1. The document summarizes the key stages of the Big Bang theory, including the formation of the early light elements hydrogen and helium. 2. It describes how in the early universe, matter and antimatter annihilated each other, leaving an excess of matter. Nuclear fusion then formed the first atomic nuclei like deuterium and helium-3. 3. Eventually, hydrogen and helium nuclei combined to form the first stable atomic element, helium-4, accounting for about 25% of the elemental abundance we observe today.

2. What kind of
gas does the
following
objects were
supplemented
of?

3. FORMATION OF LIGHT
ELEMENTS
OBJECTIVE:
Give evidence for and explain the formation of
the light elements in the big bang theory

4. REVIEW THE FOLLOWING TERMS: In a 1/2 sheet of paper
copy and rank the following terms which had happened
first in the beginning of the Big Bang theory.
____ Annihilation
____Inflation
----Nucelosynthesis
____Cosmic Microwave Background
____Recombination
____Redshift
____Relative Abundance
____Singularity

5. Some of the Evidence which can explain the Formation
of the Light Elements in the Big Bang Theory
• Annihilation
• Inflation
• Cosmic Microwave Background
• Nucleosynthesis
• Recombination
• Redshift
• Relative Abundance
• Singularity

6. Key Stages of the Big Bang Model
1.Singularity

7. Singularity is a point in space where the universe was
hot and dense with all of time, matter and energy.

8. Key Stages of the Big Bang Model
1.Singularity
2.Inflation

10. It experienced an incredible burst of expansion known as inflation, in
which space itself expanded faster than the speed of light (3.0 x 108 m/s).
• As the universe expands, gravity weakens and dark
energy strengthens. The Inflationary Epoch lasted
from 10 -36 seconds

11. The pairs of matter (quarks) and antimatter
(antiquarks) were formed from energy.

12. Where do we find these Quarks?
Proton is made up of
two up quarks
and one down quarks.
Neutron is made up of two
up quarks
and one down quarks.
Quarks are held
together by gluons.

13. The quarks and gluons
interact through the
strong nuclear force.
The strong nuclear force has three
charges. It is mediated by gluons
in which each carry two types of
colors.
The strong nuclear force has the
peculiar property that it gets
stronger the larger the distance
between two quarks, while it gets
weaker on short distances
(Illustrated in a rubber string (-
THE MORE YOU STRETCH IT, THE
STRONGER THE RESTORING FORCE.)

14. The strings of the strong
nuclear force are gluon flux-
tubes, that are connections
between two color-charged
particles where the gluons
preferably travel along. The
energy of the flux-tubes is
proportional to their length.
If you have a particle (called
a “meson”) made of a quark
and an anti-quark, then the
flux tube is focused on a
straight line connecting the
quarks.

16. Key Stages of the Big Bang Model
1.Singularity
2.Inflation 3.Annihilation

17. But these pairs
cancelled each other
back into energy in a
process of
Annihilation.
The universe cooled down as
it expanded. An excess of
matter (electrons, protons,
neutrons and other particles)
somehow came to be in a
highly energetic “plasma
soup”.
Radiation Era specifically in Lepton
Epoch

18. In the “plasma soup”,
the photons (light
particles) were being
scattered everywhere.
Protons and Neutrons
came together to
form different types
of nuclei by
nucleosynthesis or
nuclear fusion.

19. Photons
- the smallest discrete
amount or quantum of
electromagnetic radiation.
it is the basic unit of all
light.
- are always in motion
and, in a vacuum, travel
at a constant speed to all
observers of 2.998 x
108 m/s.

20. Key Stages of the Big Bang Model
4. Nucleosynthesis

21. NUCLEAR EPOCH:
Nucleosynthesis
What was the first
chemical element
created in the
universe?

22. REVIEW:

23. Review:
Atomic Number (Z) -
total number of protons
Atomic Mass (A) – total
number of neutron and
proton.

24. Review: Complete the number of the atomic
particles in the following elements:
Symbol Proton Neutron Electron Mass Number Atomic
Number
1
H
1
________ No neutron _________ __________ _________
4
He
2
__________ __________ _________ ___________ __________
7 Li
3
_______ _________ ___________ ___________ _________

25. The Universe is now 1 minute old, and all the anti-matter has been
destroyed by annihilation with matter.
The leftover matter is in the form of electrons, protons and neutrons.
As the temperature continues to drop, protons and neutrons can undergo
fusion to form heavier atomic nuclei. This process is called
nucleosynthesis.

26. Isotopes are different versions of the same element that all have the
same atomic number but different number of neutrons. Since the
number of neutrons are different, they also have different atomic
masses, the total number of protons and neutrons combined.

27. Complete the table below:
Name Proton Neutron Electron Mass Number Atomic
Number
Hydrogen -1 ________ ___________ _________ __________ _________
Hydrogen -2 __________ __________ __________ ___________ __________
Hydrogen -3 _______ _________ ___________ ___________ _________

29. • Isotopes are formed, such as deuterium and tritium, but these elements are
unstable and decay into free protons and neutrons.
• MAKING HELIUM:
• Deuterium is a very fragile nucleus and can easily be broken apart by a high
energy photon:
pn + photon --> p + n (which will decay in 900 seconds)

30. Will Deuterium combine with another proton to
make a nucleus with 3 nucleons or will it be
photodissociated before it can do this?
This race condition depends on the density of protons:
• if the density is high then deuterium will fuse with another
proton to make helium-3
• if the density is low then most of the deuterium will be photo-
dissociated before making helium-3.
• a high density universe means a low density of deuterium
• a low density universe means a low density of helium (3 and 4)

31. . The end result is the conversion of 2 protons and 2 neutrons into 1
Helium-4 nucleus.
• Before the Reaction:14 protons and 2 neutrons
• After the reaction
12 protons and 1 Helium-4 nucleus
• The mass of 1 Helium-4 nucleus is about 4 times the mass of a proton

34. Key Stages of the Big Bang Model
4. Nucleosynthesis 5. Recombination

35. • The universe cools sufficiently for electrons to
combine with the proton/neutron nuclei and form
atoms. Constant impacts by photons knock
electrons off of atoms which is called ionization.
Lower temperatures mean photons with less energy
and fewer collisions. Thus, atoms become stable at
about 15 minutes after the big bang.

36. These atoms are now free to bond together to form simple
compounds, molecules, etc.
and these are the building blocks for galaxies and stars.

37. Key Stages of the Big Bang Model
4. Nucleosynthesis 5. Recombination 6. Redshifted

38. •Radiation, in the form of photons, and matter,
in the form of protons, neutrons and electron,
can interact by the process of scattering.
•The energy of the photons is transferred to the
matter particles.
•The distance a photon can travel before hitting
a matter particle is called the mean free path.

40. Redshifted
• The density and the temperature for the universe
continues to drop as it expands. At some point about
15 minutes after the big bang, the temperature has
dropped to the point where ionization no longer takes
places. Neutral atoms can form, atomic nuclei surround
by electron clouds. The number of free particles drops
by a large fraction (all the protons, neutrons and
electron form atoms) and suddenly the photons are free
to travel without collisions, this is called decoupling.

42. •Those dots light is found to be Redshifted
“stretched”. It means that the space itself is
expanding in all directions causing all the
galaxies to be relatively farther apart.

43. Key Stages of the Big Bang Model
7. Cosmic
Microwave
Backgorund

44. •Since matter and photons were in constant
contact, their temperatures were the same, a
process called thermalization. Note also that
the matter can not clump together by
gravity. The impacts by photons keep the
matter particles apart and smoothly
distributed.

47. • As the universe continued to expanded over the last 15 billion years, these
cosmic background photons also `expanded', meaning their wavelengths
increased. the original gamma-ray energies of cosmic background photons
has since cooled to microwave wavelengths. Thus, this microwave radiation
that we see today is an `echo' of the big bang.

48. •The discovery of the cosmic microwave
background (CMB) in the early 1960's was
powerful confirmation of the big bang
theory.

49. • The answer is `all around you. CMB photons fill
the universe, and this room, but their energies
are so weak after 15 billion years that they are
difficult to detect without very sensitive
microwave antennas.
Where are the CMB photons at the
moment?

50. Key Stages of the Big Bang Model
7. Cosmic
Microwave
Backgorund
8. Relative
Abundance

51. The relative abundance of He and H did not change much until today.
24% is comprised of helium, 74 % of hydrogen and 25% of other elements.

52. APPLICATION IN REAL LIFE:
• COMPRESSED AIR TANKS
• Whenever you see a scuba diver in the water, you should
know that he has some helium in his air tank. Divers combine
helium and regular air in those tanks at very high pressures.
When they go deep in the water the helium makes it easier
for them to breathe. the tanks you use for scuba diving are
actually a combination of 20 percent oxygen and 80 percent
helium. this gas is used because it is light and does not add
extra weight to the diver. it is also cheap and safe to use.

53. APPLICATION IN REAL LIFE:
• BLIMPS
-used helium to stay up in the air. Helium is
lighter than regular air so it helps things
float. A blimp is filled with helium and floats
for a very long time. They use propellers to
move around.

55. WHERE DO WE FIND HYDROGEN?

56. WHERE DO WE FIND LITHIUM?
• AIR CONDITIONERS
Next time it's really hot out and you're nice and cool inside, you
should thank lithium. lithium is used in air conditioning systems.
you know that everyone uses air conditioning. that means everyone
is using some lithium.
• BATTERIES
You have batteries in many of your toys. In flashlights you need
batteries. In your watch you probably have a battery. well... most of
those batteries need lithium to work. Lithium is an important
element in the way a battery makes electricity.

58. REFERENCES:
• http://www.sliderbase.com/spitem-42-2.html
• www.astro.ufl.edu/~guzman/ast7939/lectures/basics/lect03.html
• www.livescience.com/18141-wacky-physics-particle-flavors.html
• www.sciencelearn.org.nz/image_maps/50-universal-element-formation
• sciencing.com/lightest-elements-8577396.html
• http://www.chem4kids.com/files/elements/002_speak.html
• medium.com/@singulardtv/what-is-the-singularity-ad32edaf7f5b
• /www.slideshare.net/abbiemahinay/lesson-1-in-the-beginning-big-bang-theory-and-the-
formation-of-light-elements-82754388
• /www.astro.ufl.edu/~guzman/ast7939/lectures/basics/lect03.html
• http://www.chem4kids.com/files/elements/001_speak.html

59. REFERENCES:
• DISCLAIMER: THE PHOTOS USED IN THIS
SLIDESHOW PRESENTATION IS NOT OWNED BY
THE AUTHOR AND WERE JUST USED FOR
EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY.