Plants have evolved several key adaptations for living on land, including the ability to absorb nutrients from soil, prevent water loss through structures like the cuticle and stomata, and reproduce without water using pollen. Vascular plants have tissues that transport water and developed seeds, flowers, and other structures that make reproduction more efficient. Plants are divided into nonvascular plants like mosses and vascular plants like ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms. Angiosperms are the most abundant group and are further divided into monocots and dicots.

1. Plants Section One

2. Objectives Summarize how plants are adapted to living on land. Distinguish nonvascular plants from vascular. Relate the success of plants on land to seeds and flowers. Describe the basic structure of a vascular plant.

3. Adaptations of Plants on Land #1 Absorbing Nutrients – To survive on land, plants evolved the ability to absorb mineral nutrients from the soil. Nodules full of nitrogen-fixing bacteria on the roots of a soy bean plant

4. #2 Preventing Water Loss – to survive on land, plants evolved a waxy outer covering called a cuticle and stomata for gas exchange. Adaptations of Plants on Land

5. Cuticle and Stoma Sketches Cuticle Cross Section Stoma

6. Cuticle and Stoma Sketches Cuticle Cross Section Stoma

7. Adaptations of Plants on Land #3 Reproducing on Land – To survive on land, plants use pollen to reproduce without water. Pollen on an ant

8. Adaptations of Plant Tissues #1 Advantages of Conducting Tissues – Vascular plants have a system of well-developed tissues that transport water in a plant.

9. Adaptations of Plant Tissues #2 Advantages of seeds – Seeds protect and nourish a plants embryo

10. Adaptations of Plant Tissues #3 Advantages of Flowers – Flowers make reproduction more efficient by promoting pollination.

11. Kinds of Plants Nonvascular Plants Small Lack vascular tissue Examples = moss, liverworts and hornworts simple complex This moss is used to determine levels of pollutants Liverworts in central Texas It’s easy to see how “Hornworts got their names!

12. Kinds of Plants Seedless Vascular Plants Produce spores with thickened walls to prevent them from drying out. Include ferns, club mosses, horse tails simple complex Spores on the underside of fern leaves. Horse tails Club mosses in Canada

13. Kinds of Plants Gymnosperms Seed plants that produce cones Include conifers, cycads and ginkgoes simple complex Spores on the underside of fern leaves. The unique fan-like leaves of the ginkgo tree An old pine tree in California

14. Kinds of Plants Angiosperms Seed plants that produce fruit and flowers. Divided into 2 main groups simple complex Sunflowers in a field Yep, grass flowers too A large Sugar Maple Tree

15. Monocots Verses Dicots Floral Parts in 4’s or 5’s Floral Parts in 3’s

16. Monocots Verses Dicots Net-like leaf veins Parallel leaf veins

17. Monocots Verses Dicots Taproot System Fibrous root system

18. Monocots Verses Dicots Vascular tissue in rings Vascular Tissue Scattered

19. Monocots Verses Dicots Includes: Roses, oaks, sunflowers and most non-conifer trees. Includes: grass, lilies, orchids, and palm trees. Vascular tissue in rings Vascular Tissue Scattered Taproot System Fibrous root system Net-like leaf veins Parallel leaf veins Floral Parts in 4’s or 5’s Floral Parts in 3’s

20. Name that Angiosperm!! Monocot !

21. Name that Angiosperm!! Dicot!

22. Name that Angiosperm!! Monocot !

23. Name that Angiosperm!! Monocot !

24. Name that Angiosperm!! Dicot!

25. Name that Angiosperm!! Monocot !

26. Name that Angiosperm!! Dicot!

27. Plants in our lives Fruits and vegetables Crops Wood medicine Fibers

28. Reproduction in Plants section 2 Reproduction in Seed Plants Section 2

29. Sexual Reproduction in Seed Plants Objectives Distinguish the male and female gametophytes of seed plants. Describe the function of a seed. Relate the parts of a flower to their function Summarize the life cycle of an angiosperm

30. Important Vocabulary 1 anther The pollen bearing portion of a stamen in flowering plants. carpels A leaf like floral structure enclosing the ovule or ovules of angiosperms. corolla Petals, collectively; usually the colored flower parts. egg A female gamete. embryo sac The female gametophyte of a flowering plant, inside the ovule.

31. Important Vocabulary 2 endosperm In plants a triploid tissue containing stored food, develops from the union of a sperm nucleus and two nuclei of the central cell of the female gametophyte. Found only in angiosperms. filament A chain of cells, but in flowers it is the stalk of a stamen. fruit In angiosperms a matured, ripened ovary or group of ovaries and associated structure. Contains the seeds. gametophyte The haploid (n) gamete producing gerneration (plants have alternating haploid and diploid generations).

32. Important Vocabulary 3 ovary In flowering plants the enlarged basal portion of a carpel or fused carpel containing the ovule or ovules. Ovary matures to become the fruit. ovules In seed plants a structure composed of a protective outer coat, a tissue specialized for food storage, and a female gametophyte with an egg cell. Becomes a seed after it is fertilized. pollen In seed plants, spore consisting of an immature male gametophyte and a protective outer covering. seed A complex structure formed by the maturation of the ovule of seed plants following fertilization; upon germination a seed develops into a plant. Seed is made up of a seed coat, embryo and a food reserve.

33. Important Vocabulary 4 stamens The male structure of a flower which produces pollen. stigma In plants, the region of a carpel serving as a receptive surface for pollen. style In angiosperms, the stalk of a carpel which the pollen tube grows through. zygote The diploid (2n) cell resulting from the union of male and female gametes (fertilization).

34. Reproductive Structures Tiny gametophytes of seed plants develop from spores that remain within saprophyte tissues.