This power point presentation consisting of 41 slides is an attempt to describe what is photorespiration,major photorespiratory pathway in C3 plants ,why photorespiration doesnot take place in C4 plants,structure of Rubisco enzyme ,difference between Photorespiration and Dark respiration and Significance of Photorespiration
This power point presentation consisting of 41 slides is an attempt to describe what is photorespiration,major photorespiratory pathway in C3 plants ,why photorespiration doesnot take place in C4 plants,structure of Rubisco enzyme ,difference between Photorespiration and Dark respiration and Significance of Photorespiration
definition of monoploidy, application of monoploidy and differences between diploid and polyploid. here there are some pictures of monoploidy application.
Translocation of food in plants
1. Source and sink
2. Pathway of translocation
3. Source-sink relationship/interaction
4. Source-sink pathways follow patterns
5. Materials transported
6. The mechanism of phloem transport
7. The Pressure -Flow Model
8. Phloem loading and unloading
9. Summary
A series of metabolic reactions by which many different organism utilise fats for the synthesis of carbohydrate
Another Process Involving Glycolytic Enzymes and Metabolites
Anabolic metabolic pathway occurring in plants, and several
microorganisms , fungi not animals.
Occurs in glyoxysome
The enzymes common to the TCA cycle and the glyoxysomes are isoenzymes, one specific to mitochondria and the other to glyoxysomes.
The glyoxylate cycle allows plants to use acetyl-CoA derived from β-oxidation of fatty acids for carbohydrate synthesis (use fats for the synthesis of carbohydrates).
The glyoxylate cycle is a cyclic pathway that result in conversion of 2 carbon fragment of Acetyl CoA TO 4 carbon compound succinate then succinate is covert to oxaloacetate and then glucose involving the reaction of gluconeogenesis
it is bypass cycle of citric acid cycle.
it give the brief description of glyoxylate cycle.
it is the summary of glyoxylate cycle for m.sc, bsc, science students.
it is very important topic for entrance exam of biology stream.
The isolation, culture and fusion of protoplasts is a fascinating field in plant research. Protoplast isolation and their cultures provide millions of single cells (comparable to microbial cells) for a variety of studies.
definition of monoploidy, application of monoploidy and differences between diploid and polyploid. here there are some pictures of monoploidy application.
Translocation of food in plants
1. Source and sink
2. Pathway of translocation
3. Source-sink relationship/interaction
4. Source-sink pathways follow patterns
5. Materials transported
6. The mechanism of phloem transport
7. The Pressure -Flow Model
8. Phloem loading and unloading
9. Summary
A series of metabolic reactions by which many different organism utilise fats for the synthesis of carbohydrate
Another Process Involving Glycolytic Enzymes and Metabolites
Anabolic metabolic pathway occurring in plants, and several
microorganisms , fungi not animals.
Occurs in glyoxysome
The enzymes common to the TCA cycle and the glyoxysomes are isoenzymes, one specific to mitochondria and the other to glyoxysomes.
The glyoxylate cycle allows plants to use acetyl-CoA derived from β-oxidation of fatty acids for carbohydrate synthesis (use fats for the synthesis of carbohydrates).
The glyoxylate cycle is a cyclic pathway that result in conversion of 2 carbon fragment of Acetyl CoA TO 4 carbon compound succinate then succinate is covert to oxaloacetate and then glucose involving the reaction of gluconeogenesis
it is bypass cycle of citric acid cycle.
it give the brief description of glyoxylate cycle.
it is the summary of glyoxylate cycle for m.sc, bsc, science students.
it is very important topic for entrance exam of biology stream.
The isolation, culture and fusion of protoplasts is a fascinating field in plant research. Protoplast isolation and their cultures provide millions of single cells (comparable to microbial cells) for a variety of studies.
Biological oxidation and Electron Transport Chain is the most important and confusing topic in biochemistry metabolism, but here we tried to put it in the simplest way easy to learn. This presentation was guided by Dr. Arpita Patel and made by Miss Nidhi Argade.
Similar to Plant metabolism and redox agents plant biochemistry ii (20)
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
2. Metabolism
•"The sum of total chemical activities of all cells
."
• Plant metabolism is the set of complex of p
hysical and chemical events of photosynthesis, r
espiration and the synthesis and degradation of
organic compounds.
3. • Photosynthesis produces the substrates fo
r respiration and the starting organic co
mpounds used as building blocks for sub
sequent biosynthesis of nucleic acids, a
mino acids, and proteins, carbohydrates
and organic acids, lipids, and natural pro
ducts.
6. Types of metabolic pathway
1.Catabolic pathway
• Involved in the breakdown of large molecule.
• Commonly involving oxidation reactions.
• Theses pathways are exothermic(release energy).
• e.g; respiration.
7. 2 . Anabolic pathway
Involved in the synthesis of large and more complex compounds from
small molecules.
Theses pathways are endothermic.
E.g photosynthesis.
8. Biological oxidation reactions
Biological oxidation is that which occur in biological system to produce energy.
Oxidarion can occur by :
Addition of oxygen (less common).
Removal of hydrogen ( common).
Removal of electron (most common).
Electrons are not stable in free state.so, there removal from substance (oxidation) must be acco
mpained by another substance (reduction).
Hence the reaction is called oxidation -reduction reaction or redox reaction.
And the invovled enzymes are called oxido- reductases enzymes.
9.
10. Transfer of electrons
Transfer of electrons can take place by 4 different ways
1. Directly as electrons
2. As hydrogen atom (H)
3. AS an hydride ion (:H-) electron donor which
has 2 electron ..which occur in case of NAD+ linked
dehydrogenases
4 . Though as direct combination with oxygen.
11. Enzymes invovled in redox Reaction are called as
oxidoreductases which include :
Oxidases
Dehydrogenases
Hydroperoxidases
Oxygenases.
Oxidases and dehydrogenases are involved in respi
ration, Hydroperoxidases neutralizes free radicals
& Oxygenases are involved in biotransformation re
actions.
Oxidation is often synonymous with dehydrogenati
on and many enzymes catalyze oxidation reactions
are called dehydrogenases
12. Redox potential
• It is the affinity of a substance to accept electrons i.e; it is
the potential of a substance to become reduced.
• hydrogen has lowest redox potential (-0.42 volt) while
oxygen has the highest redox potential (+0.82 volt).
• The redox potential of all substances lie between the
hydrogen and oxygen.
• Electrons are transferred from substances with low redox
potential to substance with higher redox potential .This
transfer of electrons is an energy yielding process and the
amount of energy liberated depends upon the redox
potential difference between the electron donor and
acceptor.
13.
14. Biological oxidation reactions
•Reducing equivalent (proton and electron) derived from oxidations of substrate
s (cellular respiration) are transported to the electron transporters/ carriers.
Electron carries
Hydro soluble coenzymes
Nicotina amide coenzymes
Flavin coenzymes
lipid soluble coenzymes( quinones & plasto quinones)
Fe-S proteins
Cytochromes.
15. Electron carries
Nicotinamide coenzymes
- Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide(
NAD+).
- Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide p
hosphate(NADP+)
• These are the coenzymes of enzym
e dehydrogenases
• NAD+ and NADP+ are differ only in
the presence or absence of phosph
ate group on C-2 of moiety.
• NAD+ and NADP+ can be reduced t
o generate NADH and NADPH resp
ectively.
16. Nicotinamide coenzyme......
• They are derived from niacin (nicotin acid)(B3) _ to provide
nicotin amide portion.
• They transfer hydride (:H-) to and from the reactants.
• The reduced coenzymes NADH and NADPH then serves a
s reductants in other reactions.
• In Glycolysis and citric acid cycle NAD+ oxidizes glucose a
nd releases energy which is then transfers to NAD+ by red
uction to NADH.
• NAD+ is act as coenzymes for various enzymes like
Pyruvate dehydrogenases ,glyceraldehyde phosphate
Dehydrogenase(in glycolysis) and 4 dehydrogenations
In citric cycle..
18. Oxidative decarboxylation
(Pyruvate dehydrogenases)
• In the oxidation process electron along with protons
are transferred from pyruvate to NAD+.
• Energy released by oxidation of pyruvate is
transferred to NADH.
19. (Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
dehydrogenases)
• Redox reaction.
• Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
is oxidized .
• NAD+ is reduced to NADH.
• This occur when a hydride
(:H-) is transferred from G-3-
P 's carbonyl carbon to
NAD+.
• This reduction requires
energy which comes from
G-3-P.
22. • They are forms of riboflavin (vita.B2).
• They contain ribitol and a flavin (isoalloxazine ring).
• The ribitol is linked to phoshate in FMN.
• FAD is formed from FMN by transfer of an AMP from ATP.
• 2 coenzymes : flavin mono nucleotide (FMN).
And flavin adenine dinucleotide(FAD).
• The isoalloxazine ring is reduced by accepting one or two hydrogen atoms
from reduced substrate.
• Flavin coenzymes are very tightly bound or covalently bound to
flavoprotein.
• The redox potential of isoalloxazine ring depend upon specific flavoprotein.
23.
24.
25. Biological functions and importance
FAD and FMN
The enzymes that use flavin coenzymes are called Flavoproteins .
FAD has more positive reduction potential than NAD+.
Is very strong oxidizing agent..
FAD act as coenzyme for various enzymes like alpha ketoglutarate
dehydrogenase , succinate dehydrogenase, lipid metabolites,
Xanthanin dehydrogenase and acyl CoA dehydrogenases.
• It is involved in electron transport chain and play role in production
of ATP.
• The reduced coenzyme FADH2 contributes to oxidative
phosphorylation in the mitochondria.FADH2 is re-oxidized to FAD
which make it possible to produce 1.5 equivalent of ATP.
26. • Beta oxidation of fatty acids
Redox flavoproteins that not covalently bind to FAD like
Acetyl-coA dehydrogenases which are involved in beta ox
idation of fatty
• Mitochondrial Glycerol 3- dehydrogenase
It catalyses the conversion of glycerol 3 phosphate to DH
AP in mitochondria.
It is essential for carrying reducing equivalents from
cytosol to mitochondria.
27. Alpha- ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
complex
• It catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of alpha
-ketoglutarate to succinyle CoA .
• FAD is present in dihydrolipoyldehydrogenase of
alpha-ketuglutarate dehydrogenase complex.
28. Cytochromes.
• Cytochromes are proteins.
• Cytochromes are electron carriers
containing heme prosthetic group s
which functions as one electron
carriers.
• The heme iron is involved in one
electron transfers involving the Fe2+
and Fe3+ oxidation states.
• Heme in the 3 classes of
cytochromes (a ,b ,c)differ in the
substituents on the porphyrin ring.
• Some cytochromes (b, c1, a, a3)are
part of large integral membrane
protein complexes.
• Cytochrome c is a small water
soluble protein.
29.
30. Fe-s(iron sulfur proteins)
• These are non - heme iron-sulfur protein in which iron is
tetrahedrally coordinated by four cysteine.
• These are participate in one electron transfer involving the Fe2+and
Fe3+.
• Involved in electron transport chain of respiration.
31. Ubiquinones
• Co enzyme Q (CoQ ,Q or ubiquinone) is lipid soluble
.
• It is soluble electron carrier in the hydrophobic
bilipid layer of inner mitochondrial membrane .
• The only electron carrier not bound to a protein.
• It can accept 1 or 2 e-.
32. Respiratory chain
Electron transport chain (ETC)
• The ETC is a series of membrane bound electron carriers
arranged in stepwise of increasing redox potential .
• it collects reducing equivalents( H-atoms and electron).
• It is also known as redox chain or respiratory chain.
• Embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane
• Electrons from NADH and FADHH2 are transferred to
complexes of the ETC.
• Each complex transfers the electron to the next complex
in chain.
33.
34. Complexes of ETC.
• Complex l NADH dehydrogenase ( NADH -Ubiquinone oxido-
reductase)
It is flavoprotein that contain FMN as well as Fes protein as co enzyme
transfers hydrogen from NADH +H to ubiquinone.
• Complex ll: Succinate dehydrogenases(succinate -ubiquinine
oxidoreductase)
It is flavoprotein that contain FAD as well as Fe S protein as coenzyme it
transfers H-atoms from succinate to ubiquinones.
• Complexlll : ubiquinol dehydrogenase ( ubiquinol cytochrome
oxidoreductases )
It transfers electron from ubiquinol to cytochrome using cytochrome b and
cytochrome c1 as coenzyme.
35. Complex lV: cytochrome oxidase
(cytochrome- oxygen oxidoreductases)
It transfers electrons from cytochrome C
to oxygen.It needs cyt a and cyt a3 as co
enzyme.
In this way hydrogen atoms are
successively transferred through the
respiratory chain to oxygen to produce
water and energy.
38. It is not a single simple step process but is a complex
one that is completed by a series of reactions.
1- The light dependent reaction( Light reaction).
2- The light independent reaction ( dark reaction).
Light dependent phase ( oxidation phase).
Photolysis
Phase of photosynthesis during which light energy i
s absorbed by chlorophyll and other photosynthetic
pigments.
It is then converted into chemical energy .Due to this
energy conversion ,reducing and assimilating power i
n the form of NADPH2(NADPH H+) and ATP are prod
uced .
Products of light reaction : ATP , NADPH.
