The document discusses nuclear fusion and power production. It introduces eight group members working on a presentation about nuclear fusion. It then discusses three methods for power production using nuclear fusion, and provides a flow diagram of how a fusion reactor works by heating fuel to produce plasma and using the heat to generate electricity. It also discusses nuclear binding energy, nuclear reactors, chain reactions, and several nuclear physics concepts like pair production and Compton effect.

1. Welcome to our presentation
Group Members: ID:
1.Foysal Ahmed 152-15-5918
2.Arafat Rahman 152-15-5983
3. S.M.Mariz 152-15-5829
4.Saniatul Haque 152-15-5545
5.Tania Azade 152-155002
6.Razwanul Iqbal 152-15-5919
7.Ashik Ahmed 152-15-5868
8.Farhad Hossain 151-155434

2. INTRODUCTION
What is nuclear fusion?

3. Power Production
Three methods have been proposed so far on how to produce power
using nuclear fusion:
Steam Turbines
Direct Conversion

4. Flow Diagram

5. Working of a fusion reactor
• The fusion reactor will heat a stream of deuterium and
tritium fuel to form high-temperature plasma. It will
squeeze the plasma so that fusion can take place.
• The lithium blankets outside the plasma reaction chamber
will absorb high-energy neutrons from the fusion reaction
to make more tritium fuel. The blankets will also get
heated by the neutrons.
• The heat will be transferred by a water-cooling loop to a
heat exchanger to make steam.
• The steam will drive electrical turbines to produce
electricity.
• The steam will be condensed back into water to absorb
more heat from the reactor in the heat exchanger

6.  Nuclear binding energy is the energy that would be required
to disassemble the nucleus of an atom into its component
parts.
 These component parts are neutrons and protons, which are
collectively called nucleons. The binding energy of nuclei is
due to the attractive forces that hold these nucleons
together and this is usually a positive number, since most
nuclei would require the expenditure of energy to separate
them into individual protons and neutrons.

7. Nuclear binding energy is explained by the basic principles
involved in nuclear physics as follow:
 Nuclear energy
 The nuclear force
 Physics of nuclei
 Solar binding energy
 And Combining nuclei etc.

8. Nuclear Reactor
Basic Informations:
*Used to Generate energy.
*Initiates and controls
nuclear chain reaction.
*Uranium(235) is used as
reaction material
*Used to power ships and
supply electricity in cities.

9. How It Works

10. Chain reaction?
 Chain reaction a chemical reaction or other process in
which the products themselves promote or spread
the reaction.

11. History
 In 1913 the German chemist Max Bodenstein first put
forth the idea of chemical chain reactions. If two
molecules react, not only molecules of the final reaction
products are formed, but also some unstable molecules
which can further react with the parent molecules with a
far larger probability than the initial reactants. In the new
reaction, further unstable molecules are formed besides
the stable products, and so on.

12. Chain reaction:
Chain reaction is such a
process which once started the
reaction continues without
requiring further energy and a
tremendous of energy released of
the fission of all nuclei .

13. Controlling chain reactions
 We can use control rods inserted into the uranium to
slow the chain reaction down. These absorber rods
contain atoms of Boron or Cadmium that can absorb
the fission neutrons without undergoing a fission
reaction themselves.

14. Pair production is the creation of an elmentary particle and
its antiparticle, for example creating an electron and positron,
a muon and antimuon , or a proton and antiproton. Pair
production often refers specifically to a photon creating an
electron-positron pair near a nucleus but can more generally
refer to any neutral boson creating a particle-antiparticle pair.

15. For photons at high-energy, pair
production is the dominant mode of photon
interaction with matter. These interactions
were first observed in Patrick Blackett's
counter-controlled cloud chamber, leading
to the 1948 Nobel Prize in Physics. If the
photon is near an atomic nucleus, the
energy of a photon can be converted into an
electron-positron pair:

16. The photon's energy is converted to particle's mass
through Einstein’s equation, E=mc2; where E is energy,
m is mass and c is the speed of light. The photon must
have higher energy than the sum of the rest mass
energies of an electron and positron for the production
to occur. The photon must be near a nucleus in order to
satisfy conservation of momentum, as an electron-
positron pair producing in free space cannot both
satisfy conservation of energy and momentum. Because
of this, when pair production occurs, the atomic
nucleus receives some recoil. The reverse of this process
is electron positron annihilation.

17. MASS DEFECT
Carefully measurements have shown that the mass of a
particular atom is always slightly less than the sum of the
masses of the individual neutrons, protons, and electrons
of which the atom consists. The difference between the
mass of the atom and the sum of the masses of its parts
is called the MASS DEFECT .

18. EXAMPLE OF MASS DEFECT

19. CALCULATION OF MASS DEFECT
We can get the mass defect from this equation :
ΔM = [ Z mp + (A-Z) mn ] – M

20. This is when an X-ray photon hits an orbital electron from an atom
of the absorbing material and is scattered. Some of the photon’s
energy is given to the electron.
This causes the electron to gain enough energy to leave. This is a
mid energy phenomena .
COMPTON EFFECT

21. The effect was first demonstrated in 1923 by
Arthur Holly Compton. For which he received a
1927 Nobel
Compton scattering equation:
where
is the wavelength of the photon before scattering,
is the wavelength of the photon after scattering,
is the mass of the electron,
is the angle by which the photon's heading changes,
is Planck's constant, and
is the speed of light.

22. Calculate the energy of one atomic mass
:
We can do it by using E= 𝑚𝑐2
We know
1amu m=1.66x10−27
kg
and c=3.00x 108
m𝑠−1
The equation of Einstein’s mass-energy :
E= 𝑚𝑐2
=1.66x10−27x(3.00x108 )2joules
=14.9x10−11
joules

23. This one atomic mass convert into Mev
& Kev:
We know
1.6x10−19joules=1ev
14.9x10−11joules=
14.9x10−11
1.6x10−19
ev
=931.25x1.6x106
ev
=931.25 Mev
We know
1.6x10−19joules=1ev
14.9x10−11joules=
14.9x10−11
1.6x10−19
ev
=931.25x1.6x106
ev
=931.25x 103Kev