Bentham and Hookers Classification System

Bentham and Hookers Classification System

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  Submitted by:Dr.Sunita Bhosle AssistantProfessor, Department of Botany, Balbhim College, Beed
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   All livingorganisms in ecosystem are classified into kingdoms and sub-kingdoms based on their characteristics.  Similarly plants are also classified into different sub-kingdoms on basis of different characters like geographically and botanically.  Flowering plants encounters the most dominant plant cover over the terrestrial world. There are about more than 300, 000 known species of flowering plants so far discovered of these angiosperms are about 200,000 species under more than 300 families and 12,500 genera. They are of diversed habitat and form.
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   To classifyall the plants in one platform was not easy job.  Basic classification is based on life cycle like annuals, biennials and perennials.  Taxonomy is a system classifying plants based on their genetic and evolutionary relationship.  The main purpose of classifying plants is to ensure that the right plants are correctly named, grouped and identified.  Different classification system were put forth by different botanists and taxonomist.
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   Some ofthe earlier systems of classification of angiosperms were artificial systems, since they used only certain superficial characteristics as the basis.  With more and more detailed study on the morphological, physiological and reproductive aspects of angiosperms, the artificial systems of classifications were replaced by the natural systems of classification.
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  George Bentham 1800-1884 Joseph DaltonHooker 1817-1911 BENTHAM AND HOOKER’S CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM (most accepeted)
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   George Benthamand Joseph Dalton Hooker - Two English taxonomists who were closely associated with the Royal Botanical Garden at Kew, England have given a detailed classification of plant kingdom, particularly the angiosperms.  They gave an most deserving system of classification of phanerogams in their Genera Plantarum which was published in three volumes between the years 1862 to 1883. It is a natural system of classification.  They described 97,205 species of flowering plants grouped into 202 orders (now recognised as families).  The system has the lead as the first great natural system of classification, which is very easy to follow and was fully up to the mark.
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  SUB-CLASS - POLYPETALAE petalsseparate THALAMIFLORAE DISCIFLORAE CALYCIFLORAE Parietales Polygalineae Caryophyllineae Guttiferales Malvales Ranales Geraniales Olacales Celastrales Sapindales Rosales Myrtales Passiflorales Ficoidales Umbellales Series Orders Orders Orders
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  THALAMIFLORAE Many stamens inthe androecium. Flower is hypogynous Ranales Ranunculaceae Dilleniaceae Calycanthaceae Families Parietales Families Polygalineae Pittosporaceae Tremandraceae Polygalaceae Families Caryophyllineae Guttiferales Elatinaceae Hypericaceae Guttiferae Families Families Malvales Families Sarraceniaceae Papaveraceae Cruciferae Capparaceae Resedaceae Cistaceae Violaceae Frankeniaceae Caryophyllaceae Portulacaceae Tamaricaceae Malvaceae Sterculiaceae Tiliaceae Annonaceae Menispermaceae Magnoliaceae Berberidaceae Nymphaceae Canellaceae Bixaceae. Theaceae Dipterocarpaceae Sarcolaenaceae Orders
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  DISCIFLORAE Hypogynous flowers witha cushion-like disc around or below the ovary Olacales Olacaceae Aquifoliaceae Families Sapindales Families Sapindaceae Meliosmaceae Anacardiaceae Celastrales Families Celastraceae Stackhousiaceae Rhamnaceae Vitaceae Dichapetalaceae Geraniales Families Linaceae Humiriaceae Malpighiaceae Zygophyllaceae Geraniaceae Rutaceae Simaroubaceae Ochnaceae Burseraceae Meliaceae Coriariaceae Moringaceae Orders
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  CALYCIFLORAE Flowers epigynous orperigynous Thalamus is in the form of a cup Myrtales Rhizophoraceae Combretaceae Myrtaceae Families Passiflorales Families Umbellales Families Umbelliferae Araliaceae Cornaceae Rosales Connaraceae Leguminosae Rosaceae Families Crassulaceae Droseraceae Saxifragaceae Hamamelidaceae Bruniaceae Loasaceae Turneraceae Passifloraceae Cucurbitaceae Ficoidales Cactaceae Aizoaceae Families Haloragaceae Melastomataceae Lythraceae Onagraceae Begoniaceae Datiscaceae Orders
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  SUB-CLASS - GAMOPETALAE petalsfused INFERAE HETEROMERAE BICARPELLATAE Rubiales Asterales Campanulales Ericales Primulales Ebenales Gentianales Polemoniales Personiales Lamiales Orders Orders Orders Series
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  INFERAE Flowers with inferiorovary Campanulales Families Stylidaceae Goodeniaceae Campanulaceae Asterales Families Valerianaceae Dipsacaceae Calyceraceae Compositae Rubiales Families Caprifoliaceae Rubiaceae Orders
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  HETEROMERAE Flowers with superiorovary Number of carpels - more than two Ebenales Families Sapotaceae Ebenaceae Styracaceae Primulales Families Plumbaginaceae Primulaceae Myrsinaceae Ericales Families Ericaceae Clethraceae Epacridaceae Diapensiaceae Lennoceae Orders
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  BICARPELLATAE Ovary superior, with2 carpels Lamiales Families Myoporaceae Verbenaceae Labiatae Personiales Families Gentianales Families Oleaceae Salvadoraceae Apocynaceae Asclepiadaceae Loganiaceae Polemoniales Families Polemoniaceae Hydrophyllaceae Boraginaceae Convolvulaceae Solanaceae Gentianaceae Scrophulariaceae Globulariaceae Lentibulariaceae Gesneriaceae Bignoniaceae Pedaliaceae Acanthaceae Plantaginaceae Orders
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  MONOCHLAMYDEAE only 1 kindof perianth Curvembryae Nyctaginaceae Amaranthaceae Chenopodiaceae Families Multiovulate Aquaticae Multiovulate Terrestris Podostemaceae Nepenthaceae Cyinaceae Myristicaceae Families Families Microembryae Piperaceae Chloranthaceae Myristicaceae Monimiaceae Families Achlamydo -sporae Unisexuales Loranthaceae Santalaceae Balanophoraceae Euphorbiaceae Balanopaceae Urticaceae FicoidalesPlatanaceae Families Families Ordines Anomali Salicaceae Empetraceae Ceratophyllaceae FicoidalesLacisternaceae Families Daphnales Lauraceae Proteaceae Thymelaeaceae Penaeaceae Families Batidaceae Polygonaceae Phytolaccaceae Elaegnaceae Leitneriaceae Juglandaceae Myricaceae ficoidalesCasuarinaceae Betulaceae Series
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  CLASS-MONOCOTYLEDONAE ( 1 cotyledon,flowers trimerous) Microspermae Hydrocharitaceae Burmanniaceae Orchidaceae Families Epigynae Families Coronarieae Roxburghiceae Liliaceae Pontederiaceae Xyridaceae Families Nudiflorae Apocarpae Pandanaceae Cyclanthaceae Typhaceae Triuridaceae Alismataceae Najadaceae Families Families Glumaceae Families Calycinae Flagellariaceae Juncaceae Palmae Families Scitamineae Bromeliaceae Haemodoraceae Iridaceae Amaryllidaceae Taccaceae Dioscoreaceae Philydraceae Commelinaceae Mayacaceae Rapateaceae Araceae Lemnaceae Eriocaulaceae Centrolepidaceae Restionaceae Cyperaceae Gramineae Series
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  RANUNCULACEAE Ranunculus laetus Thalicinum daizelliiHook.(Shwetambara) Ranunculus auricomis
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  CRUCIFERAE Raphanus sativus Mustard
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  PAPAVARECEAE Argemone maxicana
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  CARYOPHYLLACEAE Dianthus balbissi Saponariacalabrica
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  MELIACEAE Xylocarpus moluccensis Azadirictaindica Dysoxylum rufum Rusty bean
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  OLACEAE Pansy - Viola- 'Blue Blotch' - Jasminum officinale
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  MORINGACEAE Moringa olifera Moringadrouhardi
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  ANACARDIACEAE Anacardium occidentale Mangnifera indica
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  MYRTACEAE Syzygium australe S.aromaticum Eucalyptus citriodora
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  CACTACEAE Echinocactus grusonii Echinocereus cactus
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  RUTACEAE Murraya koenigii (L.)Sprengel Mandarin Orange The blossom and fruit of the orange (Citrus)
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  RUBIACEAE Ixora coccinea Psychotria poeppigiana Coffeaarabica L.
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  COMPOSITAE Osteospermum Helianthus annuus
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  APOCYNACEAE Plumeria Nerium oleander
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  SOLANACEAE Solanum bonariense Nicotiana tabacum Solanundouglasii
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  BIGNONIACEAE Tecoma stans Campsis radicans
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  VERBENACEAE Lantana camera Duranta erectaVerbena bonariensis
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  NYTANGINACEAE Bougainvelliea Mirabilis jalpa Mirabilisaldida
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  PIPERACEAE Piper nigrum Piper betle
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  EUPHORBIACEAE Jatropha Euphorbia cythphora Euphorbia characias
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  LEGUMINACEAE Cicer arientanum Albizia gumiferria
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  ORCHIDACEAE Zygopetalum Vanilla bean Spthoglothis plicata
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  AMARYLLIDACEAE Crinum C.latifolium C.powelli
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  Lillium aperatum Tarda tulip LILLIACEAE Alliumcepa
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  GRAMINACEAE Ohio plant Oryza sativa Grassflowers
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  ROSACEAE Black berry flowers Rosavirginiana
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   The descriptionof families and genera is very accurate.  The system is very handy for identification purposes.  The system starts from Ranales, which are now universally considered to be most primitive living angiosperms.  They believed in evolution through reduction and hence placed monocots after dicots; even in dicots, the dichlamydeous polypetalae and gamopetalae were placed before the uniseriate monochlamydeae.
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   The gamopetalaeplaced after polypetalae is justified since union of petals is considered to be an advanced feature.  The polypetalae includes Thalamiflorae and Calyciflorae of de Candolle. But Bentham and Hooker distinguished a new series Disciflorae which includes orders which cannot be assigned to Thalamiflorae or Calyciflorae.  The 3 series – Thalamiflorae, Disciflorae and Calyciflorae show gradual evolutionary advance from marked hypogyny to epigyny.  Treating Cucurbitaceae and Umballiferae (Apiaceae) at the end of Polypetalae as connecting links between poly- and gamopetalous families.  Placing of unisexual monocot families after bisexual families e.g. Palmae and Araceae after Liliaceae.  The series Glumaceae with extremely reduced flowers and inflorescences, placed at the end of the flowering plants.
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   Compositae (Asteraceae)is a highly advanced family and placed in Inferae at the beginning of Gamopetalae.  Advanced families like Orchidaceae and Scitamineae are treated in the beginning of monocots.  Liliaceae and Amaryllidaceae were kept apart though they are very closely related.  The Amaryllidaceae is more allied to Liliaceae but is clubbed with Scitamineae in series Epigynae, on account of inferior gynoecium.  The position of series Apocarpae is unsatisfactory due to its free and superior carpels.
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   The systemdoes not give any idea as to the evolutionary history of any genus, family or order.  In this system grouping of plants is mainly based on single and artificial characters; with the result, that closely allied families are placed widely apart.  The group “Monochlamydeae” is entirely artificial.  Gymnospermae is placed between the Dicotyledones and Monocotyledones, which is extremely anomalous.  The system does not show any phylogenetic relationship. The main demerit is that this system does not give us any idea as to the evolutionary history of any genus, family or order nor does it give any idea of phylogenetic relationship between them.
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