Somatoform disorders are psychiatric conditions characterized by physical symptoms that cannot be fully explained by medical factors. The document defines and describes several somatoform disorders according to DSM-IV criteria, including their symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and treatment approaches. Key disorders discussed are somatization disorder, conversion disorder, hypochondriasis, body dysmorphic disorder, and pain disorder. Psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy are commonly used to treat underlying psychological factors and any comorbid mood or anxiety conditions.
Schizophrenia is a mental disorder that usually appears in late adolescence or early adulthood. Characterized by delusions, hallucinations, and other cognitive difficulties, schizophrenia can often be a lifelong struggle. In this article, we will cover the causes, symptoms, and treatment of schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is a chronic and severe mental disorder that affects how a person thinks, feels, and behaves. People with schizophrenia may seem like they have lost touch with reality. Although schizophrenia is not as common as other mental disorders, the symptoms can be very disabling.
A presentation about depressive disorder. The presentation composed of the definition, causes, types, clinical feature, diagnosis, prognosis, treatment and prevention of depression
Schizophrenia is a mental disorder that usually appears in late adolescence or early adulthood. Characterized by delusions, hallucinations, and other cognitive difficulties, schizophrenia can often be a lifelong struggle. In this article, we will cover the causes, symptoms, and treatment of schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is a chronic and severe mental disorder that affects how a person thinks, feels, and behaves. People with schizophrenia may seem like they have lost touch with reality. Although schizophrenia is not as common as other mental disorders, the symptoms can be very disabling.
A presentation about depressive disorder. The presentation composed of the definition, causes, types, clinical feature, diagnosis, prognosis, treatment and prevention of depression
This ppt will provide a complete information on the topic Depression. It Will also provide the types of depression, pathophysiology involved, causes, drugs used in Depression and its management.
Quick review of the essential points— DSM5 diagnosis criteria, assessments, treatments—of these disorders to better prepare for the National Clinical Mental Health Counseling Exam. This was informed by several exam prep programs, and can be used like flashcards or as a presentation.
somatoform disorders are characterized by persistent requests for medical attention because of physical complaints that cannot be sufficiently explained by medical causes.
the presentation describes in detail about the mental illness, i.e. schizophrenia along with its diagnostic criteria, symptoms, prognosis, course as well as its causes.
SCHIZOPHRENIA:
slide 1: A long-term mental disorder of a type involving a breakdown in the relation between thought, emotion, and behavior, leading to faulty perception, inappropriate actions and feelings, withdrawal from reality and personal relationships into fantasy and delusion, and a sense of mental fragmentation.
slide 14: Types:
• Paranoid-type schizophrenia is characterized by delusions and auditory hallucinations (hearing voices that don't exist) but relatively normal intellectual functioning and expression of emotions. People with paranoid-type schizophrenia can exhibit anger, aloofness, anxiety, and can be argumentative.
• Disorganized-type schizophrenia is characterized by speech and behavior that are disorganized or difficult to understand, and flattening or inappropriate emotions. People with disorganized-type schizophrenia may laugh inappropriately for no apparent reason, make illogical statements, or seem preoccupied with their own thoughts or perceptions. Their disorganized behavior may disrupt normal activities, such as showering, dressing, and preparing meals.
• Undifferentiated-type schizophrenia is characterized by some symptoms seen in all of the above types, but not enough of any one of them to define it as another particular type of schizophrenia.
• Residual-type schizophrenia is characterized by a past history of at least one episode of schizophrenia, but the person currently has no "positive" symptoms (such as delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, or behavior). It may represent a transition between a full-blown episode and complete remission, or it may continue for years without any further psychotic episodes.
Catatonic Schizophrenia
This type of schizophrenia includes extremes of behavior, including:
Catatonic excitement - overexcitement or hyperactivity, in which the patient may mimic sounds (echolalia) or movements (achopraxia) around them.
Catatonic stupor - a dramatic reduction in activity in which the patient cannot speak, move or respond. Virtually all movements stops.
Conclusion
It is clear now, through the use of genetic linkage studies and microbiology, that schizophrenia does indeed have a biological explanation. However, the biological explanation is only part of the story. A yet unknown combination of intense stress, sociocultural situations, and cognitive processes may lead to the actual onset of schizophrenia aided by natural precursors. The most compelling explanation seems to be that a genetically inherited biological abnormality gives rise to hallucinations/delusions as a result of intense stress and eventually leads to other negative symptoms in reaction to the hallucinations/ delusions. At any rate, the current understanding of schizophrenia explains that the symptoms, however easily identifiable, are the result of a complex interaction between nature and nurture that can be treated adequately through the use of atypical anti psychotic drugs and psychotherapy.
Module: Pharmacotherapy III
Module Coordinator: Dr. Arwa M. Amin Mostafa
Academic Level: Postgraduate, Master of Pharmacy in Clinical Pharmacy
School: Dubai Pharmacy College
Year of first presented in Class: 2018
This presentation is for Educational purpose. It has no commercial value associated with it.
This ppt will provide a complete information on the topic Depression. It Will also provide the types of depression, pathophysiology involved, causes, drugs used in Depression and its management.
Quick review of the essential points— DSM5 diagnosis criteria, assessments, treatments—of these disorders to better prepare for the National Clinical Mental Health Counseling Exam. This was informed by several exam prep programs, and can be used like flashcards or as a presentation.
somatoform disorders are characterized by persistent requests for medical attention because of physical complaints that cannot be sufficiently explained by medical causes.
the presentation describes in detail about the mental illness, i.e. schizophrenia along with its diagnostic criteria, symptoms, prognosis, course as well as its causes.
SCHIZOPHRENIA:
slide 1: A long-term mental disorder of a type involving a breakdown in the relation between thought, emotion, and behavior, leading to faulty perception, inappropriate actions and feelings, withdrawal from reality and personal relationships into fantasy and delusion, and a sense of mental fragmentation.
slide 14: Types:
• Paranoid-type schizophrenia is characterized by delusions and auditory hallucinations (hearing voices that don't exist) but relatively normal intellectual functioning and expression of emotions. People with paranoid-type schizophrenia can exhibit anger, aloofness, anxiety, and can be argumentative.
• Disorganized-type schizophrenia is characterized by speech and behavior that are disorganized or difficult to understand, and flattening or inappropriate emotions. People with disorganized-type schizophrenia may laugh inappropriately for no apparent reason, make illogical statements, or seem preoccupied with their own thoughts or perceptions. Their disorganized behavior may disrupt normal activities, such as showering, dressing, and preparing meals.
• Undifferentiated-type schizophrenia is characterized by some symptoms seen in all of the above types, but not enough of any one of them to define it as another particular type of schizophrenia.
• Residual-type schizophrenia is characterized by a past history of at least one episode of schizophrenia, but the person currently has no "positive" symptoms (such as delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, or behavior). It may represent a transition between a full-blown episode and complete remission, or it may continue for years without any further psychotic episodes.
Catatonic Schizophrenia
This type of schizophrenia includes extremes of behavior, including:
Catatonic excitement - overexcitement or hyperactivity, in which the patient may mimic sounds (echolalia) or movements (achopraxia) around them.
Catatonic stupor - a dramatic reduction in activity in which the patient cannot speak, move or respond. Virtually all movements stops.
Conclusion
It is clear now, through the use of genetic linkage studies and microbiology, that schizophrenia does indeed have a biological explanation. However, the biological explanation is only part of the story. A yet unknown combination of intense stress, sociocultural situations, and cognitive processes may lead to the actual onset of schizophrenia aided by natural precursors. The most compelling explanation seems to be that a genetically inherited biological abnormality gives rise to hallucinations/delusions as a result of intense stress and eventually leads to other negative symptoms in reaction to the hallucinations/ delusions. At any rate, the current understanding of schizophrenia explains that the symptoms, however easily identifiable, are the result of a complex interaction between nature and nurture that can be treated adequately through the use of atypical anti psychotic drugs and psychotherapy.
Module: Pharmacotherapy III
Module Coordinator: Dr. Arwa M. Amin Mostafa
Academic Level: Postgraduate, Master of Pharmacy in Clinical Pharmacy
School: Dubai Pharmacy College
Year of first presented in Class: 2018
This presentation is for Educational purpose. It has no commercial value associated with it.
Digital Marketing: The Science Behind Keyword SelectionAIS Media, Inc.
Enjoy AIS Media Inc's webinar, The Science Behind Keyword Selection.
Keywords are the driving force behind all effective internet searches. How you rank in Google has become critical to your company's online success.
Learn how you can use them to claim your spot at the top of search engines, drive high-quality traffic to your website and win new customers and/or clients.
chronic health issues are common, they are also a substantial risk factor for poor mental health and reduced quality of life.
poor mental health can increase the risk of disability, poor treatment compliance, and mortality.
Brain fag syndrome,hypochondriasis and conversion disorderDr.Emmanuel Godwin
Brain fag syndrome,hypochondriasis and conversion disorder are forms of somatoform disorder....This are disorders that present with Physical symptoms with an unexplained cause.
MY DEAR COLLEAGUES HERE IS MY LITTLE INITIATIVE TO HELP U ALL PRESENTING INFRONT OF YOU THE TOPIC SOMATOFORM DISORDER, IT IS VERY ESSENTIAL IN THE FIELD OF PSYCHIATRY........
TalkToAngel can help with teen depression. TalkToAngel is an online counseling platform that provides access to licensed therapists who specialize in treating mental health issues, including depression. Teen depression is a serious mental health concern that can affect a young person's emotional, social, and academic functioning.
Similar to Somatoform disorders for undergraduates (20)
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
2. Definition
A category of psychiatric disorders
characterized by converting emotional
distress into physical symptoms that have
no clear organic cause.
3. What is it?
Symptoms cannot be related to a physical cause
Many investigations and medical evaluations are done
to exclude physical illnesses
Not faking their pain or symptoms, everything they
feel is real
Don’t tell them their pains are imaginary or symptoms
are psychological
Runs in families, they tend to come and go over time
5. 1.Somatization disorder
An illness of multiple somatic complaints in multiple
organ systems
Women ˃ men.
More in people with little education and low
incomes.
Usually starts before age 30.
6. Etiology
Genetics:
• Tends to run in families.
• Occurs in 10 to 20 percent of the first-degree female
relatives of patients.
Biological Factors:
Faulty perception of somatosensory inputs.
Psychosocial Factors:
• Some patients come from unstable homes and have been
physically abused.
7. Diagnosis according to DSM VI TR
A. history of many physical complaints beginning before age 30 years that occur over a period
of several years and result in treatment being sought or significant impairment in social,
occupational, or other important areas of functioning.
B. Each of the following criteria must have been met:
Four pain symptoms: a history of pain related to at least four different sites or functions
(e.g., head, abdomen, back, joints, extremities, chest, rectum, during menstruation, during
sexual intercourse, or during urination)
Two gastrointestinal symptoms: a history of at least two gastrointestinal symptoms
other than pain (e.g., nausea, bloating, vomiting other than during pregnancy, diarrhea, or
intolerance of several different foods)
One sexual symptom: a history of at least one sexual or reproductive symptom other
than pain (e.g. erectile or ejaculatory dysfunction, irregular menses, excessive menstrual
bleeding, vomiting throughout pregnancy)
One pseudoneurological symptom: a history of at least one symptom or deficit
suggesting a neurological condition not limited to pain (conversion symptoms such as
impaired coordination or balance, paralysis or localized weakness,)
C. Either (1) or (2):
after appropriate investigation, each of the symptoms in Criterion B cannot be fully
explained by a known general medical condition or the direct effects of a substance
when there is a related general medical condition, the physical complaints or resulting
social or occupational impairment are in excess of what would be expected from the history,
physical examination, or laboratory findings
D. The symptoms are not intentionally produced or feigned
8. Treatment
Psychotherapy:
Both individual and group psychotherapy.
Patients are helped to cope with their symptoms, to
express underlying emotions, and to develop alternative
strategies for expressing their feelings.
Pharmacotherapy:
• Only in comorbid mood or anxiety disorder.
9. 2.Conversion Disorder
Symptoms or deficits that affect voluntary motor or
sensory functions, which suggest another medical
condition, but that is judged to be caused by
psychological factors (preceded by conflicts or other
stressors).
The symptoms are not intentionally produced.
Female ˃ male.
Common age: from late childhood to early adulthood.
10. Etiology
Psychoanalytic theory:
The conflict is between an instinctual impulse (e.g., aggression or
sexuality) and the prohibitions against its expression.
Learning Theory:
A classically conditioned learned behavior; learned in childhood
as a means of coping with an impossible situation.
Biological Factors:
Hypometabolism of the dominant hemisphere.
Hypermetabolism of the nondominant hemisphere.
11. TR Diagnostic Criteria for-IV-DSM
Conversion Disorder
A. One or more symptoms or deficits affecting voluntary motor or sensory
function that suggest a neurological or other general medical condition.
B. Psychological factors are judged to be associated with the symptom or deficit
because the initiation or exacerbation of the symptom or deficit is preceded by
conflicts or other stressors.
C. The symptom or deficit is not intentionally produced or feigned (as in
factitious disorder or malingering).
D. The symptom or deficit cannot, after appropriate investigation, be fully
explained by a general medical condition, or by the direct effects of a
substance, or as a culturally sanctioned behavior or experience.
E. The symptom or deficit causes clinically significant distress or impairment in
social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning or warrants medical
evaluation.
F. The symptom or deficit is not limited to pain or sexual dysfunction, does not
occur exclusively during the course of somatization disorder, and is not better
accounted for by another mental disorder.
12. Treatment
Resolution of the conversion disorder symptom is usually
spontaneous.
Psychotherapy:
o Insight-oriented supportive or behavior therapy.
o Hypnosis and behavioral relaxation exercises.
Pharmacotherapy :
o Anxiolytics and antidepressants especially in comorbid cases.
Telling such patients that their symptoms are imaginary often
makes them worse.
13. 3.Hypochondriasis
Preoccupation with non dellusional fear of having a serious
disease.
Men and women are equally affected.
Commonly appears in persons 20 to 30 years old .
About 3% of medical students, are complaining of
hypochondrial symptoms, but they are generally transient.
14. Etiology
Faulty cognition:
A misinterpretation of bodily symptoms or augmentation of their somatic
sensations.
Social learning model:
The sick role offers an escape from usual duties and obligations.
Variant form of other mental disorders:
About 80% of patients with hypochondriasis may have underlying
depressive or anxiety disorders.
The psychodynamic school:
Aggressive and hostile wishes toward others are transferred (through
repression and displacement) into physical complaints..
15. DSM-IV-TR Diagnostic Criteria for
Hypochondriasis
A. Preoccupation with fears of having, or the idea that one has, a
serious disease based on the person's misinterpretation of bodily
symptoms.
B. The preoccupation persists despite appropriate medical evaluation
and reassurance.
C. The belief in Criterion A is not of delusional intensity (as in
delusional disorder, somatic type) and is not restricted to a
circumscribed concern about appearance (as in body dysmorphic
disorder).
D. The preoccupation causes clinically significant distress or
impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of
functioning.
E. The duration of the disturbance is at least 6 months.
F. The preoccupation is not better accounted for by generalized
anxiety disorder,OCD, panic disorder, a major depressive episode,
separation anxiety, or another somatoform disorder.
16. Treatment
Psychotherapy:
Includes psychoeducation, Group psychotherapy, behavior
therapy, cognitive therapy, and hypnosis may be useful.
Pharmacotherapy:
If hypochondriacal symptoms only are associated with
underlying psychiatric condition, such as an anxiety disorder
or major depressive disorder.
17. 4- Body Dysmorphic Disorder
(Dysmorphophobia)
A preoccupation with an imagined defect in appearance
that causes clinically significant distress or impairment in
important areas of functioning.
Patients are more likely to go to dermatologists, internists,
or plastic surgeons than to psychiatrists.
Most common age of onset is15-30 years.
Women ˃ men.
18.
19. Etiology
Unknown
Biological:
o The high comorbidity with depression, and OCD, and responsiveness
to SSRIs indicate that, in some patients, may involve serotonin.
Psychosocial :
o Stereotyped concepts of beauty emphasized in certain families and
within the culture may significantly affect patients.
Psychodynamic:
o Seen as reflecting the displacement of a sexual or emotional conflict
onto a nonrelated body part.
20. DSM-IV-TR Diagnostic Criteria for
Body Dysmorphic Disorder
A. Preoccupation with an imagined defect in
appearance. If a slight physical anomaly is present,
the person's concern is markedly excessive.
B. The preoccupation causes clinically significant
distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other
important areas of functioning.
C. The preoccupation is not better accounted for by
another mental disorder (e.g. dissatisfaction with body
shape and size in anorexia nervosa).
21.
22. Treatment
Treatment of patients with surgical, dermatological, dental,
and other medical procedures to address the alleged
defects is mostly unsuccessful.
Pharmacotherapy:
• Tricyclic drugs, monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), pimozide
and serotonin-specific drugs e.g., fluoxetine.
• The coexisting depressive or anxiety disorders should be treated
with the appropriate pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy.
23. 5.Pain Disorder
A pain disorder is characterized by the presence of
pain in one or more body sites and is sufficiently
severe to come to clinical attention.
Psychological factors are necessary in the genesis,
severity, or maintenance of the pain.
The associated psychiatric disorders may precede,
co-occur with or result from the pain disorder, may co-
occur with it, or may result from it.
24. Etiology
Psychodynamic Factors:
• Patients may be symbolically expressing an intrapsychic conflict through the body.
Behavioral Factors:
• Pain behaviors are reinforced when rewarded and are inhibited when ignored or
punished.
Interpersonal Factors:
• Intractable pain has been conceptualized as a means for manipulation and
gaining advantage in interpersonal relationships.
Biological Factors:
• The cerebral cortex can inhibit the firing of afferent pain fibers.
Serotonin is probably the main neurotransmitter in the descending inhibitory pathways, and
endorphins also play a role in the central nervous system modulation of pain.
25. The DSM-IV-TR diagnostic criteria for
pain disorder
Pain in one or more anatomical sites is the predominant focus of the
clinical presentation and is of sufficient severity to warrant clinical
attention.
The pain causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social,
occupational, or other important areas of functioning.
Psychological factors are judged to have an important role in the onset,
severity, exacerbation, or maintenance of the pain.
The symptom or deficit is not intentionally produced or feigned (as in
factitious disorder or malingering).
The pain is not better accounted for by a mood, anxiety, or psychotic
disorder and does not meet criteria for dyspareunia.
26. Treatments
Therapists must fully understand that the patient's experiences of pain
are real.
Help the patient to find psychological factors behind the condition,
which make their pain worse.
Pharmacotherapy:
Analgesic medications do not generally benefit most patients with pain
disorder.
SSRI and TCA are beneficial.
Psychotherapy:
Psychodynamic psychotherapy
Biofeedback can be helpful in the treatment of pain disorder e.g., muscle
tension states.