This document discusses antepartum fetal monitoring. It begins with introducing the aims of fetal monitoring like ensuring fetal wellbeing and growth throughout pregnancy. It then covers some key terminologies like polyhydramnios and oligohydramnios. Common risk factors for fetal monitoring are discussed like medical complications in the mother. The components of fetal monitoring include clinical parameters like fundal height and biochemical methods like MSAFP testing. Various techniques used for fetal monitoring are described briefly such as ultrasound, NST, and biophysical profile.
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Ovarian Cyst Causes
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Are you struggling to get rid of your ovarian cysts? Are you in pain, or feeling anxious for not being able to properly cure your ovarian cysts despite all your efforts ? Are you experiencing irregular periods, pain in your lower abdomen or bloating? Are you afraid of developing cancer or from not being able to have children? If you answered yes, then you have come to the Right place for a solution!
Most ovarian cysts develop as a result of the normal function of your menstrual cycle. These are known as functional cysts. Other types of cysts are much less common.
Your ovaries normally grow cyst-like structures called follicles each month. Follicles produce the hormones estrogen and progesterone and release an egg when you ovulate. Sometimes a normal monthly follicle keeps growing. When that happens, it is known as a functional cyst. There are two types of functional cysts:
Follicular cyst. Around the midpoint of your menstrual cycle, an egg bursts out of its follicle and travels down the fallopian tube in search of sperm and fertilization. A follicular cyst begins when something goes wrong and the follicle doesn't rupture or release its egg. Instead it grows and turns into a cyst.
Corpus luteum cyst. When a follicle releases its egg, the ruptured follicle begins producing large quantities of estrogen and progesterone for conception. This follicle is now called the corpus luteum. Sometimes, however, the escape opening of the egg seals off and fluid accumulates inside the follicle, causing the corpus luteum to expand into a cyst.
The fertility drug clomiphene (Clomid, Serophene), which is used to induce ovulation, increases the risk of a corpus luteum cyst developing after ovulation. These cysts don't prevent or threaten a resulting pregnancy.
Functional cysts are usually harmless, rarely cause pain, and often disappear on their own within two or three menstrual cycles.
Other cysts
Some types of cysts are not related to the normal function of your menstrual cycle. These cysts include:
Dermoid cysts. These cysts may contain tissue, such as hair, skin or teeth, because they form from cells that produce human eggs. They are rarely cancerous.
Cystadenomas. These cysts develop from ovarian tissue and may be filled with a watery liquid or a mucous material.
Endometriomas. These cysts develop as a result of endometriosis, a condition in which uterine endometrial cells grow outside your uterus. Some of that tissue may attach to your ovary and form a growth.
Dermoid cysts and cystadenomas can become large, causing the ovary to move out of its usual position in the pelvis. This increases the chance of painful twisting of your ovary, called ovarian torsion.
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Ovarian Cyst Causes
Ovarian Cyst Miracle Program ►►► http://betterhealthchannel.net/OvarianCystMiracleTreatment
Are you struggling to get rid of your ovarian cysts? Are you in pain, or feeling anxious for not being able to properly cure your ovarian cysts despite all your efforts ? Are you experiencing irregular periods, pain in your lower abdomen or bloating? Are you afraid of developing cancer or from not being able to have children? If you answered yes, then you have come to the Right place for a solution!
Most ovarian cysts develop as a result of the normal function of your menstrual cycle. These are known as functional cysts. Other types of cysts are much less common.
Your ovaries normally grow cyst-like structures called follicles each month. Follicles produce the hormones estrogen and progesterone and release an egg when you ovulate. Sometimes a normal monthly follicle keeps growing. When that happens, it is known as a functional cyst. There are two types of functional cysts:
Follicular cyst. Around the midpoint of your menstrual cycle, an egg bursts out of its follicle and travels down the fallopian tube in search of sperm and fertilization. A follicular cyst begins when something goes wrong and the follicle doesn't rupture or release its egg. Instead it grows and turns into a cyst.
Corpus luteum cyst. When a follicle releases its egg, the ruptured follicle begins producing large quantities of estrogen and progesterone for conception. This follicle is now called the corpus luteum. Sometimes, however, the escape opening of the egg seals off and fluid accumulates inside the follicle, causing the corpus luteum to expand into a cyst.
The fertility drug clomiphene (Clomid, Serophene), which is used to induce ovulation, increases the risk of a corpus luteum cyst developing after ovulation. These cysts don't prevent or threaten a resulting pregnancy.
Functional cysts are usually harmless, rarely cause pain, and often disappear on their own within two or three menstrual cycles.
Other cysts
Some types of cysts are not related to the normal function of your menstrual cycle. These cysts include:
Dermoid cysts. These cysts may contain tissue, such as hair, skin or teeth, because they form from cells that produce human eggs. They are rarely cancerous.
Cystadenomas. These cysts develop from ovarian tissue and may be filled with a watery liquid or a mucous material.
Endometriomas. These cysts develop as a result of endometriosis, a condition in which uterine endometrial cells grow outside your uterus. Some of that tissue may attach to your ovary and form a growth.
Dermoid cysts and cystadenomas can become large, causing the ovary to move out of its usual position in the pelvis. This increases the chance of painful twisting of your ovary, called ovarian torsion.
Don't wait one minute to order at this low price! Get the Ovarian Cyst Treatment By Clicking the link: ►►► http://betterhealthchannel.net/OvarianCystMiracleTreatment
Ectopic pregnancy by dr aishwarya, a4 fertility centre, chennai
#ectopicpregnancy #ectopy #fertilitytips #pregnancycare #pregnancytreatment #ivfcentre #pregnancytips #a4hospital #a4fertilitycentre #chennai
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Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
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The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2. Introduction
Aims of Foetal Monitoring
Terminologies
Common Indicators of Antepartum Foetal
Monitoring
Components of Foetal Monitoring
I. Clinical Parameters
II. Biochemical methods
3. Majority (80%) of fetal deaths occur in the
ante partum period.
The main causes of death are:-
• Fetal hypoxia
• Maternal complication
• Congenital Malformation
• Unexplained cause
4. There is a progressive decline in maternal deaths
all over the world. Currently more interest is
focused to evaluate the foetal health. The primary
objective of antenatal foetal assessment is to
avoid foetal death. As such simultaneously with
good maternal care during pregnancy & labour, the
foetal health in uteri should be supervised with
equal vigilance.
5. To ensure satisfactory growth and well being
of the foetus throughout pregnancy.
To screen out the high risk factors that affects
the growth of the foetus.
6. Abortion:-
• Expulsion or extraction from its mother of
an embryo or foetus weight less than
500gm or when it is not capable of
independent survival.
Multiple pregnancy:-
• When more than one foetus simultaneously
develops in the uterus.
13. US IMAGING
Foetal Movement Count
Ultra Sonography
Cardiotocography
Cardiotomography
Non Stress Test (NST)
Contraction stress Test (CST)
Amnioscopy
foetoscopy
14.
15. • In second half of pregnancy: average
weight gain is 1kg/fortnight
• Excess weight gain: could be 1st sign of pre-
eclampsia.
• If weight gain less than normal, stationary
or falling: look for IUGR
16. • Initial recording of BP prior to 12 weeks helps to
differentiate pre-existing chronic hypertension
from pregnancy induced hypertension.
• Hypertension, pre-existing or pregnancy induced
may impair fetal growth.
17. • Top of fundus is measured from superior
border of symphysis pubis ( bladder should be
empty) using a tape.
• After 24 weeks of pregnancy, distance
measured in cm normally corresponds to
periods of gestation in weeks.
18.
19.
20. • AFP is a oncofetal protein ( Molecular
weight 70,000) normally produced by the
fetal liver and is present in the fluid
surrounding the fetus (amniotic fluid),
and crosse the placenta into the mother’s
blood.
• Normal value:- 2.5 MOM (multiples of
median)
21. a) Wrong gestational age
b) Open Neural Tube Defect (NTDs)
c) Multiple Pregnancy,
d) IUFD
e) Renal anomalies
22. Down’s syndrome
Gestational trophoblastic disease
Over 80% of fetuses affected with Down
Syndrome can be detected when both first and
second trimester screening are used.
23. all pregnant women are usually offered the
AFP test. But, doctor may recommend the
test if..
o Have a family history of birth defects
o Age 35 year or older
o Have diabetes
o Have taken certain drugs or medication
during pregnancy
25. procedure
Explain procedure before performing test.
Informed consent should be given prior to
testing, and a women has the right to refuse
this test if she chooses.
26. • Amniotic fluid AchE level is elevated in most
cases of open neural tube defect (e.g. Spina
bifida, Anecephaly)
• It has got better diagnostic value than MSAFP
Time of performing test:-
Between 15th & 18th week of gestation.
27. • AFP testing is the sequences of tests.
• The first-two are of maternal serum and the
final test of amniotic fluid.
• An elevated AFP Level is indicative of
significant fetal pathology.
• A low level of AFP may be associated with
Down Syndrome.
• The Normal AFP concentration in liquor amnii
at the 16th week is about 20mg/L.
28. This test includes the combination of 3 tests:
AFP
Unconjugated Estriol (UE3)
Human Chorionic gonadotrophin ( HCG)
Estriol and HCG are two hormones that are
present in mother’s blood during pregnancy.
Performing time:- 15-18weeks.
29. • The triple screen test involves drawing blood
from the mother.
• The blood sample is then sent to laboratory for
testing.
• AFP is produced is the yolk sac and fetal liver.
30. Amniocentesis is an invasive, diagnostic
antenatal test. It involves taking a sample of
amniotic fluid in order to examine fetal cells
found in this fluids.
Because it carries a slightly increased risk of
miscarriage amniocentesis is usually reserved
for those women considered at higher risk of
carrying a fetus with a chromosomal
abnormality.
31.
32. An ultrasound is used as a guide to
determine a safe location for the needle to
enter the amniotic sac, so the fluid may be
safely removed. A sample of amniotic fluid is
collected through the needle.
The procedure takes about 45 minutes,
although the collection of fluid takes less
than five minutes.
33. Early in pregnancy, used for diagnosis of
chromosomal and other fetal problems such
as:-
Down syndrome
Trisomy 8
Fragile X
rare, inherited metabolic disorder
Neural tube defects
34. Later on, it also can be used to detect problems
such as:
• Infection
• Prediction of lung maturity
• Meconium stained of liquor
Therapeutic:-
• Induction if abortion
• Repeated decompression of uterus in acute
hydramnions
35. Before procedure take written consent.
Explain the purpose of procedure and how it
will be done.
Emptying the bladder.
Provide privacy
Provide supine position with elevated head
20-30degree.( dorsal position)
The abdominal wall is prepared aseptically
and draped.
36. Check the vital sign and FHR to obtain base
line data.
Check USG
Prophylactic administration of 100mg of anti-
D immunoglobulin in Rh negative mother.
The proposed site of puncture is in filtered
with 2ml of 1% lignocaine.
37. o In early month:- 1/3 of the way up the
uterus from symphysis pubis.
o In later month:- suprapubic approach after
lifting the presenting part
o Flanks in between the fetal limb
o Below the umbilicus behind the neck of the
fetus.
38. Amniocentesis is performed between the 15th-20th
week of pregnancy; performing this test early
can lead to injury to the baby’s limbs.
Most people do the test the 18th week of
pregnancy.
39. Acute skin infection
Maternal fever
Allergies to material used like skin prepration
materials, local anesthesia.
May be difficulty in patient with multiple
pregnancy
40. CVS is usually carried out between the
11th and 14th weeks of pregnancy,
although it’s sometimes performed later
than this if necessary.
It usually used in the management of
Rhesus iso immunization and in some
cases to solve the problem of mozaicism.
Disadvantage is in higher risk of abortion
(2-3%) and abnormalities if carried before
the 9 week of gestation.
42. Vaginal speculum
Sponge holder ( may be useful to
atraumatically grasp and manipulate the
cervix.
Small (1.5mm) aspiration cannula
20-30 ml syringe or small biopsy forceps
46. Active vaginal bleeding
Infection
Multiple gestation
HIV infection
47. Cervical stenosis
Cervical myomas
in transabdominal CVS
o Fetal position that block access to placenta
48. Complication:-
• Miscarriage
• Infection and Amniotic fluid leakage
• Oligohydramnions
• Fetal loss
• Infection
• Vaginal bleeding
• Increase risk of pre eclampsia.
49.
50. Cordocentesis provides a means of rapid
chromosome analysis and is useful when
information cannot be obtain through
amniocentesis, CVS, or USG ( or if results of
these tests were inconclusive).
Time of performance:-
18 week of gestation.
51. Malformation of fetus.
Fetal infection ( i.e. toxoplasmosis or rubella)
Fetal platelet count in maternal circulation.
Fetal anemia.
Isoimmunisation.
52. Blood loss from the puncture site
Infection
Drop in fetal heart rate
Premature rupture of membranes
Fever
Chills
Leaking of amniotic fluid
53. Aims of Fetal monitoring
Introduction
Terminologies
Common Indicators Of Antepartum Fetal
Monitoring
Components of Fetal Assessment
i. Clinical Parameters
ii. Biochemical Methods
54. Annamma Jacob, “A Comprehensive Textbook
of Midwifery and Gynecological Nursing”
Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) LTD,
Third Edition, 2012.
page no: 125-127
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