Nuclear chain reaction. What is a chain reaction? Nuclear Fission process.Mechanism of the Fission process.Examples of Nuclear Fission Reaction, Fission as a chain mechanism.Critical Mass. Why we use Uranium-235 and Plutonium? Types of Fission chain process. Control Chain Reaction. Uncontrolled Chain reaction. Problem with Nuclear Fission Reactions. Advantages of the fission process. Disadvantages of the Fission process. Applications of the Fission process. A complete explanation by Syed Hammad Ali Gillani.
A-Z about fission energy. The presentation contains peaceful use of nuclear energy to the weapons that uses this energy to cause havoc. At the end I included several measures anyone may take to increase their odd of survival in case of nuclear war. Hope you like the presentation. Thank you.
This is the seminar report on the topic Nuclear fusion and its prospects as a future source of Energy. You can also look for the slides that I've published by the same title.
ADVANTAGES Nuclear power generation does emit relatively low amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2). The emissions of green house gases and therefore the contribution of nuclear power plants to global warming is therefore relatively little. This technology is readily available, it does not have to be developed first. It is possible to generate a high amount of electrical energy in one single plant
Nuclear chain reaction. What is a chain reaction? Nuclear Fission process.Mechanism of the Fission process.Examples of Nuclear Fission Reaction, Fission as a chain mechanism.Critical Mass. Why we use Uranium-235 and Plutonium? Types of Fission chain process. Control Chain Reaction. Uncontrolled Chain reaction. Problem with Nuclear Fission Reactions. Advantages of the fission process. Disadvantages of the Fission process. Applications of the Fission process. A complete explanation by Syed Hammad Ali Gillani.
A-Z about fission energy. The presentation contains peaceful use of nuclear energy to the weapons that uses this energy to cause havoc. At the end I included several measures anyone may take to increase their odd of survival in case of nuclear war. Hope you like the presentation. Thank you.
This is the seminar report on the topic Nuclear fusion and its prospects as a future source of Energy. You can also look for the slides that I've published by the same title.
ADVANTAGES Nuclear power generation does emit relatively low amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2). The emissions of green house gases and therefore the contribution of nuclear power plants to global warming is therefore relatively little. This technology is readily available, it does not have to be developed first. It is possible to generate a high amount of electrical energy in one single plant
The Journal of Nuclear Energy Science & Power Generation Technology (JNPGT) promotes rigorous research that makes a significant contribution in advancing knowledge for Nuclear Energy Science and Power Generation Technology. JNPGT includes all major themes pertaining to Nuclear Energy and Power Generation Technology.
Contents:
Nuclear Technology.
Atom.
Nuclear Energy.
Splitting the uranium atom.
chain reaction.
Types of nuclear reaction.
Nuclear fission.
Nuclear fusion.
Where does energy comes from.
Construction & Working of Nuclear Reactors.
Nuclear Weapons.
Types of Fission Bombs.
Gun Triggered fission bombs.
Implosion Triggered fission bombs.
Hydrogen bomb & Functioning & its effects.
Advantages and Disadvantages
The Future of Nuclear Energy
A presenation on Nuclear Power Plant Presentation.Fission is the splitting of a nucleus into two or more separate nuclei of comparable mass and this process takes place in Nuclear Power Plant
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
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• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
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• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
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The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
Delivering Micro-Credentials in Technical and Vocational Education and TrainingAG2 Design
Explore how micro-credentials are transforming Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) with this comprehensive slide deck. Discover what micro-credentials are, their importance in TVET, the advantages they offer, and the insights from industry experts. Additionally, learn about the top software applications available for creating and managing micro-credentials. This presentation also includes valuable resources and a discussion on the future of these specialised certifications.
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A Survey of Techniques for Maximizing LLM Performance.pptx
Module No. 49
1. 1
Module # 49
Nuclear Forces & Nuclear Reactors
Atomic Energy
Physicists have provided the modern man with a huge source of
energy called atomic or nuclear energy which is being used for
constructive as well as destructive purposes. For example;
nuclear reactors, nuclear power plants, atomic submarines,
atomic missiles, atomic and hydrogen bombs etc.
Nuclear Energy
The most concentrated form of energy that is available to man is
stored in the nuclei. This energy can be released (or obtained) in
the process of fission (the breaking apart of heavy nuclei) and
fusion (the fusing together of light nuclei).
Fission reactors have been producing electricity all over the world
in commercial quantities for about 55 years. In Pakistan, we have
a nuclear power reactor located at Karachi which generates about
137 MW of power. We have mostly exploited our hydro-electric
sources, while, the production from thermal power plants is also
considerable. To meet our future domestic and industrial needs,
we will have to generate electricity primarily from nuclear power
plants using uranium and plutonium in fission reactions. Pakistan
2. 2
has signed different agreements with countries like France, China
etc. under which Pakistan will get more nuclear power reactors
from such countries. So far, the scientists have not succeeded in
developing the fusion reactor. When it happens, heavy hydrogen
(deuterium) will become the principal fuel.
Atomic Bomb
An atomic bomb is a war weapon and its assembly is based on
the principle that if a fission chain reaction is uncontrolled, then,
the energy released will be enormous. Sub-critical masses of
uranium (small quantities of uranium which by themselves cannot
sustain chain reactions) are placed at the two ends of a hollow
tube such that the two masses can be brought suddenly together
by igniting an explosive material. When the two masses combine,
they give rise to a critical mass and uncontrollable fission chain
reaction starts and the bomb explodes.
In an atomic bomb explosion, the heat energy produced by it can
destroy a small city. Explosion of an atomic bomb also produces
shock waves which move with very high speed and while traveling
several miles destroy the buildings which they come across. A
nuclear explosion also releases large quantities of radiations.
These radiations can be very harmful to living beings. The effect
of these radiations remains in the atmosphere for several weeks.
3. 3
Hydrogen Bomb
A hydrogen bomb is also a war weapon. The heat energy
released in the explosion of a hydrogen bomb is far greater than
that released from the explosion of an atom bomb. The principle
of the hydrogen bomb assembly is based on the fusion process.
The hydrogen bomb needs a tremendous amount of heat for its
detonation. That is why; a hydrogen bomb is also called a
thermonuclear bomb.
The required heat is obtained by a fission bomb. The first
hydrogen bomb was exploded on an experimental basis in 1952.
This yielded an enormous amount of energy. This was found to
be equivalent to that obtained from 1 million tons of TNT (Tri-
Nitro- Tolune).
Strong Nuclear Force
It is a nuclear force that acts between particles inside the nucleus.
The distance between these particles (elementary particles) is too
small, of the order of 10-15
m. Therefore, strong force acts only
over a very short range. The attraction between the proton and
the neutron inside the nucleus is very strong. Due to this strong
attractive force, the electrostatic repulsive force between protons
inside the nucleus is too small.
4. 4
Weak Nuclear Force
During radioactive decay, the emission of -particle is
accompanied with a neutrino. The force between the -particle
and neutrino is weak and too small but it is more than the
gravitational force.
Therefore, we can say as a conclusion that the nuclear force is
the strongest in nature, while, the gravitational force is the
weakest.
Nuclear Reactors
A nuclear fission chain reaction releases a large amount of
energy. This energy is in the form of heat. If the chain reaction is
controlled, then, we can get a steady outflow of heat. This heat
can be used to run a turbine for the generation of electricity. A
system used to obtain a controlled amount of heat from nuclear
fission is called a nuclear reactor.
Nuclear reactors are also used to produce plutonium which is
more fissionable as compared to 92U235.
5. 5
Construction and Working of Nuclear Reactor
Fig: Details of a Reactor
The above figure is a schematic diagram of a nuclear reactor. The
fission material in the reactor is uranium 92U235
. This is called the
fuel element. The neutrons released from fission move with high
velocities. These fast moving neutrons are usually lost or
absorbed somewhere in the reactor assembly before producing
further fission. The fast moving neutrons have to be slowed down
before they are able to cause further fission. The process of
slowing down neutrons is called moderation or thermalization of
neutrons. Heavy water is commonly used as a moderator.
When a chain reaction starts, it may produce large number of
neutrons which can cause too much fission. There will be danger
that the huge amount of energy released might melt down the
6. 6
nuclear reactor. The rate of a chain reaction is controlled by
inserting some substances that can absorb neutrons. They are
called control-rods. Boron rods are used as control rods. If too
many of the neutrons are absorbed by the control rods, then, the
chain reaction will stop. In order to start the chain reaction, the
control rods are moved out.
Generation of Electricity
Electricity can be generated from the heat energy released in the
nuclear reactor. The following diagram clearly illustrates the
method used for this purpose.
Fig: Generation of Electricity from a Reactor
The heat energy produced due to fission in the nuclear reactor is
carried away by means of the circulating carbon dioxide gas or
pressurized water present around the core of the reactor. This hot
fluid is used to boil water thus producing steam. This steam is in
turn used to drive the turbine of the electric generator for the
7. 7
production of electricity. This is how the nuclear fission energy is
utilized for the production of electrical energy.
First Nuclear Reactor
An eminent scientist Fermi proposed the production of controlled
chain reaction in uranium. The first nuclear reactor operated
successfully in Chicago University on Dec. 2, 1942, under the
direction of Fermi.
Slowing Down of Neutrons
Slowing down of fast moving neutrons in a nuclear reactor is a
practical example of elastic collision. A large number of fast
moving neutrons are produced in a nuclear reactor. In order to
slow down these fast moving neutrons, the nuclear fuel is
surrounded by water. Water consists, in part, of protons whose
mass is almost equal to that of neutrons. Thus, when the fast
moving neutrons strike the protons, then, the neutrons practically
come to rest while the protons start moving with speeds equal to
that of the incident neutrons. Very fast moving protons are
stopped over a very short distance by applying opposite electric
field, whereas, neutrons can travel a very large distance before
stopping. There are many reasons for slowing down the fast
neutrons. First, we do not want the neutrons to leave the nuclear
fuel, because, these neutrons are needed to be absorbed by the
8. 8
nuclear fuel to produce fission and hence energy. Second, if
these neutrons escape the nuclear reactor, then, they are
dangerous to the workers working around the plant.