fetal urine
production to treat the polyhydroamnios.
It does so by reducing renal blood flow and
increased renal Vascular Resistance and
enhancing the effects of vasopressin on
kidney.
18. Nursing Responsibilities :--
Following conditions are assessed:-
1) Assess the excess fluid volume.
2) Assess patients general condition.
3) Monitor intake and output every 4 hours.
4) Assess fetal condition by electronic fetal
monitoring.
5) Assess the abdominal girth to assess uterine
height and compare with the previous
measurements.