This document discusses placental and umbilical cord abnormalities. It begins by describing normal placental anatomy and development. It then covers various types of placental anomalies including abnormalities of form, position, relationships to cord/membranes, and diseases. Umbilical cord abnormalities such as short/long length, knots, torsion, and single umbilical artery are also reviewed. In summary, the document provides an overview of common placental and umbilical cord abnormalities for Mrs. Savita presented by Nikita Sharma.

1. PLACENTALAND
CORD
ABNORMALITIES
PRESENTED TO:
MRS. SAVITA
PRESENTED BY:
Nikita Sharma

2. PLACENTA
 The placenta develops from the chorion frondosum (foetal
origin) and decidua basalis (maternal origin)
 Anatomy at term:
 Shape: discoid. Diameter: 15-20 cm.
 Weight: 500 gm.
 Thickness: 2.5 cm at its center and gradually tapers
towards the periphery.
 Position: in the upper uterine segment (99.5%), either in
the posterior surface (2/3) or the anterior surface (1/3)

3. PLACENTALABNORMALITIES
PLACENT
A
SIZE
IMPLANTATION
RELATIONSHIP
DISEASE
FORMS/
Numbers
POSITION

4. ANOMALIES OF FORMS/ NUMBERS
 LOBATE: - placenta is divided into 2 or more lobes i.e
bipartite and tripartite.
- single cord is attached to placenta which is
divided into constituent elements ( Placenta Succenturiata)

5. PLACENTA FENESTRATA
Holes in substance of
placenta through
which chorion is
visible

6. RANIFORM / HORSE SHOE
PLACENTA
Occasionally,
placenta is
kidney shaped

7. ANOMALIES OF RELATIONSHIPS
WITH CORD AND MEMBRANE
 BATTLEDORE PLACENTA: Cord is attached to the margin of
placenta

8. PLACENTA CIRCUMVALLATE

9. VELAMENTOUS INSERTION

10. VASA PREVIA

11. ANOMALIES IN POSITION
PLACENTA PREVIA:

12. DISEASES OF PLACENTA
 Inflammation : inflammation of placenta occur due to the
presence of infection.
 It may be acute and chronic

13. PACENTAL TUMOR
 CHORIOANGIOMA

14. PLACENTAL LESIONS
 Placental Infarcts: Seen in placenta at term, mainly in hypertensive
states with pregnancy.
 White infracts: due to excessive fibrin deposition. Normal placenta
may contain white infracts in which calcium deposition may occur.
 Red infarcts: due to hemorrhage from the maternal vessels of the
decidua. Old red infarcts finally become white due to fibrin
deposition.

15. ANOMALIES OF IMPLANTATION

16. UMBILICAL CORD
 Origin: It develops from the connecting stalk.
 Length: At term, it measures about 50 cm
 Diameter: 2 cm.
 Structure: It consists of mesodermal connective tissue called
Wharton's jelly, covered by amnion.
 It contains:
 one umbilical vein carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to
the foetus,
 two umbilical arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the foetus to
the placenta, remnants of the yolk sac and allantois.

17. CONTNUE…..
Insertion: The cord is inserted in the foetal
surface of the placenta near the center
"eccentric insertion" (70%) or at the center
"central insertion" (30%).

18. ABNORMALITIES
 ABNORMAL CORD LENGTH:
 Short cord:

19. LONG CORD

20. KNOTS OF THE CORD
 True knot: when the fetus passes through a loop of
the cord. If pulled tight, fetal asphyxia may result.
 False knot: localized collection of Wharton’s jelly
containing a loop of umbilical vessels.

21. TORSION OF THE CORD
 It may occur particularly in the portion near the
fetus where the Wharton's jelly is less abundant.

22. HEMATOMA
Due to rupture of one of the umbilical vessels

23. SINGLE UMBILICALARTERY
 It may be associated with other fetal congenital anomalies

24. SUMMARIZATION

25. RECAPTULIZATION

26. REFERENCES
 Konar.H, DC Dutta’s Textbook of obstetrics 8th edition,
Jaypee Medical publication (P) Ltd.
 www.slideshare.com
 www.encyclopedia.com