The document discusses electricity generation from nuclear fusion reactions. It describes how fusion works by fusing together atomic nuclei at high temperatures and pressures to release energy. The most feasible reaction currently uses deuterium and tritium nuclei. The International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) project aims to prove fusion can produce useful energy on a large scale using a tokamak reactor design. ITER plans to achieve self-sustaining fusion reactions producing over 500 megawatts of power from an input of only 50 megawatts. If successful, ITER could demonstrate fusion power generation is possible. Future fusion power plants may provide abundant, clean energy but significant technological challenges remain.
A Technology Review of Electricity Generation from Nuclear Fusion Reaction i...IJMER
In this review paper, we have tried to revisit the basic concept of nuclear fusion and the recent thrust that has been witnessed in the recent times towards power generation from it . In fusion we get the energy when two atoms fused together to form one atoms. With current technology the reaction most readily feasible is between the nuclei of the deuterium (D) and tritium (T). Each D-T releases 17.6 MeV of energy. The use of nuclear fusion plant will substantially will reduce the environmental impacts of increasing world electricity demands. Fusion power offers the prospect of an almost inexhaustible source of energy for future generation but it also presents so far insurmountable scientific and engineering
challenges
This is the seminar report on the topic Nuclear fusion and its prospects as a future source of Energy. You can also look for the slides that I've published by the same title.
This Thesis Paper intends to make a brief conception of Nuclear Energy and Nuclear Power Plant. It is submitted as a partial fulfillment of the course ‘Solid State Devices’ for B.Sc. degrees in Electrical and Electronic Engineering from International Islamic University Chittagong. In our thesis, we tried to describe the structure, operations and impact of Nuclear Power Plant. This is a summarized collection of all necessary data to know about Nuclear Power Plant. We also tried to signify the merits of Nuclear Energy over its bad impact.
Contents:
Nuclear Technology.
Atom.
Nuclear Energy.
Splitting the uranium atom.
chain reaction.
Types of nuclear reaction.
Nuclear fission.
Nuclear fusion.
Where does energy comes from.
Construction & Working of Nuclear Reactors.
Nuclear Weapons.
Types of Fission Bombs.
Gun Triggered fission bombs.
Implosion Triggered fission bombs.
Hydrogen bomb & Functioning & its effects.
Advantages and Disadvantages
The Future of Nuclear Energy
A Technology Review of Electricity Generation from Nuclear Fusion Reaction i...IJMER
In this review paper, we have tried to revisit the basic concept of nuclear fusion and the recent thrust that has been witnessed in the recent times towards power generation from it . In fusion we get the energy when two atoms fused together to form one atoms. With current technology the reaction most readily feasible is between the nuclei of the deuterium (D) and tritium (T). Each D-T releases 17.6 MeV of energy. The use of nuclear fusion plant will substantially will reduce the environmental impacts of increasing world electricity demands. Fusion power offers the prospect of an almost inexhaustible source of energy for future generation but it also presents so far insurmountable scientific and engineering
challenges
This is the seminar report on the topic Nuclear fusion and its prospects as a future source of Energy. You can also look for the slides that I've published by the same title.
This Thesis Paper intends to make a brief conception of Nuclear Energy and Nuclear Power Plant. It is submitted as a partial fulfillment of the course ‘Solid State Devices’ for B.Sc. degrees in Electrical and Electronic Engineering from International Islamic University Chittagong. In our thesis, we tried to describe the structure, operations and impact of Nuclear Power Plant. This is a summarized collection of all necessary data to know about Nuclear Power Plant. We also tried to signify the merits of Nuclear Energy over its bad impact.
Contents:
Nuclear Technology.
Atom.
Nuclear Energy.
Splitting the uranium atom.
chain reaction.
Types of nuclear reaction.
Nuclear fission.
Nuclear fusion.
Where does energy comes from.
Construction & Working of Nuclear Reactors.
Nuclear Weapons.
Types of Fission Bombs.
Gun Triggered fission bombs.
Implosion Triggered fission bombs.
Hydrogen bomb & Functioning & its effects.
Advantages and Disadvantages
The Future of Nuclear Energy
Lattice Energy LLC - Scalability of LENR power generation systems - Nov 29 2015Lewis Larsen
Lattice shows how LENR power generation systems could someday scale-up from today’s primitive milliwatt thermal devices to kwh and megawatts of electrical output.
In this PowerPoint presentation, we outline how substantial scale-up of LENR (safe ultralow energy neutron reactions) power generation systems from today’s primitive milliwatt thermal devices to kwh and megawatts is a feasible goal in the near-future. LENR reactors would be vastly smaller and less expensive than equivalent fission counterparts with comparable thermal output.
D-T fusion reactors like ITER and other similar Tokamaks mainly create heat by harvesting the kinetic energy of deadly 14.1 MeV neutrons. Consequently, they require massive shielding and containment systems for safe operation and unsurprisingly have enormous costs and unavoidably huge physical size. Given that the radiation-free Lithium LENR fuel cycle releases nearly 27 MeV versus a total Q-value of 17.6 MeV for the D-T fusion reaction, it is hard to imagine a sound economic argument for spending 100s of billions on commercial fusion reactors if LENR technology is successfully developed and scaled-up as we have outlined herein.
Lack of hard radiation and radioactive wastes permit downward scalability that could enable future development of revolutionary, compact battery-like portable LENR power sources that can compete directly on $ price/kwh with chemical batteries in many applications including power tools, tablets, and smartphones.
Lattice Energy LLC - Electroweak neutron production explains anomalous CNO el...Lewis Larsen
Many-body collective electroweak neutron production on dust grain surfaces and inside plasma-filled stellar magnetic flux tubes explains anomalous presence of CNO elements detected spectroscopically in atmospheres of some white dwarf stars. Closer to home, LENR CNO analogue could potentially be commercialized for green power generation here on Earth.
Lattice Energy LLC - Two Facets of W-L Theorys LENR-active Sites Supported b...Lewis Larsen
“Spatial coherence and stability in a disordered organic polariton condensate”
K. Daskalakis et al. Physical Review Letters 115 pp. 035301 - 06 (2015)
Inside a laser-pumped microcavity, they demonstrated the formation of spatially localized, entangled plasmon condensates in 100 nm layer of organic TDAF molecules at room temperature in a disordered system. Created plasmon condensates have spatial dimensions that seem to max-out at diameters of ~100 μ; beyond this critical size limit they destabilize. First-order temporal coherence of condensates = 0.8 picoseconds (ps); this is in reasonable agreement with coherence decay time estimate of 1 ps which is calculated from the observed emission linewidth.
According to Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs, many-body collective quantum and electromagnetic effects are crucial and enabling to the operation of electroweak nuclear catalysis at ambient temperatures; quantum entanglement amongst protons and plasmons at LENR sites is inferred; 1 ps lifetime of plasmon condensate is very ample time for LENRs. In 2006 EPJC paper (Widom & Larsen) we originally estimated the size of many-body coherence domains in LENR sites on metallic hydride surfaces to be ~ 1 - 10 μ. As discussed in this document, in 2009 Larsen extended Widom-Larsen theory to cover occurrence of LENRs on organic aromatic molecules; at that time, maximum size of W-L coherence domains was re-estimated and increased up to ~ 100 μ. It is not known whether this striking similarity to Daskalakis et al.’s apparent size limit of 100 μ is coincidental. W-L active site functions like a microcavity; thus seems reasonable to speculate that the surface plasmons in LENR-active sites form condensates similar to what Daskalakis et al. observed.
ITER (International thermonuclear experimental reactor)Kamran Iqbal
ITER (originally an acronym of International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor) is an international nuclear fusion research and engineering project, which is currently building the world’s largest and most advanced experimental tokamak nuclear fusion reactor at Cadarache in the south of France. The ITER project aims to make the long-awaited transition from experimental studies of plasma physics to full-scale electricity-producing fusion power plants.
An introduction about the production of electrical Energy from controlled thermonuclear fusion. I focus on the word wide project ITER which is going to be inplemented in France.
Nuclear energy & its Pros and cons and disasters.Sunesh Malik
A detailed presentation on Nuclear reactions - fission & fusion and how they are used to form energy. Pros and cons of Nuclear energy and perminent examples.
Narrating Fantasy in the Novel Pratimayum Rajakumariyum (The Statue and the P...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Lattice Energy LLC - Scalability of LENR power generation systems - Nov 29 2015Lewis Larsen
Lattice shows how LENR power generation systems could someday scale-up from today’s primitive milliwatt thermal devices to kwh and megawatts of electrical output.
In this PowerPoint presentation, we outline how substantial scale-up of LENR (safe ultralow energy neutron reactions) power generation systems from today’s primitive milliwatt thermal devices to kwh and megawatts is a feasible goal in the near-future. LENR reactors would be vastly smaller and less expensive than equivalent fission counterparts with comparable thermal output.
D-T fusion reactors like ITER and other similar Tokamaks mainly create heat by harvesting the kinetic energy of deadly 14.1 MeV neutrons. Consequently, they require massive shielding and containment systems for safe operation and unsurprisingly have enormous costs and unavoidably huge physical size. Given that the radiation-free Lithium LENR fuel cycle releases nearly 27 MeV versus a total Q-value of 17.6 MeV for the D-T fusion reaction, it is hard to imagine a sound economic argument for spending 100s of billions on commercial fusion reactors if LENR technology is successfully developed and scaled-up as we have outlined herein.
Lack of hard radiation and radioactive wastes permit downward scalability that could enable future development of revolutionary, compact battery-like portable LENR power sources that can compete directly on $ price/kwh with chemical batteries in many applications including power tools, tablets, and smartphones.
Lattice Energy LLC - Electroweak neutron production explains anomalous CNO el...Lewis Larsen
Many-body collective electroweak neutron production on dust grain surfaces and inside plasma-filled stellar magnetic flux tubes explains anomalous presence of CNO elements detected spectroscopically in atmospheres of some white dwarf stars. Closer to home, LENR CNO analogue could potentially be commercialized for green power generation here on Earth.
Lattice Energy LLC - Two Facets of W-L Theorys LENR-active Sites Supported b...Lewis Larsen
“Spatial coherence and stability in a disordered organic polariton condensate”
K. Daskalakis et al. Physical Review Letters 115 pp. 035301 - 06 (2015)
Inside a laser-pumped microcavity, they demonstrated the formation of spatially localized, entangled plasmon condensates in 100 nm layer of organic TDAF molecules at room temperature in a disordered system. Created plasmon condensates have spatial dimensions that seem to max-out at diameters of ~100 μ; beyond this critical size limit they destabilize. First-order temporal coherence of condensates = 0.8 picoseconds (ps); this is in reasonable agreement with coherence decay time estimate of 1 ps which is calculated from the observed emission linewidth.
According to Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs, many-body collective quantum and electromagnetic effects are crucial and enabling to the operation of electroweak nuclear catalysis at ambient temperatures; quantum entanglement amongst protons and plasmons at LENR sites is inferred; 1 ps lifetime of plasmon condensate is very ample time for LENRs. In 2006 EPJC paper (Widom & Larsen) we originally estimated the size of many-body coherence domains in LENR sites on metallic hydride surfaces to be ~ 1 - 10 μ. As discussed in this document, in 2009 Larsen extended Widom-Larsen theory to cover occurrence of LENRs on organic aromatic molecules; at that time, maximum size of W-L coherence domains was re-estimated and increased up to ~ 100 μ. It is not known whether this striking similarity to Daskalakis et al.’s apparent size limit of 100 μ is coincidental. W-L active site functions like a microcavity; thus seems reasonable to speculate that the surface plasmons in LENR-active sites form condensates similar to what Daskalakis et al. observed.
ITER (International thermonuclear experimental reactor)Kamran Iqbal
ITER (originally an acronym of International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor) is an international nuclear fusion research and engineering project, which is currently building the world’s largest and most advanced experimental tokamak nuclear fusion reactor at Cadarache in the south of France. The ITER project aims to make the long-awaited transition from experimental studies of plasma physics to full-scale electricity-producing fusion power plants.
An introduction about the production of electrical Energy from controlled thermonuclear fusion. I focus on the word wide project ITER which is going to be inplemented in France.
Nuclear energy & its Pros and cons and disasters.Sunesh Malik
A detailed presentation on Nuclear reactions - fission & fusion and how they are used to form energy. Pros and cons of Nuclear energy and perminent examples.
Narrating Fantasy in the Novel Pratimayum Rajakumariyum (The Statue and the P...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Online Bus Arrival Time Prediction Using Hybrid Neural Network and Kalman fil...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Visualizing Self - Exploring Your Personal MetricsJennifer Davis
Imagine a future in which you can more easily log, measure, and visualize work in ways that allows you to make decisions about how you improve, and choose work. Let's work together to change the culture around performance reviews by talking about the work we do, share metrics that expose the value of our work, and communicate about our work through visualizations.
A Total Ergonomics Model for integration of health, safety and work to improv...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Static Analysis of a Pyro Turbine by using CFDIJMER
This paper aims to develop a standard design procedure for pyro turbine that can be manufactured locally in developing countries with very low head, steady power (200W to 1 kW with no discharge regulation), low cost and isolated network operation. The present research work has been carried out to modify the original blade material i.e. AK Stainless Steel 340 with different blade material ASME Stainless Steel SA516 Gr. 70 to withstand turbulence at the site which significantly affected the turbine operation. For this, a solid 3D model of turbine is generated through Catia V5. Static analysis by using CFD for original blade material is done Further static analysis by using CFD is
done to the modified blade material for turbulence which shows that turbulence was successfully withstanded and had withstanded the high Pressure and Von-Mises Stress as well as minimum
.deformation The results obtained by comparing original and modified blade materials are within the
limits. The design is safe.
Incremental change and release often is the new mantra. A team of one may handle the operability implementation for an application. Work arounds are done to get things out the door “on time” to meet the agile requirements. This person is in the center of changes ensuring that monitoring, configuration, and service expectations are coordinated. As the velocity of change increases, this single point of failure leads to slow downs. The operations engineer is viewed as the “hero” due to working late nights or weekends to keep the service running as needed. This false hero role is not sustainable and creates a rigid environment of change aversion.
In this talk, I will describe paths to supporting complex project deployment and configuration from manual heroics to minimal intervention. I will describe tools but the concepts will be applicable regardless of environment. This is not a one size fit all solution but guidelines presented should help shape direction towards success.
Performance & emission characteristics of Two Cylinder Diesel Engine Using D...IJMER
With modernization and increase in the number of automobiles worldwide, the consumption of
diesel and gasoline has enormously increased. As petroleum is non renewable source of energy and the
petroleum reserves are scarce nowadays, there is a need to search for alternative fuels for automobiles.
Work has been done in using a lot of bio-fuels, the fuels obtained from plant to be used in IC engines
which have an even added advantage of lower emissions compared to that of diesel and gasoline. In the
present investigation Pine has been experimented in a direct injection diesel engine under homogeneous
charge compression ignition compression combustion mode
Comparative study on Garments dyeing process and Fabric dyeing process on var...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
A Distributed Cut Detection Method for Wireless Sensor NetworksIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
This paper aims to explode nuclear fusion reaction, the theory behind nuclear fusion reactors and countries with different types of fusion reactors along with their fusion theory involved. The energy generated from nuclear fusion reaction is much more huge as compared to nuclear fission reaction, so there have been many research going on this field to explode efficient way to extract this energy into electricity through fusion reactors. The advantages of nuclear fusion over fission is also been discussed and why do we need nuclear fusion energy. Nuclear fusion reactors are key to future energy. Avinash Kumar Mishra | Dr. Anitha G. S. "Nuclear Fusion Reactor – A Review Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30649.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/nuclear-engineering/30649/nuclear-fusion-reactor-%E2%80%93-a-review-study/avinash-kumar-mishra
Nuclear fusion is the future according to some, but comes with many challenges that have not yet been solved, both practically and economically, which many believe will prevent fusion from becoming a viable energy source. Whatever your stance, it is still an interesting technology and one that many are researching to prove its viability.
In this infographic we look at how nuclear fusion works, the benefits of nuclear fusion, and recent developments in fusion technology (including the ST40 Tokamak).Do you work in the energy and power sector? Check out our latest jobs: www.nesgt.com/jobs/power
Lattice Energy LLC - Japanese NEDO LENR project reported good progress in exc...Lewis Larsen
Japan now funding R&D in LENR technology for use in power generation applications. Quietly threw down the gauntlet to global oil industry.
January 2018: terse project report summarizing progress in Japanese government NEDO-funded R&D in LENRs for period of Oct. 2015 through Oct. 2017 was released by Technova Inc. on ResearchGate. Herein we will review and discuss NEDO project’s reported progress.
Project scientists reported significant R&D progress toward developing LENR devices that serve as powerful heat sources. Reproducibility of device fabrication techniques and excess heat output were improved. Certain nanocomposite, multi-metal LENR test devices with mass <140 grams cumulatively produced up to ~85 megajoules (MJ) of excess heat per mole (MJ/mol) of absorbed Hydrogen (H) or Deuterium (D); some: duration of heat > 1 month. By contrast, complete combustion of Hydrogen releases ~0.286 MJ/mol of H. Chemical processes cannot explain these results.
Japan, Inc. appears to be developing LENR technology to someday replace the internal combustion engine.
A Study on Translucent Concrete Product and Its Properties by Using Optical F...IJMER
- Translucent concrete is a concrete based material with light-transferring properties,
obtained due to embedded light optical elements like Optical fibers used in concrete. Light is conducted
through the concrete from one end to the other. This results into a certain light pattern on the other
surface, depending on the fiber structure. Optical fibers transmit light so effectively that there is
virtually no loss of light conducted through the fibers. This paper deals with the modeling of such
translucent or transparent concrete blocks and panel and their usage and also the advantages it brings
in the field. The main purpose is to use sunlight as a light source to reduce the power consumption of
illumination and to use the optical fiber to sense the stress of structures and also use this concrete as an
architectural purpose of the building
Developing Cost Effective Automation for Cotton Seed DelintingIJMER
A low cost automation system for removal of lint from cottonseed is to be designed and
developed. The setup consists of stainless steel drum with stirrer in which cottonseeds having lint is mixed
with concentrated sulphuric acid. So lint will get burn. This lint free cottonseed treated with lime water to
neutralize acidic nature. After water washing this cottonseeds are used for agriculter purpose
Study & Testing Of Bio-Composite Material Based On Munja FibreIJMER
The incorporation of natural fibres such as munja fiber composites has gained
increasing applications both in many areas of Engineering and Technology. The aim of this study is to
evaluate mechanical properties such as flexural and tensile properties of reinforced epoxy composites.
This is mainly due to their applicable benefits as they are light weight and offer low cost compared to
synthetic fibre composites. Munja fibres recently have been a substitute material in many weight-critical
applications in areas such as aerospace, automotive and other high demanding industrial sectors. In
this study, natural munja fibre composites and munja/fibreglass hybrid composites were fabricated by a
combination of hand lay-up and cold-press methods. A new variety in munja fibre is the present work
the main aim of the work is to extract the neat fibre and is characterized for its flexural characteristics.
The composites are fabricated by reinforcing untreated and treated fibre and are tested for their
mechanical, properties strictly as per ASTM procedures.
Hybrid Engine (Stirling Engine + IC Engine + Electric Motor)IJMER
Hybrid engine is a combination of Stirling engine, IC engine and Electric motor. All these 3 are
connected together to a single shaft. The power source of the Stirling engine will be a Solar Panel. The aim of
this is to run the automobile using a Hybrid engine
Fabrication & Characterization of Bio Composite Materials Based On Sunnhemp F...IJMER
The present day technology demands eco-friendly developments. In this era the
composite material are playing a vital roal in different field of Engineering .The composite materials
are using as a principle materials. Nowaday the composite materials are utilizing as a important
component of engineering field .Where as the importance of the applications of composites is well
known, but thrust on the use of natural fibres in it for reinforcement has been given priority for some
times. But changing from synthetic fibres to natural fibres provides only half green-composites. A
partial green composite will be achieved if the matrix component is also eco-friendly. Keeping this in
view, a detailed literature surveyed has been carried out through various issues of the Journals
related to this field. The material systems used are sunnhemp fibres. Some epoxy and hardener has
been also added for stability and drying of the bio-composites. Various graphs and bar-charts are
super-imposed on each other for comparison among themselves and Graphs is plotted on MAT LAB
and ORIGIN 6.0 software. To determining tensile strengths, Various properties for different biocomposites
have been compared among themselves. Comparison of the behaviour of bio-composites of
this work has been also compare with other works. The bio-composites developed in this work are
likely to get applications in fall ceilings, partitions, bio-degradable packagings, automotive interiors,
sports things (e.g. rackets, nets, etc.), toys etc.
Geochemistry and Genesis of Kammatturu Iron Ores of Devagiri Formation, Sandu...IJMER
The Greenstone belts of Karnataka are enriched in BIFs in Dharwar craton, where Iron
formations are confined to the basin shelf, clearly separated from the deeper-water iron formation that
accumulated at the basin margin and flanking the marine basin. Geochemical data procured in terms of
major, trace and REE are plotted in various diagrams to interpret the genesis of BIFs. Al2O3, Fe2O3 (T),
TiO2, CaO, and SiO2 abundances and ratios show a wide variation. Ni, Co, Zr, Sc, V, Rb, Sr, U, Th,
ΣREE, La, Ce and Eu anomalies and their binary relationships indicate that wherever the terrigenous
component has increased, the concentration of elements of felsic such as Zr and Hf has gone up. Elevated
concentrations of Ni, Co and Sc are contributed by chlorite and other components characteristic of basic
volcanic debris. The data suggest that these formations were generated by chemical and clastic
sedimentary processes on a shallow shelf. During transgression, chemical precipitation took place at the
sediment-water interface, whereas at the time of regression. Iron ore formed with sedimentary structures
and textures in Kammatturu area, in a setting where the water column was oxygenated.
Experimental Investigation on Characteristic Study of the Carbon Steel C45 in...IJMER
In this paper, the mechanical characteristics of C45 medium carbon steel are investigated
under various working conditions. The main characteristic to be studied on this paper is impact toughness
of the material with different configurations and the experiment were carried out on charpy impact testing
equipment. This study reveals the ability of the material to absorb energy up to failure for various
specimen configurations under different heat treated conditions and the corresponding results were
compared with the analysis outcome
Non linear analysis of Robot Gun Support Structure using Equivalent Dynamic A...IJMER
Robot guns are being increasingly employed in automotive manufacturing to replace
risky jobs and also to increase productivity. Using a single robot for a single operation proves to be
expensive. Hence for cost optimization, multiple guns are mounted on a single robot and multiple
operations are performed. Robot Gun structure is an efficient way in which multiple welds can be done
simultaneously. However mounting several weld guns on a single structure induces a variety of
dynamic loads, especially during movement of the robot arm as it maneuvers to reach the weld
locations. The primary idea employed in this paper, is to model those dynamic loads as equivalent G
force loads in FEA. This approach will be on the conservative side, and will be saving time and
subsequently cost efficient. The approach of the paper is towards creating a standard operating
procedure when it comes to analysis of such structures, with emphasis on deploying various technical
aspects of FEA such as Non Linear Geometry, Multipoint Constraint Contact Algorithm, Multizone
meshing .
Static Analysis of Go-Kart Chassis by Analytical and Solid Works SimulationIJMER
This paper aims to do modelling, simulation and performing the static analysis of a go
kart chassis consisting of Circular beams. Modelling, simulations and analysis are performed using 3-D
modelling software i.e. Solid Works and ANSYS according to the rulebook provided by Indian Society of
New Era Engineers (ISNEE) for National Go Kart Championship (NGKC-14).The maximum deflection is
determined by performing static analysis. Computed results are then compared to analytical calculation,
where it is found that the location of maximum deflection agrees well with theoretical approximation but
varies on magnitude aspect.
In récent year various vehicle introduced in market but due to limitation in
carbon émission and BS Séries limitd speed availability vehicle in the market and causing of
environnent pollution over few year There is need to decrease dependancy on fuel vehicle.
bicycle is to be modified for optional in the future To implement new technique using change in
pedal assembly and variable speed gearbox such as planetary gear optimise speed of vehicle
with variable speed ratio.To increase the efficiency of bicycle for confortable drive and to
reduce torque appli éd on bicycle. we introduced epicyclic gear box in which transmission done
throgh Chain Drive (i.e. Sprocket )to rear wheel with help of Epicyclical gear Box to give
number of différent Speed during driving.To reduce torque requirent in the cycle with change in
the pedal mechanism
Integration of Struts & Spring & Hibernate for Enterprise ApplicationsIJMER
The proposal of this paper is to present Spring Framework which is widely used in
developing enterprise applications. Considering the current state where applications are developed using
the EJB model, Spring Framework assert that ordinary java beans(POJO) can be utilize with minimal
modifications. This modular framework can be used to develop the application faster and can reduce
complexity. This paper will highlight the design overview of Spring Framework along with its features that
have made the framework useful. The integration of multiple frameworks for an E-commerce system has
also been addressed in this paper. This paper also proposes structure for a website based on integration of
Spring, Hibernate and Struts Framework.
Microcontroller Based Automatic Sprinkler Irrigation SystemIJMER
Microcontroller based Automatic Sprinkler System is a new concept of using
intelligence power of embedded technology in the sprinkler irrigation work. Designed system replaces
the conventional manual work involved in sprinkler irrigation to automatic process. Using this system a
farmer is protected against adverse inhuman weather conditions, tedious work of changing over of
sprinkler water pipe lines & risk of accident due to high pressure in the water pipe line. Overall
sprinkler irrigation work is transformed in to a comfortableautomatic work. This system provides
flexibility & accuracy in respect of time set for the operation of a sprinkler water pipe lines. In present
work the author has designed and developed an automatic sprinkler irrigation system which is
controlled and monitored by a microcontroller interfaced with solenoid valves.
On some locally closed sets and spaces in Ideal Topological SpacesIJMER
In this paper we introduce and characterize some new generalized locally closed sets
known as
δ
ˆ
s-locally closed sets and spaces are known as
δ
ˆ
s-normal space and
δ
ˆ
s-connected space and
discussed some of their properties
Intrusion Detection and Forensics based on decision tree and Association rule...IJMER
This paper present an approach based on the combination of, two techniques using
decision tree and Association rule mining for Probe attack detection. This approach proves to be
better than the traditional approach of generating rules for fuzzy expert system by clustering methods.
Association rule mining for selecting the best attributes together and decision tree for identifying the
best parameters together to create the rules for fuzzy expert system. After that rules for fuzzy expert
system are generated using association rule mining and decision trees. Decision trees is generated for
dataset and to find the basic parameters for creating the membership functions of fuzzy inference
system. Membership functions are generated for the probe attack. Based on these rules we have
created the fuzzy inference system that is used as an input to neuro-fuzzy system. Fuzzy inference
system is loaded to neuro-fuzzy toolbox as an input and the final ANFIS structure is generated for
outcome of neuro-fuzzy approach. The experiments and evaluations of the proposed method were
done with NSL-KDD intrusion detection dataset. As the experimental results, the proposed approach
based on the combination of, two techniques using decision tree and Association rule mining
efficiently detected probe attacks. Experimental results shows better results for detecting intrusions as
compared to others existing methods
Natural Language Ambiguity and its Effect on Machine LearningIJMER
"Natural language processing" here refers to the use and ability of systems to process
sentences in a natural language such as English, rather than in a specialized artificial computer
language such as C++. The systems of real interest here are digital computers of the type we think of as
personal computers and mainframes. Of course humans can process natural languages, but for us the
question is whether digital computers can or ever will process natural languages. We have tried to
explore in depth and break down the types of ambiguities persistent throughout the natural languages
and provide an answer to the question “How it affects the machine translation process and thereby
machine learning as whole?” .
Today in era of software industry there is no perfect software framework available for
analysis and software development. Currently there are enormous number of software development
process exists which can be implemented to stabilize the process of developing a software system. But no
perfect system is recognized till yet which can help software developers for opting of best software
development process. This paper present the framework of skillful system combined with Likert scale. With
the help of Likert scale we define a rule based model and delegate some mass score to every process and
develop one tool name as MuxSet which will help the software developers to select an appropriate
development process that may enhance the probability of system success.
Material Parameter and Effect of Thermal Load on Functionally Graded CylindersIJMER
The present study investigates the creep in a thick-walled composite cylinders made
up of aluminum/aluminum alloy matrix and reinforced with silicon carbide particles. The distribution
of SiCp is assumed to be either uniform or decreasing linearly from the inner to the outer radius of
the cylinder. The creep behavior of the cylinder has been described by threshold stress based creep
law with a stress exponent of 5. The composite cylinders are subjected to internal pressure which is
applied gradually and steady state condition of stress is assumed. The creep parameters required to
be used in creep law, are extracted by conducting regression analysis on the available experimental
results. The mathematical models have been developed to describe steady state creep in the composite
cylinder by using von-Mises criterion. Regression analysis is used to obtain the creep parameters
required in the study. The basic equilibrium equation of the cylinder and other constitutive equations
have been solved to obtain creep stresses in the cylinder. The effect of varying particle size, particle
content and temperature on the stresses in the composite cylinder has been analyzed. The study
revealed that the stress distributions in the cylinder do not vary significantly for various combinations
of particle size, particle content and operating temperature except for slight variation observed for
varying particle content. Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) emerged and led to the development
of superior heat resistant materials.
Energy Audit is the systematic process for finding out the energy conservation
opportunities in industrial processes. The project carried out studies on various energy conservation
measures application in areas like lighting, motors, compressors, transformer, ventilation system etc.
In this investigation, studied the technical aspects of the various measures along with its cost benefit
analysis.
Investigation found that major areas of energy conservation are-
1. Energy efficient lighting schemes.
2. Use of electronic ballast instead of copper ballast.
3. Use of wind ventilators for ventilation.
4. Use of VFD for compressor.
5. Transparent roofing sheets to reduce energy consumption.
So Energy Audit is the only perfect & analyzed way of meeting the Industrial Energy Conservation.
An Implementation of I2C Slave Interface using Verilog HDLIJMER
The focus of this paper is on implementation of Inter Integrated Circuit (I2C) protocol
following slave module for no data loss. In this paper, the principle and the operation of I2C bus protocol
will be introduced. It follows the I2C specification to provide device addressing, read/write operation and
an acknowledgement. The programmable nature of device provide users with the flexibility of configuring
the I2C slave device to any legal slave address to avoid the slave address collision on an I2C bus with
multiple slave devices. This paper demonstrates how I2C Master controller transmits and receives data to
and from the Slave with proper synchronization.
The module is designed in Verilog and simulated in ModelSim. The design is also synthesized in Xilinx
XST 14.1. This module acts as a slave for the microprocessor which can be customized for no data loss.
Discrete Model of Two Predators competing for One PreyIJMER
This paper investigates the dynamical behavior of a discrete model of one prey two
predator systems. The equilibrium points and their stability are analyzed. Time series plots are obtained
for different sets of parameter values. Also bifurcation diagrams are plotted to show dynamical behavior
of the system in selected range of growth parameter
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
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A Technology Review of Electricity Generation from Nuclear Fusion Reaction in Future
1. International
OPEN ACCESS Journal
Of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss.10| Oct. 2014 | 79|
A Technology Review of Electricity Generation from Nuclear
Fusion Reaction in Future
1
Joydeep Sarkar, 2
Karishma P. Patil, 3
Kedar Pimparkar
1, 2
Department of Electrical Engineering, Sandip Institute of Engineering & Management, Nashik, India
3
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dnyanganga college of Engineering and Research, Pune, India
I. INTRODUCTION
In the present scenario of world, each day need of electricity is increasing day by day. We found out
different methods to generate electricity. But due to large population of the world the present sources are not
that much sufficient. Also there is some pollution problems related with present electricity generation
techniques. Therefore, as a long term research and experimental solution of this problem, ITER has been
developed to generate the power from nuclear fusion. In fusion reaction, two nuclei joins together to form bigger
nuclei along with this large amount of energy is liberated. Then this energy can be used to rotate the turbine and
can eventually possible to generate electricity. The process of nuclear fusion will takes place between the nuclei
of deuterium and tritium.
Research in fields of nuclear fusion has been pursued in various countries for decades. The efforts
include the JT-60, which has provided important results for improving plasma confinement; the D-IIID
Tokamak experiment, which has achieved record values of plasma pressure relative to the magnetic field
pressure; and the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR), which has generated 10 million Watts of thermal
power from fusion. The Joint European Torus (JET) is expected to approach breakeven Conditions, where the
fusion power generated exceeds the input power. Unresolved physics Issues, such as plasma purity, disruptions,
and sustainment of current, should be resolved by the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor
(ITER).This is being designed by experts of the European Community, Japan, Russian Federation, and the
United States.
II. SCIENCE BEHIND FUSION ENERGY
For some decades, people have looked to the process powering the sun – nuclear fusion –as an answer
to energy problem on the earth. Nuclear fusion is the process of binding nuclei together to form heaver nuclei
with release of large amount of energy. It is the process that powers the star and of course our own sun. In the
process of fusion, atomic nuclei do not stick together easily. It is because there is electromagnetic force present
between the two nuclei. . However, at distances of 1015
m there is an attractive force which acts on the nuclei to
keep them together and it is much stronger than the electromagnetic force. Appropriately, this force is called the
Strong force.
Over such short distances the strong force wins over the electromagnetic force and so the nuclei stay
together. To create a situation where the nuclei have sufficient energy to overcome the electromagnetic force
requires the nuclei to have extremely high kinetic energy and therefore, a high temperature. We can estimate
the temperature required to initiate fusion by calculating the Coulomb barrier which opposes the protons coming
together. The magnitude of the force between protons is given by:
F= (k q1 q2)/r2
; k=1/(4πε0) is the Coulomb constant = 8.988×109
m/F
Abstract: In this review paper, we have tried to revisit the basic concept of nuclear fusion and the recent
thrust that has been witnessed in the recent times towards power generation from it . In fusion we get the
energy when two atoms fused together to form one atoms. With current technology the reaction most
readily feasible is between the nuclei of the deuterium (D) and tritium (T). Each D-T releases 17.6 MeV of
energy. The use of nuclear fusion plant will substantially will reduce the environmental impacts of
increasing world electricity demands. Fusion power offers the prospect of an almost inexhaustible source of
energy for future generation but it also presents so far insurmountable scientific and engineering
challenges.
Keywords: Deuterium, Nuclear fusion, ITER, Plasma Confinement, Tokamak Reactor, etc
2. A Technology Review of Electricity Generation from Nuclear Fusion Reaction in Future
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss.10| Oct. 2014 | 80|
The work done, U in moving the two protons together until they are attracted by the strong force is given by:
U=∫F.dr= (k q1 q2)/r0 ; the limits on the integration are -∞ and r0
The Coulomb barrier increases with increasing atomic number:
U= (k Z1 Z2 q2
)/r0. ; Z1 and Z2 are the proton numbers of the nuclei being fused.
U= (8.988 x 109
x 1 x 1 x (1.6 x 10-19
)2
)/(1 x 10-15
) = 2.298 x 10-13
J
The kinetic energy of the nuclei is related to the temperature by: 0.5 mv2
= (3/2) kBT
By equating the average thermal energy to the Coulomb barrier height and solving for T, gives a value
for the temperature of around 1.1 x 1010
K. In practice, this simple calculation overestimates the temperature.
The temperature of critical ignition should be lower because there will be some nuclei with higher energies than
average; however the temperature requirement is still too high for even these high energy nuclei. This treatment
using classic physics does not take into consideration the effect of tunneling, which predicts there will be a small
probability that the potential barrier will be overcome by nuclei 'leaking' through it.
At sufficiently high temperature, nearly all light nuclei undergo fusion reactions and could in principle
be used to fuel a fusion power plant. However, technical difficulties increase rapidly with the nuclear charge of
the reacting isotopes. For this reason, only deuterium, tritium and isotopes of helium, lithium, and boron have
been proposed in practice. The first generation of fusion power plants will very likely use deuterium-tritium
(DT) fuel because it is the easiest to ignite. The main reaction product, helium-4, does not pose a health hazard.
The principal energy output from a DT fusion event is a 14 Mev neutron. Neutron reactions in DT fusion
reactors will inevitably create radioisotopes. The principal radioactive materials present in a DT fusion reactor
will therefore be tritium and neutron activated structural materials surrounding the reaction volume. Following
fig shows that how nuclear fusion reaction takes place between deuterium and tritium
Figure 1- fusion reaction between deuterium and tritium [ ]
III. CONDITIONS FOR FUSION REACTION
When hydrogen atoms fuse, the nuclei must come together. However, the protons in each nucleus will
tend to repel each other because they have the same charge (positive). If you've ever tried to place two magnets
together and felt them push apart from each other, you've experienced this principle first-hand. To achieve
fusion, you need to create special conditions to overcome this tendency. Here are the conditions that make
fusion possible.
High temperature
The high temperature gives the hydrogen atoms enough energy to overcome the electrical repulsion
between the protons. Fusion requires temperatures about 100 million Kelvin (approximately six times hotter
than the sun's core). At these temperatures, hydrogen is plasma, not a gas. Plasma is a high-energy state of
matter in which all the electrons are stripped from atoms and move freely about.
High pressure
Pressure squeezes the hydrogen atoms together. They must be within 1x10-15
meters of each other to
fuse. The sun uses its mass and the force of gravity to squeeze hydrogen atoms together in its core. We must
squeeze hydrogen atoms together by using intense magnetic fields, powerful lasers or ion beams.
3. A Technology Review of Electricity Generation from Nuclear Fusion Reaction in Future
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss.10| Oct. 2014 | 81|
With current technology, we can only achieve the temperatures and pressures necessary to make
deuterium-tritium fusion possible. Deuterium-deuterium fusion requires higher temperatures that may be
possible in the future. Ultimately, deuterium-deuterium fusion will be better because it is easier to extract
deuterium from seawater than to make tritium from lithium. Also, deuterium is not radioactive, and deuterium-
deuterium reactions will yield more energy.
IV. CASE-STUDY OF ITER
In 1985, the Soviet Union suggested building a next generation Tokamak with Europe, Japan and the
USA. Collaboration was established under the auspices of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).
Between 1988 and 1990, the initial designs were drawn up for an International Thermonuclear Experimental
Reactor with the aim of proving that fusion could produce useful energy. Then the USA decided pull out of the
project, forcing a 50% reduction in costs and a redesign. The result was the ITER – Fusion Energy Advanced
Tokomak (ITER-FEAT) – expected to cost $3 billion but still achieve the targets of a self-sustaining reaction
and a net energy gain.
Figure 2 – Magnetic Confinement Reactor – Tokamak [ ]
After deadlocked discussion, the six partners agreed in mid-2005 to site ITER at Cadarache, in
southern France. The European Union (EU) and France will contribute half of the €12.8 billion total cost, with
the other partners like Japan, China, South Korea, USA and Russia – putting in 10% each. Japan will provide a
lot of the high-tech components, will host an €1 billion materials testing facility – the International Fusion
Materials Irradiation Facility (IFMIF) – and will have the right to host a subsequent demonstration fusion
reactor. The total cost of the 500 MWt ITER comprises about half for the ten-year construction and half for 20
years of operation. India became the seventh member of the ITER consortium at the end of 2005. In November
2006, the seven members – China, India, Japan, Russia, South Korea, the USA and the European Union –
signed the ITER implementing agreement. The goal of ITER is to operate at 500 MWt (for at least 400 seconds
continuously) with less than 50 MW of input power, a tenfold energy gain. No electricity will be generated at
ITER.
A 2 GWt Demonstration Power Plant, known as DEMO, is expected to demonstrate large-scale
production of electrical power on a continual basis. The conceptual design of Demo is expected to be completed
by 2017, with construction beginning in around 2024 and the first phase of operation commencing from 2033.
Fusion Reactors: Magnetic Confinement
There are two ways to achieve the temperatures and pressures necessary for hydrogen fusion to take place:
Magnetic confinement uses magnetic and electric fields to heat and squeeze the hydrogen plasma
Inertial confinement uses laser beams or ion beams to squeeze and heat the hydrogen plasma.
In magnetic confinement, Microwaves, electricity and neutral particle beams from accelerators heat a
stream of hydrogen gas. This heating turns the gas into plasma. This plasma gets squeezed by super-conducting
4. A Technology Review of Electricity Generation from Nuclear Fusion Reaction in Future
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss.10| Oct. 2014 | 82|
magnets, thereby allowing fusion to occur. The most efficient shape for the magnetically confined plasma is a
donut shape (toroid).
Figure 3 – The Nuclear Fusion Power Generation System [ ]
A reactor that uses magnetic confinement to initiate fusion is called a Tokamak. The ITER Tokamak
will be a self-contained reactor whose parts are in various cassettes. These cassettes can be easily inserted and
removed without having to tear down the entire reactor for maintenance. The Tokamak will have a plasma
toroid with a 2-meter inner radius and a 6.2m outer radius. "Tokamak" is a Russian acronym for "toroidal
chamber with axial magnetic field." The main parts of the ITER Tokamak reactor are:
Vacuum vessel - holds the plasma and keeps the reaction chamber in a vacuum
Neutral beam injector (ion cyclotron system) - injects particle beams from the accelerator into the
plasma to help heat the plasma to critical temperature
Magnetic field coils (poloidal, toroidal) - super-conducting magnets that confine, shape and contain the
plasma using magnetic fields
Transformers/Central solenoid - supply electricity to the magnetic field coils
Cooling equipment (crostat, cryo-pump) - cool the magnets
Blanket modules - made of lithium; absorb heat and high-energy neutrons from the fusion reaction
Diverters - exhaust the helium products of the fusion reaction
The fusion reactor will heat a stream of deuterium and tritium fuel to form high-temperature plasma. It
will squeeze the plasma so that fusion can take place. The power needed to start the fusion reaction will be about
70 megawatts, but the power yield from the reaction will be about 500 megawatts. The fusion reaction will last
from 300 to 500 seconds. (Eventually, there will be a sustained fusion reaction.) The lithium blankets outside
the plasma reaction chamber will absorb high-energy neutrons from the fusion reaction to make more tritium
fuel. The blankets will also get heated by the neutrons. The heat will be transferred by a water-cooling loop to a
heat exchanger to make steam. The steam will drive electrical turbines to produce electricity. The steam will be
condensed back into water to absorb more heat from the reactor in the heat exchanger. Initially, the ITER
Tokamak will test the feasibility of a sustained fusion reactor and eventually will become a test fusion power
plant.
V. APPLICATIONS OF FUSION
The main application for fusion is in making electricity. Nuclear fusion can provide a safe, clean
energy source for future generations with several advantages over current fission reactors:
Abundant fuel supply - Deuterium can be readily extracted from seawater, and excess tritium can be made
in the fusion reactor itself from lithium, which is readily available in the Earth's crust. Uranium for fission is
rare, and it must be mined and then enriched for use in reactors.
Safe - The amounts of fuel used for fusion are small compared to fission reactors. This is so that
uncontrolled releases of energy do not occur. Most fusion reactors make less radiation than the natural
background radiation we live within our daily lives.
5. A Technology Review of Electricity Generation from Nuclear Fusion Reaction in Future
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss.10| Oct. 2014 | 83|
Clean - No combustion occurs in nuclear power (fission or fusion), so there is no air pollution.
Less nuclear waste - Fusion reactors will not produce high-level nuclear wastes like their fission
counterparts, so disposal will be less of a problem. In addition, the wastes will not be of weapons-grade
nuclear materials as is the case in fission reactors.
NASA is currently looking into developing small-scale fusion reactors for powering deep-space
rockets. Fusion propulsion would boast an unlimited fuel supply (hydrogen) would be more efficient and would
ultimately lead to faster rockets.
VI. CONCLUSION
The Thermonuclear reactor based on fusion can prove to be a huge step towards a massive source of
energy, if the technologies developed for the research works practically as it is expected in this large scale and
the setup handles that much energy without damaging the reactor. The ITER project has opened many areas of
fundamental studies to understand fusion and controlling the same in an enclosed environment.
REFERENCES
[1] Cook, Marbach, Di Pace, Girard, Taylor, “ Safety and Environmental Impact of Fusion”, April 2001
[2] IEEE Nuclear and Plasma Sciences Society.
[3] Nuclear fusion: Targeting safety and environmental goals by Franz Nicolas Flakus, John C. Cleveland and T. J.
Dolan
[4] Tokamak Reactor design as a function of aspect ratio by C.P.C. Wong and R.D. Stambaugh
[5] M.S. Tillack, “ARIES-RS Tokamak Power Plant Design, “Special Issue, Fusion Engineering and Design 38 (1997)
1–218.