The document provides an overview of plants, including their defining characteristics, life cycles, and major groups. It discusses what plants need to survive and describes the four main groups: bryophytes, seedless vascular plants, gymnosperms, and angiosperms. Bryophytes include mosses and depend on water for reproduction. Seedless vascular plants evolved water-conducting tissue and include ferns. Gymnosperms and angiosperms are seed plants, with angiosperms being the most successful due to flowers, fruits, and seeds that can be dispersed without water.

1. Chapter 22 Introduction to Plants

7. A Cladogram of Plant Groups Flowering plants Cone-bearing plants Ferns and their relatives Mosses and their relatives Green algae ancestor Flowers; Seeds Enclosed in Fruit Seeds Water-Conducting (Vascular) Tissue

9. The Life Cycle of a Moss Haploid (N) Diploid (2N) MEIOSIS FERTILIZATION Mature sporophyte (2N) Gametophyte (N) Gametophyte (N) Young sporophyte (2N) Zygote (2N) Sperm (N) Sperm (N) Egg (N) Spores (N) Capsule (sporangium) Protonema (young gametophyte) (N) Male gametophyte Female gametophyte Antheridia Archegonia

11. The Life Cycle of a Fern Haploid gametophyte (N) Diploid sporophyte (2N) MEIOSIS FERTILIZATION Mature sporophyte (2N) Gametophyte (N) Frond Sperm Egg Spores (N) Antheridium Archegonium Developing sporophyte (2N) Sporophyte embryo (2N) Mature gametophyte (N) Young gametophyte (N) Sporangium (2N)

17. Comparison of Monocots and Dicots Monocots Dicots Seeds Leaves Flowers Stems Roots Single cotyledon Parallel veins Floral parts often in multiples of 3 Vascular bundles scattered throughout stem Fibrous roots Two cotyledons Branched veins Floral parts often in multiples of 4 or 5 Vascular bundles arranged in a ring Taproot

18. Monocot Stem Dicot Stem

19. Plant Life Spans are categorized as that complete their life cycle in that complete their life cycle in that complete their life cycle in Plants Annuals Biennials Perennials 1 growing season 2 years More than 2 years