The document discusses the basal ganglia. It notes that the basal ganglia and cerebellum work together to modify movement on a minute by minute basis, with the basal ganglia being inhibitory and the cerebellum being excitatory. Disturbances in either system can cause movement disorders. The basal ganglia are composed of the striatum, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus. They receive input from the cortex and thalamus and output mainly to the thalamus. The basal ganglia help control voluntary movement, muscle tone, and are involved in arousal. Disorders like Parkinson's disease and chorea can result from basal ganglia dysfunction.
enlists and the description of the different descending tracts of the CNS. cortico spinal tract, cortico bulbar tract, extra pyramidal and pyramiddal tracts, homunculus, vestibulospinal tract, reticulo spinal tracts, tectospinal tract, autonomic tract, uppermotor neuron lesion, lower motor neuron lesion, spinal cord injury, brown sequard syndrome. spinal cord infection, degenerative disorders of spinal cord,
understanding spinal cord, its bransches, lesions, functions and anatomy.
hope to give you better knowledge of spinal cord by the end of it.
plese review ans comment for my future updates and corrections that iw ill be needing in this.
spinal cord, ascending tracts of the the spinal cord, spinocortical tracts, gray matter of spinal cord, white mater of spinal cord, organization of neuron, first order second order and third order neuron, anterolateral spinal tract anteroposterior spinal tract, spinolivary tract, visceral sensory tract, dorsal column tract, spino cerebellar tract , spinorectal pathway, spino olivary pathway, cerebellar peduncles,
Pyramidal tract by Sunita.M.Tiwale,Prof. Dept of physiology,D.Y.Patil Medical...Physiology Dept
Specific Learning Objectives:
At the end of session the students should be able to :
Enumerate the descending tracts.
Describe the origin, course, termination, collaterals of Pyramidal tract.
Describe the functions of the pyramidal tract.
Thalamus-Anatomy,Physiology,Applied aspectsRanadhi Das
Thalamus is a very important relay station.
All general and special sensory impulses (except smell) & afferent impulses from RAS are integrated here.
Thalamus however is the center of pain and protopathic sensations.
It has other non sensory functions as well, like motor control, sleep, wakefulness.
It is the largest structure deriving from the embryonic diencephalon, the posterior part of the forebrain situated between the midbrain and the cerebrum.
The thalamus is part of a nuclear complex structured of 4 parts, the hypothalamus, epithalamus, prethalamus (formerly called ventral thalamus) and dorsal thalamus.
enlists and the description of the different descending tracts of the CNS. cortico spinal tract, cortico bulbar tract, extra pyramidal and pyramiddal tracts, homunculus, vestibulospinal tract, reticulo spinal tracts, tectospinal tract, autonomic tract, uppermotor neuron lesion, lower motor neuron lesion, spinal cord injury, brown sequard syndrome. spinal cord infection, degenerative disorders of spinal cord,
understanding spinal cord, its bransches, lesions, functions and anatomy.
hope to give you better knowledge of spinal cord by the end of it.
plese review ans comment for my future updates and corrections that iw ill be needing in this.
spinal cord, ascending tracts of the the spinal cord, spinocortical tracts, gray matter of spinal cord, white mater of spinal cord, organization of neuron, first order second order and third order neuron, anterolateral spinal tract anteroposterior spinal tract, spinolivary tract, visceral sensory tract, dorsal column tract, spino cerebellar tract , spinorectal pathway, spino olivary pathway, cerebellar peduncles,
Pyramidal tract by Sunita.M.Tiwale,Prof. Dept of physiology,D.Y.Patil Medical...Physiology Dept
Specific Learning Objectives:
At the end of session the students should be able to :
Enumerate the descending tracts.
Describe the origin, course, termination, collaterals of Pyramidal tract.
Describe the functions of the pyramidal tract.
Thalamus-Anatomy,Physiology,Applied aspectsRanadhi Das
Thalamus is a very important relay station.
All general and special sensory impulses (except smell) & afferent impulses from RAS are integrated here.
Thalamus however is the center of pain and protopathic sensations.
It has other non sensory functions as well, like motor control, sleep, wakefulness.
It is the largest structure deriving from the embryonic diencephalon, the posterior part of the forebrain situated between the midbrain and the cerebrum.
The thalamus is part of a nuclear complex structured of 4 parts, the hypothalamus, epithalamus, prethalamus (formerly called ventral thalamus) and dorsal thalamus.
Interactive Metronome® training is an innovative program that has been proven to help improve attention, impulse control, behavior, sensory processing, fine and gross motor skills and coordination. Find out how IM training is also able to help those dealing with the symptoms of Tourette syndrome in this new presentation.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
2. Basal ganglia and Cerebellum
•The basal ganglia and
cerebellum modify movement
on a minute-to-minute basis.
•Motor cortex sends
information to both, the output
of the cerebellum to cortex is
excitatory, while the basal
ganglia are inhibitory.
•The balance between these
two systems allows for smooth,
coordinated movement.
•Disturbance in either system
will show up as movement
disorders.
Muscle
3. Execution of voluntary movements
Motor cortex
Spinal cord
CerebellumBasal ganglia
CerebellumBasal ganglia
Muscle receptors
Cortico spinal tract
7. Connections of Basal Ganglia
• Afferent connections: terminate in (striatum)
Caudate nucleus
Putamen
• Cortico striate projections from all parts of the cortex
• Projections from thalamus
• Efferent ( output from Basal Ganglia is from):
Internal segment of GLOBUS PALLIDUS
via thalamic fasciculus
Nuclei of Thalamus
Prefrontal and Premotor cortex
8. Afferent Connections to BG
1) Corticostriate fibers
Excitatory - Glutamate
2) Nigrostriate fibers
Dopamine
3) Thalamostriate fibers
4) Raphe striate fibers
Serotonin
5) Locus Cerulues striate
fibers
Nor adrenaline
9. Efferent Connections from BG
1) Efferents to Thalamus
Ansa fascicularis – from
Internal segment of GP to
Thalamus - GABA
2) Efferents to Subthalamic
nucleus
3) Efferents to Substantia
Nigra
4) Efferents to Red nucleus
10.
11. Neuro Transmitters - BG
•Glutamate
•GABA
•Acetylcholine
•Dopamine
Glutamatergic pathways - red,
Dopaminergic as magenta and
GABA pathways as blue.
13. Putamen circuit
•Responsible for motor
control of body movements
•Concerned with skilled
movements
•Subconscious execution of
learned patterns of movement
14. Sub thalamic N of Luys – Function
• Controls posture of limbs
• Controls position & movement at shoulder & pelvic
girdles
• Effect of lesion
Hemiballismus: violent flinging movements of the
arm & leg on one side on attempting to make a
movement
15. Functions of basal ganglia
1. Control of voluntary motor activity
2. Control of reflex muscular activity
3. Control of muscle tone
4. Role in arousal mechanism
16. Functions of basal ganglia
• Control of voluntary motor activity
– Planning and Programming of movements –
Cognitive process – Caudate circuit
– Timing and scaling of movement: caudate circuit -
Lesion leads to Akinesia and Micrographia
– Production of automatic associated movements
• Swinging of arms while walking
– Subconscious execution of movements
– Prevents oscillations and after discharges in motor
system
17. Functions of basal ganglia
1. Control of Reflex muscular activity
– Has inhibitory effect on spinal reflexes
– Maintains posture
2. Control of muscle tone
– Through reticular formation –In BG lesion –
rigidity occurs
3. Role in arousal mechanism
– Through its connections with reticular
formation
4. Role in emotions and Learning
18. Disorders of Basal ganglia
Hypokinetic disorders (Lesion in Loop I)
Parkinsonism
Hyperkinetic disorders (Lesion in Loop II)
1. Athetosis
2. Ballismus
3. Chorea
4. Torsion spasm
19. Parkinsonism
• Described by James Parkinson in 1817 &
termed Paralysis agitans because of the
symptoms of weakness of muscle power
&tremor. Also known as Shaking palsy
20. Parkinsonism- Etiology
1. Infection - viral encephalitis
2. Degenerative - both due to aging & genetic predisposition
3. Drug induced parkinsonism
a) Phenothiazine group of drugs which Block Dopamine D2
Receptors eg.Chlorpromazine &promethazine
b) Reserpine which depletes Dopamine & prevents storage of
dopamine in nerve terminals
4. Ischemia- atherosclerotic
5. Toxin -- MPTP : 1 Methyl 4 Phenyl 1256 Tetra
hydropyridine that prevents synthesis of Dopamine
21. Parkinsonism- Patho physiology
• Degeneration of the
substantia nigra
• Loss of dopamine
• Increased inhibitory output of
the basal ganglia
• Hypokinetic movement
disorder (bradykinesia,
rigidity, etc.)
22. Parkinsonism- Patho physiology
• Decrease dopamine leads to imbalance in ratio of
cholinergic transmission & dopaminergic effect
• Nigrostriatal dopamine inhibits acetylcholine
secreting corticostriatal neurones; in absence of
dopaminergic inhibition there is increased cholinergic
transmission effects
24. Parkinsonism-Rigidity
• Rigidity may be cogwheel type of Rigidity or
Plastic type or Lead pipe rigidity
1.COG WHEEL: intermittent change in tone to
passive movement of joint.
2.LEAD PIPE: Continuous resistance
25. Parkinsonism-Akinesia
• Poverty of movement seen as defects in fine
movement & speech
• Mask like face
• Difficulty in Initiating movement
• Micrographia: handwritten letters are small in
size & become progressively smaller
26. Parkinsonism-Resting Tremor
• Coarse Tremor at rest disappears
during movement
• Fingers- Pill rolling movement
• Tremor disappears during
movement
• Absent in sleep
• Tremor due to loss of inhibition
of thalamus & relieved by lesion
of VA&VL of thalamus
27. Parkinsonism- Festinant gait
• Festinant Gait : consists of short rapid
shuffling steps leaning forward as though to
catch centre of gravity
• Lack of associated movements such as
swinging of the arms
• Severe stage- retropulsion & propulsion ie.
Inability to stop
28. Parkinsonism-Treatment
1) L-DOPA because Dopamine does not cross the Blood-brain
barrier along with Carbidopa which inhibits extracerebral
DOPA decarboxylase to prevent formation of Dopamine in
circulation.
2) BROMOCRIPTINE- Dopamine Agonist
3) DEPRENYL- MAO inhibitor
4) ANTICHOLINERGICS which block action of
ACETYLCHOLINE leading to restoration of Ach/ dopamine
ratio
5) SURGERY: VA& VL OF THALAMUS -Electrocoagulation
relieves tremor.Globus pallidus externa lesions relieves
akinesia & rigidity &tremor
6) Transplantation of fetal neurons (dopaminergic)
29. Chorea
• Effects of Lesion of Caudate nucleus
• Involuntary semipurposive, Jerky, Dance Like
movements of the Hands & Fingers
• Cause : Loss of GABAergic neurons action
• Types:
– Sydenham Chorea (post Streptococcal infection sequelae)
– Senile chorea
– Huntington’s Chorea: Involuntary movement with
dementia
30. Huntington’s disease
• Inherited as Autosomal Dominant
• Abnormal gene locus near end of short arm of
chromosome 4
• Hyperkinetic symptoms of choreiform
movements that gradually increase to
incapacitate the patient
• DEMENTIA is because of loss of Cholinergic
neurons
32. Other lesions of basal ganglia
• Hemiballismus: Due to destruction of
subthalamic nucleus. Flailing movements of
one arm and leg.
• Wilson’s Disease – Hepato Lenticular
degeneration – Copper toxicity.
• Kernicterus – Rh incompatibility.
33. Probable questions
• Essay
Describe the functional anatomy and connections
of Basal Ganglia . Enumerate the functions of
Basal ganglia . List the disorders of Basal ganglia.
• Short question:
Parkinsonism
