Polyhouse technology provides controlled growing conditions for fruits, vegetables, and flowers through partially or fully enclosed structures. This allows year-round cultivation protected from environmental factors like rainfall, wind, heat, and cold. Polyhouses in India could boost production and exports like in other countries, but the technology is underutilized. Maintaining optimal light, temperature, humidity, carbon dioxide, and airflow levels inside polyhouses improves plant growth and yields. Different types and designs of polyhouses exist for various climates. Adopting polyhouse cultivation would support farmers financially and improve food security in India.
History and development of seed industry in indiaNSStudents
The Presentation is prepared by the N.S Institution of science, Markapur.
It consists of a basic introduction related to History and development of seed industry in india.
The Presentation is prepared by the N.S Institution of science, Markapur.
It consists of a basic introduction related to Seed Act and main features of seed act.
What is Rouging?
Rouging for quality seed production,
A major source of off-type plant,
Rouging in Certified Seed Production,
Rouging During rice seed production.
Fertilizer Control Order (FCO) is a crucial regulatory framework implemented by governments to ensure the quality, availability, and proper use of fertilizers. It serves as a mechanism to monitor and regulate the production, distribution, labeling, and sale of fertilizers, with the ultimate goal of promoting sustainable agriculture and safeguarding the interests of farmers and consumers.
The FCO encompasses a wide range of provisions and regulations that govern various aspects of the fertilizer industry. One of its primary objectives is to ensure the quality of fertilizers available in the market. The FCO sets specific standards for nutrient content, physical characteristics, impurities, and labeling requirements. By enforcing these standards, the FCO aims to prevent the sale of substandard or adulterated fertilizers that could have detrimental effects on crop productivity and soil health.
Another key aspect of the FCO is the regulation of fertilizer pricing. Governments often intervene to control the prices of fertilizers to make them affordable for farmers. The FCO may include provisions to monitor and control the pricing of fertilizers, ensuring that they remain accessible to farmers while preventing price manipulation and exploitation.
The FCO also addresses the licensing and registration of fertilizer manufacturers, importers, and distributors. Manufacturers and importers are required to obtain licenses or registrations from the designated regulatory authorities. This helps in maintaining a record of fertilizer producers and suppliers, ensuring accountability, and enabling traceability in case of any quality-related issues or non-compliance.
To ensure compliance with the FCO, regulatory bodies are empowered with inspection and monitoring mechanisms. They conduct regular inspections of fertilizer manufacturing facilities, storage sites, and distribution channels to verify compliance with quality standards, labeling requirements, and other provisions of the FCO. Non-compliance can lead to penalties, fines, or even suspension of licenses, acting as a deterrent for violations and promoting adherence to the regulations.
The FCO also addresses the issue of fertilizers' safe and efficient use. It may mandate the inclusion of information on fertilizer labels regarding dosage, application methods, and safety precautions. This helps farmers make informed decisions about fertilizer application, preventing excessive or improper use that can lead to environmental pollution, nutrient imbalances, and crop damage. The FCO may also encourage the promotion of organic and biofertilizers, providing incentives and support for their production and utilization.
History and development of seed industry in indiaNSStudents
The Presentation is prepared by the N.S Institution of science, Markapur.
It consists of a basic introduction related to History and development of seed industry in india.
The Presentation is prepared by the N.S Institution of science, Markapur.
It consists of a basic introduction related to Seed Act and main features of seed act.
What is Rouging?
Rouging for quality seed production,
A major source of off-type plant,
Rouging in Certified Seed Production,
Rouging During rice seed production.
Fertilizer Control Order (FCO) is a crucial regulatory framework implemented by governments to ensure the quality, availability, and proper use of fertilizers. It serves as a mechanism to monitor and regulate the production, distribution, labeling, and sale of fertilizers, with the ultimate goal of promoting sustainable agriculture and safeguarding the interests of farmers and consumers.
The FCO encompasses a wide range of provisions and regulations that govern various aspects of the fertilizer industry. One of its primary objectives is to ensure the quality of fertilizers available in the market. The FCO sets specific standards for nutrient content, physical characteristics, impurities, and labeling requirements. By enforcing these standards, the FCO aims to prevent the sale of substandard or adulterated fertilizers that could have detrimental effects on crop productivity and soil health.
Another key aspect of the FCO is the regulation of fertilizer pricing. Governments often intervene to control the prices of fertilizers to make them affordable for farmers. The FCO may include provisions to monitor and control the pricing of fertilizers, ensuring that they remain accessible to farmers while preventing price manipulation and exploitation.
The FCO also addresses the licensing and registration of fertilizer manufacturers, importers, and distributors. Manufacturers and importers are required to obtain licenses or registrations from the designated regulatory authorities. This helps in maintaining a record of fertilizer producers and suppliers, ensuring accountability, and enabling traceability in case of any quality-related issues or non-compliance.
To ensure compliance with the FCO, regulatory bodies are empowered with inspection and monitoring mechanisms. They conduct regular inspections of fertilizer manufacturing facilities, storage sites, and distribution channels to verify compliance with quality standards, labeling requirements, and other provisions of the FCO. Non-compliance can lead to penalties, fines, or even suspension of licenses, acting as a deterrent for violations and promoting adherence to the regulations.
The FCO also addresses the issue of fertilizers' safe and efficient use. It may mandate the inclusion of information on fertilizer labels regarding dosage, application methods, and safety precautions. This helps farmers make informed decisions about fertilizer application, preventing excessive or improper use that can lead to environmental pollution, nutrient imbalances, and crop damage. The FCO may also encourage the promotion of organic and biofertilizers, providing incentives and support for their production and utilization.
A presentation briefing about the economics of greenhouse production of Capsicum.
A Greenhouse is an integrated solution that provide us with an ideal environment for cultivation all year round.
The Soilless type of agriculture is disscussed in detail with its different types i.e. Hydroponics and Aeroponics. The different growing mediums required for hydroponics. The comparison between two is also done along with their own advantages and disadvantages.
Incorporation of a 15x15 Buried Diffuser into coco peat bags to evaluate cult...chahtech
Coco Peat bags are mainly used for:
- Pre-grown tropical/exotic trees/plants for wholesale/retail. The cubes support the weight of a juvenile tree until it is ready to plant (Cut the bag, lift out the tree and plant it).
- Cultivation of vegetables for greenhouse/conventional farming.
The trial objective is to prove that Buried Diffusers will conserve critical volumes of water and dramatically reduce watering frequency.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
2. • The fruits and vegetables are missing in the diet of poor marginal Indian
because of their overall shortage
Majority of farmers are not ready to shift their crop land to fruits and vegetable
cultivation, hence under such condition poly houses can be the only answer for
this.
We need promotion of fruits and vegetables cultivation for financial support
to the farmers and total food security to all
The poly house technologies are advanced in Israel, Holland, Spain, Italy, Kenya,
South Africa, Japan and China. But unfortunately much neglected in India.
India and Holland having more or less same land under flower cultivation but in
world’s flower export, Holland’s contribution is 70% and India’s contribution is
just 1% or even less because of advanced technology of poly houses in Holland.
2
WHY POLYHOUSE TECHNOLOGY ?WHY POLYHOUSE TECHNOLOGY ?
3. Growth and healthy production of plants under controlled
favorable conditions in closed or partially closed space is called
polyhouse.
Polyhouse concept emerged to undertake adverse
environmental conditions such as excess of raining, high
temperature, extreme cold condition, air flow etc.
3
Principle of the PolyhousePrinciple of the Polyhouse
4. Advantages of polyhouse
1. Protection from excess rainfall, wind current, scorching sunlight and
extreme cold conditions.
2. It can be erected on unproductive soil
3. Under minimum space one can have maximum production of crop plants
4. Humidity is maintained
5. Efficient use of CO2
6. Minimum labor requirement
7. Minimum use of water and fertilizers
8. Maximum use of space
9. A single person can have control over thousands of plants
10. Diseases and pests can be controlled easily
11. Water can be used economically
12. Production of crop throughout the year
13. Protection from birds, animals and human activities
14. Labor cost is reduced
15. Quality of product is best
4
7. CONDITIONS MAINTAINED IN POLYHOUSE
There are five different types of environmental parameters
maintained in a polyhouse.
• CO2
• Temperature
• Light
• Humidity
• Air Flow
7
8. Light is a most critical factor for poly house. The brightness
of light is measured in LUX. For healthy growth of crop in
poly house, minimum requirement of LUX is 50,000 to
60,000. In India, light LUX varies from 40,000 to 1,40, 000
hence in many parts of our country such as Maharashtra,
Karnataka, M.P. the sunlight is bright and has to be
reduced by using shed net. We can reduce sunlight 30%,
50%, 75%. The 50% shed net are common in India.
8
9. Along with the LUX, the wavelength of light is also
important. On the basis of wavelength, Light is classified
into three types Ultra violate light wavelength 0-400nm,
Visible light wavelength 400-700nm, Infra light wavelength
700 onwards.
From these three types, plants use only visible light for
photosynthesis. In polyhouse technology light is controlled
in such a way that plant receive maximum visible light and
remaining light get reflected back i.e. outside the polyhouse
9
10. TEMPRATURE
For flowers and vegetables healthy and maximum
growth, the temp requirement is between 26’C to 30’C
during day time and 15’C to 18’C in night. The stele
frame work of poly house is covered by polythene
hence inner temp. can rise up to 40’C. To control the
temp inside the poly house, the ventilation as well as
cooling pads and fans are used. Because of this we can
have continuous quality production of herbs
throughout the year.
10
11. HUMIDITY
For flowers and vegetables, and their healthy and maximum
growth, we should have proper humidity. Requirement of
humidity for flower production is 65% to 80% and for
vegetables it is 60% to 65%
Because of controlled humidity plant growth remain
continue, flower grow with attractive colors and after
cutting, their shelf life also increases. Humidity helps in color
combination of herbs, vegetable and flowers.
11
12. In our surrounding atmosphere CO2 conc. is 0.03% means
300ppm. Plants use this CO2 for photosynthesis. In poly house,
during night time there is no photosynthesis but CO2 is given
out by respiration. This CO2 remain accumulated around plants
hence in night compare to outside, polyhouse always have more
CO2 conc.
This CO2 is again used by plants growing in poly house for rapid
photosynthesis.
It has been proved that if poly house having 1000ppm of CO2,
then herbs, vegetables and flower production increases to 4 to
5 times more compare to normal conditions.
12
CARBON DI OXIDE
13. If humidity is more in polyhouse, then chances of diseases
and pest increases. Under such condition, side vents of
polyhouse are opened to promote wind movement in
polyhouse. Because of wind movement the humidity
decreases and chances of diseases also reduced.
13
WIND MOVEMENT
14. TYPES OF POLYHOUSES
Uncontrolled - where only top part is
covered well (GH1)
Partially controlled - where polyhouse has
open and closed
window(GH2)
Completely controlled - where windows are
absent. It is totally
Computerized(GH3)
14
15. Attached: When it is attached or supported by a part of
building or any type of constructed wall
Detached: When it is in free standing position
Connected: When several polyhouses are joined together
in a series
15
Polyhouses are also classified into 3 types
17. TYPES OF POLYHOUSES
Polyhouses have different shape and sizes and on this basis
they are classified in to three types –
• Barrel shaped
• Ridges and furrow type
• Saw tooth type
Shape and size varies according to the climatic conditions of
the
region/Country
17
22. Selection of site for polyhouse
Following things are taken into account
1 The selection Site should be free from pollution.
2 Water should be available regularly
3 Supply of electricity (Three phase ) should be regular
4 Soil should be properly leveled and drained
5 Poly house should be near to road side means proper approachable road must be
there to go to poly house
6 Some space should be there nearby for further extension
7 Expertise and labors should be available when required.
Direction of Polyhouse
Poly house should have light from all sides and wind current should not damage the
polyhouse.
To overcome these problems, Poly house should be preferably South-North in direction.22
23.
24. Other Essential things
1. Should have cool chamber (0’C) to accumulate
and store the final product.
2. Water pH should be between 5.5 to 7 & electric
conductivity of water should be 0.01 to 0.1
3. PH of soil should be between 5.5 to 6.5 and
electric conductivity 0.6 to 0.8.
24
25.
• After construction of poly houses, it is covered by
semitransparent sheet which can be a poly film, Acrylic,
polythene, or polycarbonate material. Use of poly film
is more profitable.
• Poly film protect UV rays to enter in poly house,
transparency is between 80% to 9o%. Gauge varies 200 to
800 micron. Poly film can tolerate 50’C and its life span is
about three years. 1 kg poly film covers 5.38 sq m area of
a poly house.
25
Material used for shading
26. Preparation of soil
For poly house, soil has to be prepared under strict
supervision. First the floor is leveled properly and
then raise beds are prepared using red soil, fine
sand and well decomposed cow dung or coco-pit.
soil is disinfected using formalin solution and then
used for growing the crops. Crops can be grown
directly on the beds or in pots.
26
27. IRRIGATION METHODS
There are six different methods of irrigation as follows
1) Hand watering: Used for potted plants using Hose pipe and
shower
2) Tube Method: Advanced and used for potted plant
3) Over head Sprinklers: Advanced in which Nozzles are mounted on
risers. Good for ground beds. Sprinklers can also be in
suspended position above the plant
4) Drip Irrigation: Also called ‘I’ Irrigation. In this method the water
is given to potted plants by drip method at desired interval
5) Mist System: This system provide the water in the form of very
fine spray. The mists are produced from sprinklers fitted with
nozzles having very fine nano pores
6) Polythene tubing: In this method the perforated plastic pipes are
used to water the plants growing on the beds. The polythene
tubing can also be used between the rows
Micronutrients are given through irrigation system Pesticides
are used by spray methods or through irrigation 27
28. Plants used in poly house technology are -
Floriculture: Roses, Orchids, Gerbera, Aster, Lilies, Marigold,
Carnation, Chrysanthemum, Anthurium etc.
Vegetables: Mostly exotic such as Asparagus, Broccoli,
Brussels, Sprouts, Squash (zucchini), Celery,
Cherry-Tomato, Chinese cabbage, Leek, Lettuce,
Parsley etc.
Landscape Plants: And all types of shade loving plants or
foliage
plant which require minimum light for
healthy growth.
Polyhouse is also used for growing the seedling and hardening
of tissue culture plants.
28