This lecture provides an overview of energy fundamentals and photovoltaics. It discusses the conservation of energy, different energy types and units of measurement. Primary energy sources include fossil fuels while renewable sources include solar, wind and hydropower. Photovoltaics directly convert sunlight to electricity using the photovoltaic effect in semiconductor materials to generate electron-hole pairs. The basic structure of solar cells is also described, including the p-n junction and metal contacts.
A complete presentation on solar cells.
It includes working of solar cells,solar cell Models, parameters,Applications,solar energy harvesting,Generation wise comparison of solar cells,Kitchen made solar cells.This presentation can be a wild card entry to the arena of solar cells.
A Technology Review of Electricity Generation from Nuclear Fusion Reaction in...IJMER
In this review paper, we have tried to revisit the basic concept of nuclear fusion and the recent
thrust that has been witnessed in the recent times towards power generation from it . In fusion we get the
energy when two atoms fused together to form one atoms. With current technology the reaction most
readily feasible is between the nuclei of the deuterium (D) and tritium (T). Each D-T releases 17.6 MeV of
energy. The use of nuclear fusion plant will substantially will reduce the environmental impacts of
increasing world electricity demands. Fusion power offers the prospect of an almost inexhaustible source of
energy for future generation but it also presents so far insurmountable scientific and engineering
challenges.
PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF RADIATION ABSORPTION 1.pptxDr Monica P
Radiobiology is the study of the action of Ionizing radiations on the living things.
The absorption of energy from the radiation in biologic material leads to either of the following two processes: EXCITATION, IONIZATION
In this Presentation on solar cell is most effect for student of class 12
Contents:
Introduction to Solar Cells .
* The working principal of a solar cell .
* Types of solar cells.
* Working and construction.
* Benefit and disadvantages.
* application.
* Summary.
This Thesis Paper intends to make a brief conception of Nuclear Energy and Nuclear Power Plant. It is submitted as a partial fulfillment of the course ‘Solid State Devices’ for B.Sc. degrees in Electrical and Electronic Engineering from International Islamic University Chittagong. In our thesis, we tried to describe the structure, operations and impact of Nuclear Power Plant. This is a summarized collection of all necessary data to know about Nuclear Power Plant. We also tried to signify the merits of Nuclear Energy over its bad impact.
Spectroscopy for Pharmaceutical Analysis and Instrumental Method of Analysis....Yunesalsayadi
Spectroscopy for Pharmaceutical Analysis and Instrumental Method of Analysis.
Atomic spectroscopy, Molecular Spectroscopy, Beer Lambert's Law, Fundamental Laws of Photometry, application of beer lambert law in equilibrium constant, Chromophore, Auxochrome, Bathochromic shift, Hypsochromic shift, Hypochromic and Hyperchromic effects, Effect of solvent on absorption spectra
A complete presentation on solar cells.
It includes working of solar cells,solar cell Models, parameters,Applications,solar energy harvesting,Generation wise comparison of solar cells,Kitchen made solar cells.This presentation can be a wild card entry to the arena of solar cells.
A Technology Review of Electricity Generation from Nuclear Fusion Reaction in...IJMER
In this review paper, we have tried to revisit the basic concept of nuclear fusion and the recent
thrust that has been witnessed in the recent times towards power generation from it . In fusion we get the
energy when two atoms fused together to form one atoms. With current technology the reaction most
readily feasible is between the nuclei of the deuterium (D) and tritium (T). Each D-T releases 17.6 MeV of
energy. The use of nuclear fusion plant will substantially will reduce the environmental impacts of
increasing world electricity demands. Fusion power offers the prospect of an almost inexhaustible source of
energy for future generation but it also presents so far insurmountable scientific and engineering
challenges.
PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF RADIATION ABSORPTION 1.pptxDr Monica P
Radiobiology is the study of the action of Ionizing radiations on the living things.
The absorption of energy from the radiation in biologic material leads to either of the following two processes: EXCITATION, IONIZATION
In this Presentation on solar cell is most effect for student of class 12
Contents:
Introduction to Solar Cells .
* The working principal of a solar cell .
* Types of solar cells.
* Working and construction.
* Benefit and disadvantages.
* application.
* Summary.
This Thesis Paper intends to make a brief conception of Nuclear Energy and Nuclear Power Plant. It is submitted as a partial fulfillment of the course ‘Solid State Devices’ for B.Sc. degrees in Electrical and Electronic Engineering from International Islamic University Chittagong. In our thesis, we tried to describe the structure, operations and impact of Nuclear Power Plant. This is a summarized collection of all necessary data to know about Nuclear Power Plant. We also tried to signify the merits of Nuclear Energy over its bad impact.
Spectroscopy for Pharmaceutical Analysis and Instrumental Method of Analysis....Yunesalsayadi
Spectroscopy for Pharmaceutical Analysis and Instrumental Method of Analysis.
Atomic spectroscopy, Molecular Spectroscopy, Beer Lambert's Law, Fundamental Laws of Photometry, application of beer lambert law in equilibrium constant, Chromophore, Auxochrome, Bathochromic shift, Hypsochromic shift, Hypochromic and Hyperchromic effects, Effect of solvent on absorption spectra
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
2. • This lecture was prepared considering the following references
• Solar Energy by Arno Laus Olindo Miro and Rene, chapter 1 to 3.
• Photovoltaics: fundamentals, technology and practice : mertens, Konrad, chapter 1
Dr. Eng. Mansour Alramlawi 2023 2
Lecture 1 : Energy
3. Lecture 1 : Energy
• Every law has its exceptions, except for this law
Conservation of Energy
In other words, energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can only
change forms or be transferred from one part of the system to another.
Dr. Eng. Mansour Alramlawi 2023 3
4. • Definition of Energy
A definition of energy from Max Planck (founder of quantum physics)
Energy is the ability of a system to bring outside effects (e.g., heat, light) to bear.
• Energy is usually measured in the unit of joule (J), named after the English physicist James Prescott Joule. It
is defined as the amount of energy required to apply the force of 1 newton through the distance of 1 m, 1 J = 1
Nm.
𝐸 = න
𝑡𝑖
𝑡𝑓
𝑃(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
• Where P the amount of energy consumed per time unit.
• P is usually measured in the unit of watt (W), named after the Scottish engineer James Watt. 1 W is defined as
one joule per second, 1 W = 1 J/s and 1 J = 1 Ws.
Lecture 1 : Energy
Dr. Eng. Mansour Alramlawi 2023 4
5. • In electrical engineering the unit of the kilowatt hour (kWh) is normally used which is
1 kWh=1000 Wh=1000W. 3600 s=3.6 . 106 Ws =3.6 MWs = 3.6 MJ
• Due to the fact that in the energy industry very large quantities are often dealt with, a listing of unit prefixes
into factors of 10 is used
Lecture 1 : Energy
Dr. Eng. Mansour Alramlawi 2023 5
6. • Energy Types
1. Primary energy, which ‘is the energy embodied in natural resources prior to undergoing any human-
made conversions or transformations. Examples of primary energy resources include coal, crude oil,
sunlight, wind, running rivers, and uranium
2. Secondary energy is the converted form of the primary energy
3. End energy the used energy by the consumer after conversion and transportation looses is counted.
Depiction of the types of energy as an example of coal-fired power: Only about one third of the
applied primary energy arrives at the socket by the end customer
Lecture 1 : Energy
Dr. Eng. Mansour Alramlawi 2023 6
7. • Problems with Today’s Energy Supply
Growing Energy Requirements
growth of the world population
rising standards of living
Tightening of Resources
our energy infrastructure heavily depends on fossil fuels
Increasing the prices because of high demand
Climate Change
Greenhouse gases such carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dr. Eng. Mansour Alramlawi 2023 7
Lecture 1 : Energy
Distribution of worldwide primary energy
consumption in 2008 according to energy carriers
8. The reason is that CO2, besides the other gases (called trace gases) affects the temperature of the Earth through
the greenhouse effect.
For clarity, consider.
1. The light from the Sun arrives almost unhindered through the atmosphere,
2. the light absorbed by the ground,
3. this causes the surface to be warmed,
4. the ground will emits heat radiation,
5. this radiation is again absorbed by the trace gases,
6. released to the environment as heat.
• The heat energy thus remains in the atmosphere and only a small amount is returned back into Space, So the
trace gases acts as the glass of a greenhouse.
Dr. Eng. Mansour Alramlawi 2023
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Lecture 1 : Energy
9. Methods of energy conversion
Dr. Eng. Mansour Alramlawi 2023 9
Lecture 1 : Energy
• Along all the process steps of making electricity out of fossil fuels, at least 50% of the initial available
chemical energy is lost in the various conversion steps.
• Chemical energy (from hydrogen) can be directly converted into electricity using a fuel cell. Typical
conversion efficiencies of fuel cells are 60%.
10. • Renewable energy carriers
are energy carriers that are replenished by natural processes at a rate comparable or faster
than their rate of consumption by humans.
Dr. Eng. Mansour Alramlawi 2023
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Lecture 1 : Energy
Various possibilities for the use of renewable energies
11. Dr. Eng. Mansour Alramlawi 2023 11
Hydroelectric
Tidal Generator
Geothermal power station CSP-Solar thermal power station
Lecture 1 : Energy
12. Renewable energy
• Advantages
▪ They are practically inexhaustible,
▪ almost free of any emissions,
▪ their decentralized availability,
▪ there are practically no fuel costs. (The Sun shines for free, the wind blows irrespectively and the heat of
the Earth is an almost inexhaustible reservoir.)
• Disadvantages
▪ The energy densities in the renewable energies are small,
▪ the varying energy supply (especially, photovoltaics and wind power)
Dr. Eng. Mansour Alramlawi 2023 12
Lecture 1 : Energy
13. • PV technology
• If this energy is converted into electricity directly using devices based on semiconductor materials, we
call it photovoltaics (PV).
• The term photovoltaic is a combination of the Greek word phós, photós (light, of the light) and the name
of the Italian physicist Alessandro Volta.
• The working principle of solar cells is based on the photovoltaic effect, i.e. the generation of a potential
difference at the junction of two different materials in response to electromagnetic radiation.
• The photovoltaic effect is closely related to the photoelectric effect that explained by Albert Einstein,
assuming that the light consists of well defined energy quanta, called photons. The energy of such a
photon is given by
𝐸 = ℎ𝑣
where ℎ is Planck’s constant and 𝜈 is the frequency of the light.
• From Einstein relation we can say that the energy of a photon is directly proportional to its frequency
and inversely proportional to its wavelength.
Dr. Eng. Mansour Alramlawi 2023 13
Lecture 1 : Energy
14. The photovoltaic effect, continue….
• Absorption of a photon in a material means that its energy is used to excite an electron from an initial energy
level 𝐸𝑖 to a higher energy level 𝐸𝑓,
• In an ideal semiconductor electrons can have energy levels below the so-called valence band edge, 𝐸𝑣, and
above the so-called conduction band edge, 𝐸𝑐. Between those two bands no allowed energy states exist which
could be handled by electrons. Hence, this energy difference is called the bandgap, 𝐸𝑔 = 𝐸c − 𝐸v.
• If the photon energy is higher than the bandgap energy of the semiconductor, it is sufficient to break bonds
and to excite a valence electron into the conduction band, leaving a hole behind in the valance band; hence
electron-hole pairs are created.
• If a photon with an energy smaller than 𝐸𝑔 reaches an ideal semiconductor, it will not be absorbed but will
traverse the material without interaction.
Dr. Eng. Mansour Alramlawi 2023
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Lecture 1 : Energy
15. Dr. Eng. Mansour Alramlawi 2023 15
Photon energy is lower than
the bandgap. The photon will
not be absorbed.
Photon energy is equal to
bandgap. The electron will
move to conduction band
Photon energy is higher than the
bandgap. The photon will be
absorbed and the electron will
move to the higher energy level
in conduction band but after a
while the electron will relax to a
lower energy level in conduction
band
Lecture 1 : Energy
16. The following steps summarize the photon effect on a semiconductor material
1. The absorption of a photon therefore leads to the creation of an electron-hole pair.
2. Usually, the electrons and holes will recombine.
3. With using the right semiconductor material (n- and p type materials) the electron-hole pair can be separated.
4. The separated electrons can be used to drive an electric circuit.
5. After the electrons have passed through the circuit, they will recombine with holes.
Dr. Eng. Mansour Alramlawi 2023
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Lecture 1 : Energy
17. Basic structure of PV cell:
▪ P-N Junction:
This junction is formed by doping one side of the silicon
with a material that introduces positive charge carriers (p-
type) and the other side with a material that introduces
negative charge carriers (n-type).
▪ Metal Contacts:
Metal contacts are applied to the front and back surfaces of
the cell. The front contacts are usually thin, grid-like
structures that allow light to pass through. The rear contacts
are typically larger and cover most of the back surface.
▪ Anti-Reflective Coating:
A thin anti-reflective coating is often applied to the front
surface of the PV cell to reduce the reflection of sunlight
and improve light absorption.
Dr. Eng. Mansour Alramlawi 2023 17
Lecture 1 : Energy
18. Dr. Eng. Mansour Alramlawi 2023 18
Lecture 1 : Energy
N-type material
Silicon doped with phosphorus.
The result is extra free electrons and fixed positive charges
P-type material
Silicon doped with boron.
The results extra free holes and fixed negative charged
19. • When combining the PN material the holes and electrons will be combined and create the depletion region or
space charge region that is charge free area.
• The exist of the positive and negative charge will create an eclectic filed in the depletion region.
Dr. Eng. Mansour Alramlawi 2023 19
Lecture 1 : Energy
20. • When the photons in sun light has the enough energy higher then the 𝐸𝑔 energy and this photon is able to
reach the depletion region the generated electron hole pair will be generated.
• The existed electric filed will force the ions to move form the depletion region which will make the current.
• Soler cell operation
Dr. Eng. Mansour Alramlawi 2023 20
Lecture 1 : Energy
21. For your information
• The generated power from the PV cell is very small that why the cells connected in series and parallel to
make the solar panel and then the solar panels combined to make the solar array.
Dr. Eng. Mansour Alramlawi 2023 21
Lecture 1 : Energy
22. For your information
▪ The power of a solar module is measured according to the Standard-Test-Conditions (STC) and defined by
three limiting conditions:
1. Full Sun radiation (radiation strength E = 𝐸𝑠𝑡𝑐 =1000 W/m2)
2. Temperature of the solar module = 25 °C
3. Standard light spectrum AM 1.5 (to be explained later)
▪ The capacity of the solar module under these conditions is the rated power (or nominal power) of the module.
It is given in Watt-Peak (Wp) as it actually describes the peak power of the module under optimal conditions
Dr. Eng. Mansour Alramlawi 2023 22
Lecture 1 : Energy
23. THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION
Dr. Eng. Mansour Alramlawi 2023 23