1) The document discusses protected cultivation practices for tomato and capsicum crops grown in greenhouses. It describes structures, benefits, cultivation techniques like irrigation, training, pruning, and pest management. 2) Key practices for tomato include drip irrigation, staking, suckering, topping, fruit thinning and harvesting. For capsicum, practices discussed are variety selection, planting density, mulching, pruning, training and staking. 3) Protected cultivation allows year-round production of vegetables, improves quality and yields, and provides protection from pests and weather.

1. 1

2. JUNAGADH AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, JUNAGADH
Special Horticultural Practices In Protected
Vegetable Crops
Seminar on
MINOR GUIDE:
Dr. H. L. Sakarvadia
Assistant Research Scientist
Dept .of Ag. Chem. & soil science
J.A.U., Junagadh
Speaker
PARMAR VIJAYKUMAR K.
Reg. no. 2020616013
M. Sc.(Horti) Vegetable Science
MAJOR GUIDE:
Dr. L. L. Jivani
Associate Research Scientist
Vegetable Research Station
J.A.U., Junagadh 2

3. Topic division
Introduction
What is Protected cultivation?
Need of protected cultivation.
Cultivation Practices.
Research work
Conclusions
3

4. • India is the second largest producer of vegetable crops in the
world. However, its vegetable production is much less than
the requirement.
• The present production of 120.8 million tones (ICAR-2012)
is to be raised to 250 million tones by 2024- 2025.
• There are different ways and means to achieve this target,
e.g., bringing additional area under vegetable crops, using
hybrid seeds, use of improved agro-techniques.
• Another potential approach is perfection and promotion of
protected cultivation of vegetables (Sanwal at al, 2014).
4

5. Table 1: Area and production of major vegetable crops in india
during year 2016
Crops Area ('000 ha) Production ('000 tonne)
Tomato 791 17398
Brinjal 680 12706
Chilli 170 1983
Okra 507 5853
Potato 2060 44893
Bitter gourd 122 1204
Bottle gourd 111 1836
Onion 1181 18924
Cabbage 379 8597
Cauliflower 414 7897
Source : Horticultural Statistics at a Glance 2016 5

6. Table 2: Area and production of major vegetable crops in
gujarat during year 2016
Crops Area ('000 ha) Production ('000 tonne)
Tomato 44.57 1259.01
Brinjal 76.01 1476.09
Okra 65.99 759.04
Potato 98.20 2964.10
Onion 44.30 1126.55
Cabbage 30.35 661.40
Cauliflower 27.70 601.48
Source : Horticultural Statistics at a Glance 2016
6

7. What is protected cultivation?
 Protected cultivation can be defined as a cropping technique
wherein the micro environment surrounding the plant body
is controlled partially/ fully as per plant need during their
period of growth to maximize the yield and resource saving.
• With globalization of markets, shrinking land and climate
change, the protected cultivation of high value crops has
emerged as the single most important technology for
ensuring:
 High productivity
 Improved quality and
 Profitable returns
7

8.  Protected cultivation on commercial scale is
undertaken in over 50 countries across the globe.
 First modern greenhouse were built in Italy in the
thirteenth century.
 In India , green house technology started in 1980
and initially it was used for research only.
 In India , first polyhouse was designed and set up in
1985 at Leh (J&K).
 In Laddakh, greenhouses are being built for
extending the growing season of vegetable from 3 to
8 months.
 In India greenhouse cultivation is mainly in
Maharashtra, Karnataka, Uttarakhand, Himachal
Pradesh and J&K.
8

9. Table 3:Area under the green house farming in different
countries
Countries Area (ha)
Japan 45000
Holland 13000
Italy 23000
South Korea 3725
Israel 1250
America 4000
England 1727
Canada 302
Philippines 12
India 6000
Egypt 1000
Germany 3800
A.A.U., (Gujarat) 2015. Annual Report
12

10. Benefits of protected cultivation
Higher yield
Year round cultivation
Better quality
Off- season production
Assured production
Generate self - employment for the educated rural
youth in the farm sector
Controlled pollination
Easier plant protection
Weed free cultivation
10

11. SCOPE OF PROTECTED CULTIVATION
Cultivation in problematic zones.
Greenhouse complexes around cities.
Export of agricultural produce.
 Greenhouse for plant propagation.
Greenhouse technology for biotechnology.
Greenhouse for employment generation and
increase in income.
11

12. Limitations of protected cultivation
 Expensive, short life and not easy availability of
cladding materials.
 Lack of appropriate tools and machinery.
 Structure cost initially looks unaffordable. Farmers
with zero risk affordability do not come forward to
adopt it.
 Small land holding of the farmers.
 Requires good managerial skill.
 Require trained labour
 Initial cost is very high
12

13. What is Greenhouse Cultivation?
* Greenhouse cultivation is define as the area covered with transparent
material under which the crops can be grown in partially or fully
controlled climatic conditions.
Green house are the structure in which optimum temperature for
growing crops is maintained round the year so that regular supply of
vegetables maintained.
Green house is a structure just like a house which only sun light
allowed to enter. It has mainly two parts.
a. A frame or the basic structure and
b. Covering material
13

14. Medium cost or partially climate
control polyhouse
14
Low cost or naturally ventilated
polyhouse
Different forms of protected cultivation

15. 15
High cost or fully
climate controlled poly
house
Glass house

16. 16
Plastic Tunnel
Net house

17. 17
PLASTIC MULCHES

18. Tomato
• Botanical Name:
Solanum lycopersicum L.
• Family: Solanaceae
• Chro. number: 2n = 24
• Origin : South America
18

19. Indeterminate and Determinate Tomato
19

20. Fumigation:
It is marketed as Formalin, an aqueous
solution, which contains 37-40 %
formaldehyde, which has a poor penetration
and diffusion ability.
The Formalin used for sterilization should be
mixed with water in 1:10 proportion.37.5 lit of
Formalin will be required for 500-sq.mt
polyhouse.
After drenching, planting is done after two
weeks, this method is not effective against
nematodes and it should not to be used in a
standing crop. 20

21. Mulching
• The most common straw mulch
to be applied to soil when
tomatoes are about 2feet
height.
• The mulch reduces evaporation
of water from the soil and
prevents compaction of the soil
surface.
• White (reflective) plastic
mulches are recommended to
control weeds, conserve
moisture, reduce humidity and
improve light conditions and
also to avoid soil contact with
fruit and prevent diseases.
21

22. Irrigation and Fertigation
• Tomato is very sensitive to water application.
• Heavy irrigation provided after a long spell of drought causes
cracking of the fruits.
• Drip irrigation is given daily to replanish 50 % of the open pan
evaporation.
• Flowering and fruit development are the critical stages of
tomato there fore water stress should not be given during this
period.
• Fertigate 160:90:90 N: P2O5: K2O Kg/ha using water soluble
fertilizers (19:19:19 WSF). Start fertigation from 3rd week
after transplanting.
• Fertigate twice in week and for 18 weeks.
• Use 19:19:19 WSF at the rate of 3.7 g/m2 for every
fertigation. 22

23. • Side shoots (suckers) will
develop between each
compound leaf and the stem.
• These suckers are removed
as they develop, leaving
only the main stem as a
growing point.
• Side shoots are usually not
pruned until they are a few
inches long, at which time
they are easier to distinguish
from the main stem.
De suckering
Side shoots 23

24. Crop Support:
• After transplanting
immediately plant, stems
should be secured to
nylon/plastic (high –density)
twine, and quality of twine
should be ensured.
• Twines are hung from
horizontal wires at least 3 m
about the ground.
• Horizontal wires must be
sturdy enough to support the
weight of all plants in the
row.
• Always wrap in the same
direction.
24

25. • Overhead wires are fixed
normally 8-9 feet above the
surface of the bed & are
anchored firmly to the support
structure.
• Pruning tomato plants simply
means removing the shoots
that grow from the crotch
above a leaf branch. These
shoots are called suckers .
• Twine should be wrapped
clockwise around the vine as
it develops with one complete
swirl every three leaves.
• The vine should be supported
by the twine under the leaves,
not the stems of the flower
truss or fruit clusters.
25

26.  The growing point and small
fruit clusters at the top of the
plant are removed this
operation is called Topping.
 Topping is carried out for
rapid fruit development and
improving size of already-set
fruit in the lower part of the
plant.
 To avoid sunburn the shoots
are left to grow at the top.
Topping
26

27. • The plants must be pruned on regular
basis for 10-11 months life cycle of
tomato crop.
• As fruits mature on the lower parts of the
vines, pinch off older leaves below the
fruits.
• Pruning helps in overall management of
the long-term tomato crop.
• Pruning must be done on a frequent
schedule (every 3 to 4 days) so that only
small side shoots are removed.
• Pruning is done early in the day when
plants are turgid but dry.
PRUNING
27

28. • Single main stem should be
retained in these tomatoes by
removing all side shoots or
suckers that develop between
leaf petiole & the stem.
• Usually, in early stage the
shoots are removed by snapping
them off.
• Plants are supported by plastic
or binder twine, loosely
anchored on the base of the
plants with the help of plastic
clips or directly by non-slip
loop & to overhead support
wires (11-12 gauge).
TRAINING
28

29. Pollination
• In the greenhouse, wind is not strong enough to
shake the flowers sufficiently to transfer the
pollen.
• The optimum temperature for pollination is
within the range 21 to 27 °C.
• Different methods are used in tomato for more
pollination and good quality yield. It may
1. Hand pollination
2. Battery operated vibrator
3. Air blowers
4. Bumblebees
29

30. Regulation of flowering and fruiting by using growth
regulators
• The growth regulators can be
used to increase fruit set at
high and low temperature.
• The flower dipping in PCPA
(Parachloro- Phenoxy acetic
acid) 30 ppm at fully open
stage to increase the fruit set at
low and high temperature.
• The application of cycocel
(500 ppm) on the plants in
nursery 3-4 days before
transplanting. Another spray of
it 25-30 days after
transplanting.
Source : Panchal B., B. (2016) N.A.U. 30

31. Chemicals used for fruit development
Common
Name
Dose
(mg/l)
Effects
Ethephon 200-500
Whole plant spray
Flowering induction, Better
rooting and fruit setting
2,4-D 2-5 As seed treatment
or whole plant spray
Increase fruit set, Earlyness
and Parthenocarpy
IBA 50-100
Foliage spray
Increase fruit set
IAA 50-100
Foliage spray
For good fruit size and yield
31

32. De-leafing
• When vines are lowered,
leaves touching the ground
are removed to prevent
diseases development.
• The amount of de-leafing
that occurs higher up the
plant varies between
growers.
• The purpose of de-leafing
higher up the plant stem is
to increase light
penetration and air
circulation.
32

33. Truss Hook
• Grown under relatively
low light conditions,
the peduncles of the
inflorescences (trusses)
are too weak. So to
support the weight of
fruit. They bear and,
are liable to bend or
“kink”.
33

34. • Small, undersized fruit at
the end of cluster (distal
fruit) are always removed,
as these will generally not
grow to marketable size
and reduces the size of the
other fruits on the cluster.
• This involves removing
small fruit from some
clusters, leaving three,
four or five of the best
ones.
Fruit Thinning
34
Heavy fruiting

35. • Harvesting of tomatoes starts after 60-75 days. The
total crop period for tomatoes is 8-9 months after
planting.
• Harvesting is done daily or alternate day depending
on market distance and choice.
Yield
• Average yield of different types of tomatoes under
Indian conditions is given below.
i. Truss tomatoes - 25-30 kg/sq.m.
ii. Cherry tomatoes - 15-20 kg/sq.m
Harvesting and Yield
35

36. Capsicum
• Botanical Name:
Capsicum annum
• Family: Solanaceae
• Chromosome number:
2n = 24
• Origin : Tropical America
36

37. Fumigation
• The crop beds are drenched using 4 per cent
formaldehyde (4 L/ m2 of bed) and covered with black
polyethylene mulch sheet.
• Four days after formalin treatment, the polyethylene
cover is removed; the beds are raked repeatedly
everyday to remove the trapped formalin fumes
completely, prior to transplanting.
• Fumigation with formaldehyde helps to minimize the
soil borne diseases. Basamid can also be used for soil
sterilization.
37

38. SELECTION OF VARIETIES
• Hybrids preferably should have long growing period
of 8 - 10 months. Fruits should have characters such
as four lobes, uniform colour and ripening with
better shelf life.
• Capsicum hybrids with high yield potential (>100
t/ha) and having uniform size and shape needs to be
selected.
• Popularly grown commercial hybrids in India
include Indra, Yamuna (Green);
• Bomby,Triple star, Natasha, Inspiration, Pasarella
(Red);
• Sunnyez, Swarna, Orobelle, Bachata (Yellow).
38

39. Planting distance and Density
Density
- 2.5 plants per square meter
Distance
– 45-50 cm between two plants
–50 cm between two rows
39

40. Fertilizer application
• A basal fertilizer dose of 20:25:20 Kg NPK is
required per acre and is applied in the form of
80 kg calcium ammonium nitrate, 125 kg super
phosphate and 32 kg murate of potash or 40 kg
sulphate of potash.
40

41. Mulching
• Black polyethylene non-recycled
mulch film of 30-100 micron
thick, 1.2 m wide, is used to cover
the planting beds in capsicum.
• Mulching practice conserves
water, controls weeds, reduces
infestation of pests and diseases
and results in higher yield and
good quality produce.
41

42. • Capsicum plants are pruned
to retain four stems. The tip
of the plant splits into two
at 5th or 6th node and are
left to grow.
• The pruning is done after
30 days of transplanting at
an interval of 8 to 10 days,
resulting in bigger fruits
with better quality and high
productivity.
Pruning
Four-leader system 42

43. • The main stem of plant is tied
with plastic twine to train along
and tied to GI wire grid
provided on the top of the
plants.
• This is practiced after four
weeks of transplanting.
• The new branches and plants
are trained along the plastic
twines.
Training
43

44. Staking
• After transplanting, plant stems
should be tied by nylon/plastic
(high density) string. Quality of
the twine should be ensured.
Twines are hung from horizontal
wires at least 3 meters above the
ground.
• Horizontal wires must be sturdy
enough (12 gauge) to support the
weight of all plants in the row. 3
rows of overhead horizontal
wires are required for one bed of
2 rows of plants and from which
4 no. of twines are hung for each
single plant. 44

45. Drip irrigation and Fertigation
• Drip irrigation is given to provide 2-4 liters of
water per square meter per day depending on the
season.
• Water soluble fertilizers are given through
fertigation for entire crop growth period, starting
from third week after transplanting .
• Capsicum crop is sprayed with water soluble
fertilizers like potassium nitrate and calcium
nitrate at every 3 week interval after 2 months of
transplanting @ 3g/ l as foliar application.
45

46. Harvesting and yield
• Early morning hours are best suited for capsicum
harvest.
• Green capsicum can be harvested at 55 to 60 days after
transplanting, yellow capsicum at 70-75 days whereas
red capsicum at 80-90 days.
• Fruits can be harvested once in 3 to 4 days. Yellow and
red fruits can be harvested when they have gained 50-
80 per cent of the colour development.
• The fruits should be handled carefully by adopting clip
harvest technique and scuffing should be minimized.
• The average yield of capsicum per hactare is 30-40
tons.
46

47. Cucumber
• B. N.: (Cucumis sativus L.)
• Hindi: Khira
• Family: Cucurbitaceae
• Chromosome No: 2n = 14
• Origin place: India
47

48. Varieties and Spacing
• There are many hybrid varieties and they are
specific to the local market.
• For commercial production of cucumber one
should be required high yielding and disease
resistant seeds available.
• Japanese long green, Straight eight, Balam khira,
peons, Pusa sanyog, Priya and poinsettee are
cultivated in india under protected cultivation.
Spacing :
1. 1.2-1.5 m between row and
2. 30-45 cm between plant
48

49. Training
• In single stem training, female flowers should be
remove or pinched up to 5th node to ensure
sufficient vegetative growth of the plant to
sustain fruit load.
• Types of training:-
1. Single stem training (60 x 45 cm)
2. Umbrella system (60 x 60 cm)
3. V- system (60 x 60 cm)
49

50. Umbrella System in Cucumber
• This system is streight
forward, not too
demanding and easy.
• 1.Tie the cucumber plant
to vertical wire(A).
• 2.Provide the support to
all fruits that develop on
lower part of main stem.
• 3.Remove all the laterals
in leaf axis on the main
stem (B).
50

51. Supporting/Staking
• Staking in cucumber has been found to very effective
in getting maximum yield and good quality.
51

52. Pruning
• In this system, all lateral branches are removed
as they develop until the plant reaches the
overhead support wire.
• Fruits should not be allowed to develop on the
lower 75 cm (30 inches) of the main stem to
encourage the plant’s rapid vegetative
development.
• Main stem fruits above that point are allowed to
develop at the base of each leaf.
52

53. • To facilitate the correct growth, be sure to pinch
out all side shows, flowers and tendrils until the
cucumber plant reaches the wire or string
53

54. Irrigation and Fertigation
• The drip irrigation system is better than most other.
• Irrigation should be give at two days interval depending on
season and location.
• The water needs of a cucumber plant are most sensitive during
the fruit set and development period.
• Basal dose of 50 kg NPK per hectare with straight fertilizers
and fertigation at 150-250 kg NPK per hectare with water
soluble fertilizers.
• Fertigation should be done once or twice in week depends on
the type of soil, soil fertility, variety and stage of growth.
• Cucumber is a heavy feeder crop.
• NPK solution in ratio of 19:19:19 is prepared and apply
through drip starting from 3rd week of transplanting or
initiation of fruit set and terminating 15 days prior to harvest.
54

55. Nutrient Management
• In general, a fertilizer dose of 100 kg N, 60 kg
P2o5 and 60 kg K2o per hectare should be
applied for improved varieties. As a basal
dose, apply half N along with full P and K
fertilizers before sowing and rest N should be
top dressed in two split doses at the time of
vining and full blooming stage.
• For hybrids, apply150-200 N, 90-100 kg P2o5
and 90-100 kg k2o per hectare.
55

56. Fruit thinning
• To prevent the plants becoming exhausted and to
improve fruit size, control the number of the fruit
per plant through selective fruit thinning.
• This technique is powerful, so use it with great
caution. The optimum number of fruits per plant
varies with the cultivar and, even more, with the
growing conditions. Although, limiting the
number of fruits per plant invariably results in
premium-priced large fruit, growers risk under
estimating the crop's potential or failing to
forecast good weather.
56

57. Use of growth regulators
• Application of Ethrel (150-200 ppm) increase
the number of female flowers and fruit set.
• GA (1500-2000 ppm) and Silver nitrate (200-
300 ppm) induce male flowers on gynoecious
cucumber.
• It may applied at 2 true leaf stage and repeat
the spray at 4 true leaf stages.
57

58. Harvesting and Yield
• Cucumber should be
harvested when they have
reach marketable size but
are still tender.
• Fruits of cucumber should
be harvested at every 2 to
3 days interval.
Yield:
• The average yield of 150-
200 tones per hectare in
green house condition using
gynoecious hybrids.
58

59. RESEARCH WORK
59

60. Table 4. Total fresh fruit yield of tomato influenced by
training and pruning in two years combined
Treatements Total fresh fruit yield (t/ha)
First year Second Year Combined
Training
Staked 56.37 55.55 55.96
Unstaked 50.43 48.74 49.58
CD (0.05) 1.19 4.45 1.02
Pruning
Three stem 50.62 51.89 51.25
Two stem 56.99 55.54 56.26
Unpruned 42.60 40.88 41.74
CD (0.05) 1.44 1.09 0.85
Muhmmad and Singh (2007)
Nigeria
60

61. Table 5. Percentage marketable yield of tomato influenced
by training and pruning in two years combined
Treatements Marketable Yield (%)
First year Second Year Combined
Training
Staked 79.73 73.42 76.57
Unstaked 68.67 66.67 67.67
CD (0.05) 1.13 4.64 3.06
Pruning
Three stem 74.10 69.21 71.66
Two stem 74.12 71.21 72.70
Unpruned 72.99 60.52 66.25
CD (0.05) 1.04 2.85 1.38
Muhmmad and Singh (2007)
Nigeria
61

62. Graph 1.Effect of cultivars and staking and pruning on fruit
yield of tomato.
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Local F1Titao Pectomach
Un staked & Unpruned
Unstaked & Prune
Staked & Unpruned
Staked & Pruned
Ghana Sowley and Damba (2013)
Fruit
yield
(kg)/
ha

63. Table 6: Effect of growing condition and varieties on yield
and yield attributes in tomato
63
Treatments Fruit length
(cm)
Fruit wt.
(gm)
No. of
fruits/plant
Fruit yield
(gm/plant)
T1 - E1V1 30.00 38.6 13.60 480.00
T2 - E1V2 46.67 55.2 23.40 1043.4
T3 - E1V3 47.32 49.5 27.93 1113.47
T4 - E1V4 58.24 48.8 31.87 1242.40
T5 - E1V5 54.21 44.3 26.80 1110.27
T6 - E2V1 27.89 29.3 17.73 624.47
T7 - E2V2 77.50 60.5 27.53 1281.20
T8 - E2V3 75.55 56.0 28.40 1359.40
T9 - E2V4 78.49 64.4 35.33 1692.07
T10 - E2V5 66.48 59.6 31.07 1423.87
S.E.m. 2.32 2.58 1.62 54.58
C.D. at 5% 6.67 7.42 NS 156.69
C.V % 7.58 9.01 10.82 8.44
J.A.U., (Gujarat) Varu and Pooja (2014)

64. Treatment details
T1 - E1V1 GT-1 in Naturaliy ventilated poly house
T2 - E1V2 Badshah in Naturaliy ventilated poly house
T3 - E1V3 Samrat in Naturaliy ventilated poly house
T4 - E1V4 Red Gold in Naturaliy ventilated poly house
T5 - E1V5 Shaktiman in Naturaliy ventilated poly house
T6 - E2V1 GT-1 in Net house
T7 - E2V2 Badshah in Net house
T8 - E2V3 Samrat in Net house
T9 - E2V4 Red Gold in Net house
T10 - E2V5 Shaktiman in Net house
64

65. Table 7: Performance of tomato hybrids under naturally
ventilated polyhouse
Hybrids
Plant
height
(cm)
Days to
50%
flowering
No.of
fruit/plant
Fruit
wt
(g)
Fruit
yield/plant
(kg)
Fruit
yield
(Kg/m2)
Rakshita 219.0 46.0 26.2 68.4 1.79 992.0
Naveen 2000
plus
227.4 42.4 30.5 80.7 2.21 1220.1
Avtar(7711) 212.3 48.3 22.4 55.4 1.44 800.5
CD (p=0.05) 4.9 2.7 1.1 0.7 0.06 38.1
Palampur (H.P) Kaushal (2016)
65

66. Table 8: Effect of spacing on tomato production in naturally
ventilated poly house
Spacing
Plant
height
(cm)
Days to 50%
flowering
No. of
fruit/
plant
Fruit
weight
(g)
Fruit
yield/plant
(kg)
60 X 30 cm 187.1 45.2 26.4 69.3 1.75
75 X 30 cm 174.1 41.6 28.9 72.9 1.91
CD (p=0.05) 2.1 0.7 1.5 1.2 0.08
Palampur (H.P) Kaushal (2016)
66

67. Table 9: Evaluation of tomato hybrids for fruit yield and quality traits under
polyhouse conditions
Hybrids
Plant height
(m)
Days to
flowering
Fruit
length(cm)
Fruit wt
(g)
Yield/plant
(gm)
Tomato F1 Queeen 2.15 27.20 5.67 85.54 1324.75
Tomato F1 T 30 2.65 28.67 5.88 87.81 1412.22
Arka Samrat 2.37 27.60 5.54 48.86 928.47
Arka Rakshak 2.46 28.40 5.57 57.07 1093.42
Naveen 2.80 28.93 6.34 61.84 1210.37
Rakshitha 2.79 29.00 6.74 61.83 1094.65
CD (p=0.05) 0.14 0.79 0.23 3.01 62.72
Thiruvananthapuram(Kerala) Lekshmi & Celine (2015)
67

68. Table 10: Effect of different mulches on tomato growth, phenology
and yield under polyhouse
Mulches Pant height
(cm)
Days to 50%
flowering
Days to 50%
fruiting
Total yield
(t/ha)
BPM (0.02 mm) 116.35 32.75 56.00 57.50
WPM (0.02 mm) 118.85 29.66 47.33 66.76
GM (4 t/ha) 105.70 35.66 60.33 53.45
NO MULCH 110.35 35.50 61.16 49.49
Ethopia Tegene et al. (2016)
Note:
BPM= black plastic mulch, WPM= white plastic mulch, GM= grass mulch
Size of the polyhouse:12m wide ×33m length × 3m height
Cladding material: 0.15 mm thickness light polyethylene with 80% light transmission
capacity
68

69. Treatment Number of
fruits /plant
Weight of
fruit (g)
Yield/ plant
(g)
Yield /ha
(t)
TSS
(0 Brix)
T1-Control 20.03 38.03 761.75 28.18 4.67
T2– 50% NPK + 50% FYM 27.65 48.20 1327.40 49.11 5.95
T3 – 50% NPK + 50% Pig manure 26.96 48.44 1306.94 48.35 5.90
T4 – 50% NPK + 50% Poultry manure 30.53 54.26 1656.58 61.29 6.19
T5 – 50% NPK + 50% Vermicompost 29.88 53.05 1585.63 58.66 5.87
T6 – 50% NPK + 50% FYM +
Biofertilizer
30.47 47.89 1448.83 53.60 6.37
T7 - 50% NPK + 50% Pig manure +
Biofertilizer
28.72 48.30 1387.73 51.27 6.33
T8 - 50% NPK + 50% Poultry manure +
Biofertilizer
33.27 63.02 2095.78 77.54 6.67
T9 - 50% NPK + 50% Vermicompost +
Biofertilizer
32.01 56.07 1795.30 66.42 6.60
SE± 1.13 1.76 65.76 2.43 0.32
CD (p=0.05) 3.39 5.30 197.29 7.29 0.97
Table 11:- Effect of integrated nutrient management on Yield and Quality of tomato under
poly-house condition
Nagaland (India) Yeptho et al. (2012)
69
Note : RDF (120:60:60 NPK kg ha-1 )

70. Table 12: Effect of different treatments on different parameters of green house tomato
Treatments
Root
length
(m)
Tomato
size
(cm3)
Fruit
Yield
(t/ha)
T1: G.H.C. + Drip irrigation + 100% N 49.3 36.6 93.2
T2: G.H.C. + Drip irrigation + 125% N 49.2 36.0 95.9
T3: G.H.C. + Drip irrigation + 150% N 42.7 35.8 76.8
T4: G.H.C. + Drip irrigation + 100% N 23.0 34.8 68.5
T5: G.H.C. + Drip irrigation + 125% N 21.7 35.2 75.6
T6: G.H.C. + Drip irrigation + 150% N 20.7 35.3 72.6
T7: G.H.C. + Control (100% N + surface irrigated) 20.4 24.3 58.4
T8: N.G.H.C + Control (100% N + surface irrigated) 16.6 16.2 43.1
CD (p=0.05) 3.0 2.5 7.5
Ludhiana (Punjab) Mahajan & Singh (2006)
70
Note : RDF (100:50:50 NPK kg ha-1 )

71. 71

72. Treatments Days taken for first flowering (DAT)
Summer Winter
T1 36.68 32.30
T2 37.73 32.46
T3 38.03 34.49
T4 38.53 35.57
T5 27.81 25.25
T6 29.12 27.34
T7 29.80 27.52
T8 30.53 28.71
T9 32.55 29.38
T10 33.20 30.27
T11 34.87 30.81
T12 36.35 31.54
T13 39.79 37.65
T14 39.17 36.41
T15 40.31 38.28
S.E. ± 0.69 0.45
C.D. (p=0.05) 2.00 1.31
CV% 3.42 2.45
Table 13:- Influence of pruning and growth regulators on flowering of coloured capsicum (capsicum
annum L.) cv. Orobelle under naturally ventilated greenhouse.
G.K.V.K (Bangluru) Setty and Manohar (2008)

73. T1 Pruning to 2 branches/plant + NAA 10 ppm
T2 Pruning to 2 branches/plant + NAA 25 ppm
T3 Pruning to 2 branches/plant + GA 10 ppm
T4 Pruning to 2 branches/plant + GA 25 ppm
T5 Pruning to 4 branches/plant + NAA 10 ppm
T6 Pruning to 4 branches/plant + NAA 25 ppm
T7 Pruning to 4 branches/plant + GA 10 ppm
T8 Pruning to branches/plant + GA 25 ppm
T9 Pruning control + NAA 10 ppm
T10 Pruning control + NAA 25 ppm
T11 Pruning control + GA 10 ppm
T12 Pruning control + GA 25 ppm
T13 Growth regulator control + Pruning to 2 branches/plant
T14 Growth regulator control + Pruning to 4 branches/plant
T15 Control
Treatment details
73

74. Table 14. Effect of pruning levels on yield and quality attribute of a
winter capsicum (Capsicum annum L.) in hills
protected condition
Treatments Plant
height
(cm)
Number of
fruit/plant
Polar
diameter of
fruit (mm)
Fruit
yield/plant
(kg)
T1- Control 72.17 90.67 92.38 9.68
T2- Double leader 87.75 76.33 94.65 4.23
T3- Triple leader 84.08 55.67 92.7 6.25
T4- Fourth leader 85.01 93.00 100.94 10.58
CD (P =0.05) 9.94 11.32 7.6 6.56
CV % 6.05 13.97 4.0 4.73
Singh and Hedau (2015)
Almora (Uttarankhand)
74

75. Table 15: Performance of Sweet pepper varieties under
polyhouse conditions
Variety
Fruit diameter
(cm)
No. of
fruits/plant
Fruit wt.
(g)
Yield
(kg/m2)
California
Wonder
5.60 40 56.70 13.56
Bharat 6.50 46 60.80 16.56
US 181 7.48 50 65.30 19.56
Indum 5 7.45 48 62.20 17.88
Tanvi 7.50 51 65.85 19.86
CD (p=0.05) 0.75 10.05 1.31 1.12
IARI (New Delhi) Singh et al. (2011)
75

76. Table 16: Effect of spacing on the growth and yield of green house grown
coloured capsicum
Spacing
Plant height
(cm)
Number of
fruits/plant
Fruit
weight (g)
Yield/plant
(kg)
S1= 40 cm × 40 cm 146.7 21.2 171.0 5.50
S2= 60 cm × 40 cm 141.0 26.7 211.3 6.83
S3= 60 cm × 60 cm 136.0 28.1 223.3 7.50
CD (p=0.05) 10.1 2.5 19.8 0.61
Solan (H.P) Spehia et al. (2014)
76

77. Treatment Plant height
(cm)
Number of
branches/plant
No. of
leaves/plant
Yield
(kg/plant)
Open field 48.33 5.17 30.50 1.35
Shadenet
(50%)
77.68 5.50 40.33 2.43
Table 17:- Performance evaluation of capsicum crop in open field and under
covered cultivation.
Bhopal (M.P.) Rao et al. (2013)
77

78. Table 18: Effect of drip fertigation and mulching on yield per
plant in protected condition
Treatments Yield per plant (Kg)
Polyhouse
Yield per plant (Kg)
Openfield
T1 1.21 1.06
T2 1.66 1.10
T3 1.39 1.01
T4 1.51 1.00
T5 1.13 0.85
T6 1.24 0.99
S.Em 0.004 0.003
CD (p=0.05) 0.011 0.09
78
TNAU (Coimbture) Thenmozhi and Kottiswaran (2017)
Note: Dosage of 250: 150: 150 NPK kg ha-1 was taken as 100 per cent recommended
dose of fertilizer (RDF)

79. Treatment details
T1
Black Polythene mulch of 25 micron thickness, fertigation with 80 per cent RDF.
T2
Black Polythene mulch of 25 micron thickness, fertigation with 100 per cent RDF.
T3
Black Polythene mulch of 50 micron thickness, fertigation with 80 per cent RDF.
T4
Black Polythene mulch of 50 micron thickness, fertigation with 100 per cent RDF.
T5
No mulch, fertigation with 80 per cent RDF.
T6
No mulch, fertigation with 100 per cent RDF.
79

80. Table 19: Effect of NPK levels on growth, yield attributes and yield of
capsicum under low cost polyhouse (Pooled data of two years )
Treatment
Plant
height
(cm)
Fruit/
plant
Fruit
yield/plant
(g)
Fruit
yield
(q/ha)
T1- 50% less than recommended dose 50.4 6.5 312.4 205.3
T2- 75% less than recommended dose 55.1 8.2 402.7 285.4
T3- Recommended dose 60.5 9.4 518.2 345.5
T4- 25% more than recommended dose 63.4 10.8 815.3 390.7
T5- 50% more than recommended dose 67.5 12.6 940.6 402.6
CD (p=0.05) 1.2 0.45 10.5 16.2
Palampur (H.P) Sharma (2016)
Note : RDF of NPK 100 kg N/ha, 75 kg P/ha and 75 kg K/ha
 1/3rd of nitrogen and full dose of phosphorus and potassium were applied at the
time of transplanting.
 Remaining nitrogen was applied in two equal splits at 30 and 60 days after
transplanting.
80

81. Table 20: Effect of planting density on growth and fruit yield of bell pepper
cv. Solan Bharpur under protected conditions
Treatment
Plant
height
(cm)
Days to
harvest
Ripe fruit
weight
(gm)
Ripe
fruits/plant
Ripe fruit
yield/plant
(kg)
T1 (45 x 15 cm) 138.53 106.78 51.57 9.44 0.48
T2 (45 x 30 cm) 143.59 101.74 58.90 14.75 0.87
T3 (45 x 45 cm) 149.65 99.08 60.96 12.00 0.73
CD (p=0.05) 1.92 1.66 1.68 0.65 0.04
Solan (H.P) Lal et al. (2014)
81

82. 82

83. Graph 2: Effects of pruning on growth and yield of cucumber
(Cucumis sativus) cv. Mercy
360
370
380
390
400
410
420
430 P0 -Control
P0 P1 P2 P3
P1- Single Main Stem
Pruning
P2 - pruning of whole lateral
branches above the third
section
P4 pruning of 2 lateral
branches that emerged first
above the third section
83
F
r
u
i
t
w
e
i
g
h
t
(
g
)
Indonesia Mardhina et.al. (2017)

84. Table 21: Effect of different cucumber cultivars in
protected condition
Varieties No. of
pickings
Days to first
flowering
Number of
fruits/ vine
Yield(kg)/
m 2
Isatish (V1) 5.15 36.80 21.44 8.68
Hilton (V2) 4.80 37.42 19.40 7.78
Alamgir-ct- 180 (V3) 2.96 40.62 17.96 6.62
Poona Khira (V4) 2.69 38.64 18.96 7.08
Himangi (V5) 2.44 40.02 17.16 5.90
C.D. (5%) 0.62 2.08 0.82 0.42
Shukla (2013)
Bhubaneswar (Odisha)
84

85. Table 22: Effects of plastic mulches on the growth and
yield parameters of cucumber
Treatment Vine length
(cm)
No. of flowers/
plant
No. of fruits/
plant
Yield/ plant
(kg)
BPM 236.84 131.75 41.00 11.29
TPM 276.06 134.65 37.82 11.09
ZM 221.75 108.79 37.08 10.28
CD(p=0.05) 4.64 1.82 0.38 1.02
Note: BPM = Black plastic mulch, TPM = Transparent plastic mulch, ZM = zero mulch
Nigeria Aniekwe and Nwite, (2013)
85

86. Table 23: Effect of spacing on the growth & yield of cucumber in
naturally ventilated poly house
Spacing
Vine
length
(cm)
Days to
50%
flowering
No. of
fruits/plant
Fruit
weight
(g)
Fruit
yield/plant
(kg)
Fruit
yield
(kg/m2)
60×30 cm 227.3 28.6 19.5 149.32 2.37 1305.5
60×45 cm 220.1 28.3 23.9 166.18 3.07 1105.5
60×60 cm 199.0 26.4 27.2 187.51 3.97 1056.1
CD
(p=0.05) 2.6 1.2 0.3 2.13 0.18 55.4
Palampur (H.P) Sharma (2016)
86

87. Table 24 :Effect of shading of shade net on performance and yield of cucumber
Treatments Days to 50 %
flowering
Average diameter
of fruit (cm)
Average fruit
weight (g)
Yield of fruit
(t/ha)
T1: 35 % shading 29.25 3.96 165.32 23.84
T2: 50 % shading 30.58 4.05 167.15 24.52
T3: 75 % shading 33.33 4.19 170.87 27.32
T4: 0 % shading i.e. full
sunlight.
45.71 2.31 82.81 3.63
C.D.(P=0.05) 0.5 0.33 3.28 0.15
Rahuri (M.H) Patil & Bhagat (2014)
87

88. Conclusion
• From the foregoing discussion, it can be concluded that protected
cultivation is more profitable as compared to conventional system of
vegetable cultivation. Various horticultural practices likes as pruning,
training, staking, mulching, nutrient management, irrigation
management, fertigation, spacing, hybrid variety etc. found significant
for achieving higher yield.
• Staked tomato gave better result for marketing yield and total yield.
Two stem training system gave more yield. Black polythene gives
maximum growth attributes of tomato, and shadenet with 35 % gives
superior yield attributes.
• Indra, Orbelle, and Bombay varieties resulted superior growth
attributes uder polyhouse condition. Pruning 4 branches/ plant + NAA
10 ppm resulted early flowering in capsicum under polyhouse
condition.
• The cucumber cultivar Isatish was found superior to obtain the higher
yield in protected condition. 88

89. 89