Hey Folks!!!
This Was Done As Part Of My Bio Seminar 2012-2013. And I'm From Gulf Asian English School, Sharjah, U.A.E.
And I Hope This Will Help You In One Or The Other Way.
Regards,
Gokul Anish HB
dark reactions in plants botany calvin cycle biosynthetic pathway photosynthesis stages of photosynthesis steps of Calvin cycle carboxylation
reduction regeneration end products of calvin cycle
this presentation describes light phase of photosynthesis. it explains Evidences for two phases, Photosynthetic unit & Harvesting of light energy, Emerson effect &two photosystem, Hill reaction & Photolysis /photo-oxidation of water, Redox potential & mechanism of light reaction, Cyclic photophosphorylation, Non- cyclic photophosphorylation .
THIS PRESENTATION IS A SHORT SUMMARY ON TROPICAL GRASSLANDS. AND THIS PRESENTATION COVER MAIN POINTS LIKE CLIMATE, VEGETATION, TEMPERATURE AND WILDLIFE.
YOU CAN ALSO GIVE SUGGESTIONS ON COMMENTS AND ALSO SUGGEST VARIOUS TOPICS FOR PRESENTATIONS.
YOU CAN ALSO CONTACT FOR PAID SCHOOL PROJECTS ( WORD , POWER POINT, EXCEL)
Photosynthesis is a oxidation reduction process in which water is oxidized and carbon dioxide is reduced to carbohydrate level, the water and oxygen being by product.
dark reactions in plants botany calvin cycle biosynthetic pathway photosynthesis stages of photosynthesis steps of Calvin cycle carboxylation
reduction regeneration end products of calvin cycle
this presentation describes light phase of photosynthesis. it explains Evidences for two phases, Photosynthetic unit & Harvesting of light energy, Emerson effect &two photosystem, Hill reaction & Photolysis /photo-oxidation of water, Redox potential & mechanism of light reaction, Cyclic photophosphorylation, Non- cyclic photophosphorylation .
THIS PRESENTATION IS A SHORT SUMMARY ON TROPICAL GRASSLANDS. AND THIS PRESENTATION COVER MAIN POINTS LIKE CLIMATE, VEGETATION, TEMPERATURE AND WILDLIFE.
YOU CAN ALSO GIVE SUGGESTIONS ON COMMENTS AND ALSO SUGGEST VARIOUS TOPICS FOR PRESENTATIONS.
YOU CAN ALSO CONTACT FOR PAID SCHOOL PROJECTS ( WORD , POWER POINT, EXCEL)
Photosynthesis is a oxidation reduction process in which water is oxidized and carbon dioxide is reduced to carbohydrate level, the water and oxygen being by product.
For this assignment, we were instructed to create a powerpoint presentation of at least 12 slides that adequately covered an academic subject of our choice. All sources for media is cited in the work cited at the end of the presentation.
this presentation contains briefing of the chapter as per NCERT syllabus in details that contains photosynthesis process, early experiments, photosynthetic pigments,photophosphorylation, light reactions and dark reactions n factors affecting photsynthesis.
Photosynthesis has two types of reaction, first one is light reaction (Hill's reaction) and the other one is dark reaction (Blackman's reaction). In this presentation you learn full mechanism of how plants produce energy for their survival by photosynthesis.
This presentation describes in details how photosynthesis works along with its process. It also explains in details on the light-dependent and light-independent reactions.
Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy, normally from the sun, into chemical energy that can be used to fuel the organisms' activities. Carbohydrates, such as sugars, are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water.
A distinct ecological community of plants and animals, living together in a particular climate, is called as a "biome." There are 9 kinds of Biomes are present in the world. This module explains the Tundra(Arctic and Alpine) Biome.
Recognize the importance of photosynthesis for our survival;
Identify the reactants and products of photosynthesis;
To draw the absorption and action spectrum of photosynthesis
Explain and illustrate the two phases of photosynthesis.
For this assignment, we were instructed to create a powerpoint presentation of at least 12 slides that adequately covered an academic subject of our choice. All sources for media is cited in the work cited at the end of the presentation.
this presentation contains briefing of the chapter as per NCERT syllabus in details that contains photosynthesis process, early experiments, photosynthetic pigments,photophosphorylation, light reactions and dark reactions n factors affecting photsynthesis.
Photosynthesis has two types of reaction, first one is light reaction (Hill's reaction) and the other one is dark reaction (Blackman's reaction). In this presentation you learn full mechanism of how plants produce energy for their survival by photosynthesis.
This presentation describes in details how photosynthesis works along with its process. It also explains in details on the light-dependent and light-independent reactions.
Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy, normally from the sun, into chemical energy that can be used to fuel the organisms' activities. Carbohydrates, such as sugars, are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water.
A distinct ecological community of plants and animals, living together in a particular climate, is called as a "biome." There are 9 kinds of Biomes are present in the world. This module explains the Tundra(Arctic and Alpine) Biome.
Recognize the importance of photosynthesis for our survival;
Identify the reactants and products of photosynthesis;
To draw the absorption and action spectrum of photosynthesis
Explain and illustrate the two phases of photosynthesis.
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This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
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• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
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http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
3. Where Are The ATP And NADPH Used.
• Products of light reaction are
ATP, NADPH, O2 . O2 is diffused out
of chloroplast
• Biosynthetic phase of photosynthesis:
Phase where ATP and NADPH is
used for synthesizing sugar.
• Phase don’t depend on light but on
the products of light reaction.
• This can be verified: When light is
made unavailable the phase continues
but stops later. And when light is
brought back phase continues.
4. How ATP And NADPH Is Used In
Biosynthetic Phase
• We know that CO2 combine with H2O to form sugar or
(CH2O)n.
• Scientist tried to find the product formed when CO2 is fixed.
• Melvin Calvin used radioactive 14C in the algal photosynthesis
and discovered that the first product of CO2 fixation is a 3-
carbon organic acid called 3-phosphoglyceric acid or PGA
• The whole biosynthetic pathway was explained by Calvin hence
it was named Calvin’s Cycle after him.
• Further experiments proved that PGA is not the only product
of CO2 fixation.
• The newly found product was a 4-carbon organic acid called
the oxaloacetic acid or OAA
5. CO2 assimilation during photosynthesis
was said to be of two main types:
• Plants in which the • Plants in which the
first product of CO2 first product of CO2
fixation is a C3 acid fixation is a C4 acid
where said to have a where said to have a
C3 biosynthetic C4 biosynthetic
pathway. pathway.
• Its other wise called • Called Hatch and
the Calvin’s Cycle. Slack Pathway.
Primary Acceptor Of CO2
• Scientists had a major doubt that how many carbon atoms
would a molecule have which after accepting (fixing) CO2
• The studies showed that the accepter molecule was a 5-
carbon ketose sugar – it was ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP).
6. A Small Introduction To Calvin Cycle.
• Calvin and his co-workers then worked out the whole
pathway and showed that the pathway operated in a
cyclic manner; the RuBP was regenerated.
• The Calvin pathway occurs in all photosynthetic plants;
it does not matter whether they have C3 or C4 .
• Calvin Cycle occurs in three distinct phases;
• Carboxylation , Reduction and Regeneration.
7.
8. Step I - Carboxylation
• It’s the fixation CO2 to a single stable organic
intermediate.
• Its an important step since CO2 used for
carboxylation of RuBP.
• The enzyme called RuBP carboxylase acts as
the catalyst which results in the formation of
two molecules of 3-PGA.
• Catalyst enzyme also has an oxygenation
activity it is known as RuBP carboxylase-
oxygenase or RuBisCO.
9.
10.
11. Step II- Reduction.
• Reduction is the series of reaction leading to
glucose formation.
• The steps involve utilisation of 2 molecules of ATP
for phosphorylation and two of NADPH for
reduction per CO2 molecule fixed.
• The fixation of six molecules of CO2 and 6 turns of
the cycle are required for the removal of one
molecule of glucose from the pathway.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16. Step III- Regeneration
• Regeneration of the CO2 acceptor molecule
RuBP is crucial if the cycle is to continue
uninterrupted.
• Hence for every CO2 molecule entering the
Calvin cycle, 3 molecules of ATP and 2 of
NADPH are required.
17.
18.
19. Introduction To C4 Pathway
• Plants adapted to dry tropical region have
C4 path way.
• They have OAA as First product but most
of the use Calvin’s Cycle as biosynthetic
pathway.
• C4 plants have large cells around the
vascular bundle called bundle sheath cells.
• Leaves with such an anatomy is called
Kranz- Anatomy.
• Bundle Sheath cells may have many layers:
1. They have large no. of chloroplasts.
2. They have no intercellular space.
3. They have thick walls which acts as a
barrier for gas exchange.
20. Difference of C4 Plants From C3 Plants.
• They have special type of leaf anatomy.
• They tolerate high temperature.
• Respond to high light intensities.
• Lack of Photorespiration.
• More production of biomass.
Note: Photorespiration is a special process in which O2 is
bind to RuBP instead of CO2 by the RuBisCO.
21. Leaf Anatomy Of C4 And C3 Plants.
In C4 Plants CO2 is In C3 Plants CO2 is
fixed two time in the fixed in Bundle Sheath
Bundle Sheath Cells the Cells
Mesophyll Cells.
22. Hatch Slack Pathway
• Mesophyll lacks
RuBisCo but
have PEP.
• Bundle Sheath
cell lack PEP but
they contain
RuBisCO.
23. • CO2 which is present in the free space of the leaf is accepted by
the PEP(phosphoenol pyruvate) which is present in the mesophyll
cells.
• Enzyme responsible for CO2 fixation is PEP carboxylase.
• C4 plants lack RuBisCO in the mesophyll cells.
• When CO2 is accepted by PEP a 4-Carbon compound called
oxaloacetate acid (OAA).
24. • When NADPH acts on OAA in the mesophyll cell it forms
malate(C4 Acid) and gives out NADP+.
• Malate is taken to the bundle sheath cells and it gets splited into
CO2 and pyruvate(C3 Acid).
• The pyruvate moves to mesophyll cell and ATP from the light
reaction act on the C3 Acid to form the PEP and give ADP back to
light reaction.
• The CO2 in the bundle sheath cell proceeds to Calvin Cycle and
there by forming Glucose.
25. Photorespiration
• Photorespiration is a special process in which O2 is bind to
RuBP instead of CO2 by the RuBisCO.
• Since RuBP bnds with O2 the product formed will be a
molecule Phosphoglycerate and Phosphoglycolate.
• This pathway doesn’t help in synthesis of sugars or ATP.
• It produces CO2 by utilizing ATP.
• No ATP or NADPH is synthesised. So we can call it as a
wasteful process.
• C4 plants lack Photorespratory pathway. WHY?
26. Factors Affecting Photosynthesis.
• The rate of photosynthesis is determined by several internal
and external factors.
• Internal Factors: 1. Age, size, number and orientation of
leaves.
2. Mesophyll Cells, chloroplast.
3. Internal CO2 concentration.
• External Factors: Avaliablilty of sunlight, CO2 concentration,
water and temperature.
• Since many factors simultaneously affects the rate of
photosynthesis, usually only one factor is the major factor
which determines the rate of photosynthesis.
27. Law Of Limiting Factors.
If a chemical process is affected by more than one factor
which is nearest to its minimal value: it is the factor which
directly affects the process if its quantity is changed.
28. CO2 Concentration.
• CO2 concentration is very low in atmosphere 0.03% . But when
the CO2 concentration is taken to 0.05% the rate of
photosynthesis increases.
• At Low intensity light C4 and C3 do not respond to high CO2
concentration.
• At High intensity light C4 and C3 respond to high CO2
concentration.
• C3 plants show response to higher CO2 concentration thus they
have high rates of photosynthesis and high productivity.
29. Temperature.
• Dark reactions are enzymatic and thus temperature have
major role to play.
• C4 plants respond to high temperature and have high
rate of photosynthesis.
• C3 plants shows less response to high temperature.
Water.
• Water has direct effects on light reaction
• Water stress causes stomata to open and close.
• Water stress causes the wilting of leaves which
reduce the surface of leaf which reduce the
metabolic activity of leaf.