This document discusses the physiology of sleep and EEG waves. It begins by defining sleep and coma, then outlines the objectives and functions of sleep. The mechanisms of sleep are explored, including theories about what causes sleep onset. The four main EEG wave types - alpha, beta, theta, and delta - are defined. The two types of sleep, NREM and REM, are described along with the sleep cycle and stages. Common sleep disorders and basic sleep hygiene recommendations are also summarized.
Physiology of Sleep and its correlation with EEG wavesABHILASHA MISHRA
Content includes Physiology of sleep and and its correlation with EEG waves along with specific characteristics of different phases of sleep as well as an account of sleep disorders.
Physiology of Sleep and its correlation with EEG wavesABHILASHA MISHRA
Content includes Physiology of sleep and and its correlation with EEG waves along with specific characteristics of different phases of sleep as well as an account of sleep disorders.
Understanding the sleep cycle is often the first step to better sleep quality. When you know, what affects your sleep cycle, you can take measures to cut out distractions and get ample restful sleep every night.
Also, to help you understand the various sleep stages and sleep cycles easily, we have also created an infographic for this.
Read more details on the source site: https://sleepsherpa.com/stages-of-sleep-and-sleep-cycles-explained/
this topic is about sleep, stages of sleep, types of sleep, factors influencing sleep, sleep disorders and their management and various interventions to promote sleep
Understanding the sleep cycle is often the first step to better sleep quality. When you know, what affects your sleep cycle, you can take measures to cut out distractions and get ample restful sleep every night.
Also, to help you understand the various sleep stages and sleep cycles easily, we have also created an infographic for this.
Read more details on the source site: https://sleepsherpa.com/stages-of-sleep-and-sleep-cycles-explained/
this topic is about sleep, stages of sleep, types of sleep, factors influencing sleep, sleep disorders and their management and various interventions to promote sleep
Sleep is defined as unconsciousness from which the person can be aroused by sensory or other
stimuli.
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aroused. There are multiple stages of sleep, from very light sleep to very deep sleep; sleep
researchers also divide sleep into two entirely different types of sleep that have different qualities,
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The complex process of the sleep-wake cycle is controlled by the body’s circadian rhythm and sleep homeostasis (the amount of accumulated sleep need that builds during time spent awake).
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This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
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The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
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Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
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2. OBJECTIVES:
By
the end of this lecture, you should
understand:
1)
Difference between sleep & coma.
2)
Why do we sleep?
3)
Mechanism of sleep.
4)
EEG waves
5)
Types and Stages of sleep: (NREM & REM).
6)
Sleep/awake cycle.
7)
Sleep disorders.
8)
Sleep Hygiene.
3. DEFINITIONS
Sleep:
A state of loss of consciousness from which a
subject can be aroused by appropriate stimuli.
Coma:
A state of unconsciousness from which a subject
cannot be aroused.
4. WHY DO WE SLEEP? “FUNCTIONS OF
SLEEP”:
1)
Restoration or repair:
Waking
Sleep
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
life disrupts homeostasis
may conserve some energy
Protection with the circadian cycle.
Circadian synthesis of hormones.
Consolidation of learning.
Remodelling of synaptic function.
Dreaming.
6. WHAT MAKES US FALL ASLEEP?
The old theory of sleep “The passive process”:
I.
Discharging of RAS neurons for many hours of wakefulness
Fatigue of RAS neurons Sleep .
The new theory of sleep “The active sleep-
II.
inducing inhibitory process”:
Different mediators actively inhibit the RAS sleep:
1.
Serotonin-secreting Raphe fibers inhibit the RAS sleep.
2.
Melatonin “hormone secreted by the Pineal Gland” during darkness
inhibits RAS sleep .
8.
The frequencies of brain waves range from 0.5-500 Hz.
The most clinically relevant waves:
1)
Alpha waves - 8-13 Hz
2)
Beta waves - Greater than 13 Hz (18-30)
3)
Theta waves - 3.5-7.5 Hz
4)
Delta waves - 3 Hz or less
9. 1) ALPHA WAVES
Seen in all age groups but are most common in adults.
Most marked in the parieto-occipital area.
Occur rhythmically on both sides of the head but are
often slightly higher in amplitude on the nondominant
side, especially in right-handed individuals
Occur with closed eyes , relaxation, wondering mind.
Disappear normally with attention (eg, mental
arithmetic, stress, opening eyes, any form of sensory
stimulation), then become replaced with irregular low
voltage activity.
10. 2) BETA WAVES
Seen in all age groups.
Small in amplitude , usually symmetric and more
evident anteriorly.
Drugs, such as barbiturates and
benzodiazepines, augment beta waves.
> 13 Hz/sec
11. 3) THETA WAVES
Normally seen during sleep at any age.
In awake adults, these waves are abnormal if
they occur in excess.
Theta and delta waves are known collectively as
slow waves.
12. 4) DELTA WAVES
Slow waves, have a frequency of ≤ 3Hz or less.
Normally seen in deep sleep in adults as well as in
infants and children.
Delta waves are abnormal in the awake adult.
Often, have the largest amplitude of all waves.
Delta waves can be focal (local pathology) or diffuse
(generalized dysfunction).
13. SLEEP SPINDLES
Groups of waves that occur during many sleep
stages but especially in stage 2.
Have frequencies in the upper levels of alpha or
lower levels of beta.
Lasting for a second or less, they increase in
amplitude initially and then decrease slowly. The
waveform resembles a spindle.
They usually are symmetric and are most obvious in
the parasagittal regions.
17. DISTRIBUTION OF SLEEP STAGES
While NREM occupies about 75-80%, it is interrupted by
intervening REM sleep period.
In a typical night of sleep, a young adult:
I.
II.
First enters NREM sleep, passes through stages 1 , 2 , 3 and 4.
Then goes into the first REM sleep episode.
This cycle is repeated at intervals of about 90 minutes
throughout the 8 hours of a night sleep.
Therefore, there are 4-6 sleep cycles per night (and 4-6 REM
periods per night).
As the night goes on there is progressive reduction in stages
3 and 4 sleep and a progressive increase in REM sleep .
18.
19.
20. Physiological Changes During NREM and
REM Sleep
Physiological Process
NREM
Brain activity
Decreases from wakefulness
Heart rate
Slows from wakefulness
Blood pressure
Decreases from wakefulness
Sympathetic nerve activity Decreases from wakefulness
Muscle tone
Similar to wakefulness
Blood flow to brain
Decreases from wakefulness
Respiration
Decreases from wakefulness
Airway resistance
Increases from wakefulness
Body temperature
Sexual arousal
Is regulated at lower set point
than wakefulness; shivering
initiated at lower temperature
than during wakefulness
Occurs infrequently
REM
Increases in motor and sensory
areas, while other areas are
similar to NREM
Increases and varies compared
to NREM
Increases (up to 30 percent) and
varies from NREM
Increases significantly from
wakefulness
Absent
Increases from NREM, depending
on brain region
Increases and varies from NREM,
but may show brief stoppages;
coughing suppressed
Increases and varies from
wakefulness
Is not regulated; no shivering or
sweating; temperature drifts
toward that of the local
environment
Greater than NREM
22. •
Periods of sleep and wakefulness alternate
about once a day.
•
A circadian rhythm consists typically of 8h sleep
and 16h awake.
•
This rhythm is controlled by
1)
The suprachiasmatic (SCN) nucleus “The
Biological clock”: located in in the hypothalamus.
2)
Melatonin release “from the Pineal Body”.
25. SLEEP DISORDERS ARE DIVIDED IN 2 SUB-TYPES
I.
Dyssomnias:
Sleep disorders that are characterised by disturbances in
the amount, quality or timing of sleep.
E.g.:
Insomnia
Hypersomnia
Sleep apnea
II.
Parasomnias:
Dysfunctions or episodic events occurring with sleep.
E.g.:
Sleep-walking (somnambulism)
Sleep-related enuresis (bedwetting)
Sleep-talking (somniloquy)
Sleep-terrors and nightmares
26. Sleep Hygiene
1. Regular, daily physical exercises (preferably not in the evening).
2. Minimize daytime napping.
3. Avoid fluid intake and heavy meals just before bed-time.
4. Avoid caffeine intake (e.g. tea, coffee, cola drinks) before sleeping
hours.
5. Avoid regular use of alcohol (especially avoid use of alcohol as a
hypnotic for promoting sleep).
6. Avoid reading or watching television while in bed.
7. Sleep in a dark, quiet, and comfortable environment.
8. Regular times for going to sleep and waking-up.
9. Try relaxation techniques.